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MICROTEXTURE DETERMINATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Second Edition
MICROTEXTURE
DETERMINATION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Second Edition
V. Randle
MANEY
FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS, MINERALS AND MINING
B0798
First published in 2003 for
The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
by Maney Publishing
1 Carlton House Terrace
London SW1 Y 5AF
United Kingdom
© 10M3 2003
All rights reserved
ISBN 1-902653-83-1
Typeset in the UK by
Maney Publishing
1. Introduction 1
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 The technology ofEBSD 7
2.1.1 Development ofEBSD 7
2.1.2 EBSD system components 12
2.1.3 EBSD measurement parameters 17
2.2 Microtexture in the TEM 20
2.2.1 TEM diffraction patterns 20
2.2.2 Mapping in the TEM 21
3.0 Introduction 23
3.1 Coordinate systems 23
3.2 The Kikuchi diffraction pattern 26
3.2.1 Kikuchi pattern formation 26
3.2.2 Projection of the Kikuchi pattern 32
3.3 EBSD pattern evaluation 34
3.3.1 Kikuchi band detection 35
3.3.2 Kikuchi bands identification and pattern indexing 36
3.3.3 Orientation determination 37
3.4 Phase identification using EBSD 38
vi Microtexture Determination and Its Applications
4.0 Introduction 41
4.1 Specimen set-up 42
4.2 SEM set-up 45
4.3 Diffraction patterns set-up 49
4.3.1 Diffraction pattern/phase configuration 49
4.3.2 Diffraction pattern optimisation 50
4.4 Calibration 52
4.4.1 Calibration principles 53
4.4.2 Calibration procedures 55
5. Data Collection 59
5.0 Introduction 59
5.1 Data collection strategy 59
5.1.1 Strategyfor overalltexture determination 62
5.1.2 Strategy for microstructure and microtexture-based analysis 63
5.2 Data collection modes 65
5.2.1 Diffraction pattern sampling 66
5.2.2 Beam scanning and stagescanning 66
5.3 Advanced data collection topics 68
5.3.1 Indexing problems 68
5.3.2 Optimising data collection efficiency 71
6.0 Introduction 77
6.1 Methods based on the reference sphere 78
6.1.1 The pole figure 78
6.1.2The inversepole figure 81
6.2 The Euler angles and Euler space 82
6.3 Methods based on the rotation matrix 87
6.3.1 Constitution of the rotation matrix 88
6.3.2 The ideal orientation or texture component 88
Microtexture Determination and Its Applications vii
7.0 Introduction 97
7.1 Core concepts 97
7.1.1 Orientation maps 98
7.1.2 Data partitioning 108
7.2 Processing based on microtexture 109
7.3 Processing based on interfaces 111
7.3.1 Misorientation angle and axis processing for grain boundaries 113
7.3.2 Other interface-related processing 115
7.4 Other processing options 117
7.4.1 Grain size and related parameters 118
7.4.2 Strain and deformation 119
7.4.3 Multiphase analysis 120
7.4.4 Three-dimensional reconstruction 121
1
2 Microtexture Determination and Its Applications
(a) (b)
__ 1200}lm I
1010
0001 2110
(c) (d)
Fig. 1.1 EBSD maps, acquired with a l~m step size, from a complex, multiphase
material (see text for details). (a) 'Image quality' map showing grain and phase
boundaries. (b) Map coloured according to phases: titanium aluminate - blue;
alumina - yellow; erbium oxide - green; tetragonal zirconium oxide - orange;
monoclinic zirconium oxide - red. (c) Orientation map for the titanium aluminate
phase, specimen normal direction. (d) Orientation colour key for the map in (c).
(Courtesy ofS.Wright).
Introduction 3
composition for each phase via colour coding. The phases have been identified
by a combined application of EBSD and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
mapping. Finally Fig. 1.1c depicts the crystallographic orientation distribution of
the titanium aluminate phase (the blue component in Fig. 1.1b), accompanied by
an orientation key in Fig. 1.1d. All the microstructural elements of this specimen
are determined: morphology, chemistry and orientation.
Microtexture determination is now firmly established as the most comprehensive
experimental tool for quantitative characterisation and analysis of microstructure,
and is used extensively in both research and industry. For the first time a wealth of
information on topics relating to, for example, orientation distribution (texture),
processing history, microstructure evolution, interfaces and structure/property links
is now routinely accessible. Microtexture analysis can in principle be applied to any
crystalline material, subject to suitable specimen preparation. For most cases EBSD
is the most appropriate technique; however, for very fine-scale analysis, such as that
associated with heavily deformed materials, TEM-based techniques are used.
are used for other applications (e.g. Dabritz et al., 2001). On the other hand use
of synchrotron radiation for orientation determination and related studies is
being actively developed (Garbe et al., 1997), although lack of readily available
synchrotron sources are a drawback for mainstream application. These specialised
techniques, and also macro texture techniques, will not be discussed further in this
book, and information can be found elsewhere (e.g. Randle and Engler, 2000).
the manufacturers or from consultants such as the author of this book. Inevitably,
there are minor variations in the modes of design philosophy and operation in the
commercially availableEBSD systems.In this book a completely generic approach
is taken to the practice of microtexture determination and its applications, so that
the information is relevant to general principles rather than operating practicalities
of specific EBSD systems or particular SEM models.
The content and sequence of the book is as follows. In Chapter 2 we start
with the EBSD hardware and software for measuring microtexture by EBSD,
culminating in a description of the measurement capabilitiesofEBSD. The practice
of microtexture determination in the TEM is also included in this Chapter.
Chapter 3 comprises the theoretical and practical basis for analysis of the 'raw
data' of microtexture, the diffraction pattern. This Chapter includes also a brief
outline of the principles of phase identification using EBSD, an application allied
to microtexture determination. Next we move on to actual EBSD data collection.
This is split into two parts: all set-up procedures are in Chapter 4, followed in
Chapter 5 by the actual acquisition of data, with emphasis on planning strategies.
The next two Chapters deal with processing the acquired data: Chapter 6 outlines
the theoretical aspects and Chapter 7 provides a methodology for practical data
processing,from core concepts to specialisedoutputs. Finally,Chapter 8 summarises
the many applications of microtexture, and suggests 'golden rules' for reporting a
microtexture-related investigation.
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CHAPITRE V
Où Van den Brooks parle en maître.
Le Tasse.
CHAPITRE VI
Le récit du docteur. Le cahier de maroquin
rouge.
Léon-Paul Fargue.
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