International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Blockchain–based framework for Organ Donation System

Mr. Chitoor Venkat Rao Ajay Kumar1, Parnam Venkatagirish2,
SaiSrinivasPatibandla3, KapilRathod4
Assistant Professor of Department of CSE(AI&ML)1
Students of Department CSE(AI&ML) of ACE Engineering College2,3,4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Date of Submission: 01-02-2025 Date of Acceptance: 10-02-2025
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

Abstract making life simpler for the individuals who endure

Organ donation is a life-saving process that faces long haul sicknesses. On account of givers, they
multiple challenges, including lack of transparency, might be alive, dead or in certain nations, cerebrum
inefficient donor-recipient matching, and security dead. Any live individual must be alive and well to
concerns. Traditional organ donation systems give and gift is taken into account organs that won't
struggle with delays, fraud, and inadequate record- influence their wellbeing. For example, a kidney,
keeping. To address these issues, blockchain liver, lungs or bone marrow. There arena greatest or
technology offers a decentralized, immutable, and least age limits for organ donation however the
secure framework form an aging organ donation. organ must be in a decent condition and its
This survey paper explores existing organ donation misfortune won't present a risk to life. In many
systems, identifies their limitations, and presents a nations minors can possibly give organs in the event
blockchain-based solution that integrates real- time that one of their gate keepers gives assent. On
smart contracts, secure transactions, and automated account of perished organ donation, a giver
matching algorithms. A review of relevant literature probably gave their assent while they were as yet
highlights how blockchain improves security, trust, alive for the most part by marking their name in the
and efficiency in organ donation. Future research donation framework.
directions, such as AI- driven matching and multi-
chain support, are also discussed. Blockchain Framework
Blockchain is a secure distributed platform.
Keywords: Blockchain, Organ Donation, Smart It is a growing list of records called block and each
Contracts, Ethereum, Ganache, Transparency, maintain the cryptographic hash of its previous block.
Security, Donor Matching. System of Blockchain can be partitioned
into three layers to be specific Network Layer, Data
I. Introduction Layer and Application Layer. The Network Layer
Organ donation after cerebrum demise has empowers the Blockchain to interface and cooperate
gained momentum in India in the last not many with the environment and the clients. It likewise
years. Cerebrum demise as a type of death and made makes the whole framework decentralized using
the offer of organs a culpable offense. With the peer-to-peer system and IP protocols. One of the
acknowledgment of cerebrum demise it got most significant tasks, accord is accomplished at
conceivable to embrace kidney transplantations as this layer. Data Layer is the thing that makes the
well as start other strong organ transplants like liver, blocks in Blockchain. All the information and
heart, lungs and pancreas. Donating an organ or calculations and different mechanisms like digital
organs is one of the most respectable demonstrations signature, Merkle tree and hash pointers are
of mankind sparing the lives of the individuals who characterized here. These calculations a n d
endure genuine diseases that require organ information structures help in making the block
transplantation. At the point when the human body chain transparent and decentralized
gets tainted with malady urgent organs in the body.
For example, the kidney, lungs, heart, pancreas, liver The Application layer speaks to various application
or digestion tracts become non-functional, making that can utilize Blockchain and its highlights like
life deplorable generally prompting passing. shrewd agreements and digital currency for their
Anybody can get presented to an infection. Making motivation. The data is stored in a cluster chain. It is
an organ donation is a vital commitment to sparing accordingly difficult to distort a block or include
lives. Organ transplantation tasks started during the other no genuine data without the endorsement of all
1950s and upset drug sparing incalculable lives and gatherings included.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 86
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

A well-regulated system ensures that organs are

allocated based on medical urgency and
compatibility. This prevents favoritism or financial
influence from affecting the distribution process.
3. Protection of Donor Rights
Proper safeguards ensure that donors, both living
and deceased, are treated with dignity and respect. It
also prevents coercion or exploitation, ensuring
donations are made voluntarily.
4. Improved Public Trust and Participation
A transparent and ethical system encourages more
people to register as organ donors. When people
trust the system, they are more likely to support and
participate in organ donation programs.
5. Ensuring Medical Safety and Standards
Strict medical protocols ensure that organs are
thoroughly screened, reducing risks of infection and
rejection. High medical standards guarantee safe
transplantation procedures for recipients.
Figure: Blockchain Layers 6. Increased Availability of Organs
By eliminating unethical practices and improving
Accomplishing information straightforwardness in donor participation, more organs become available
any innovation is to have a trust-based connection for transplantation. This helps save more lives by
between elements. The information or record in ensuring a steady and legal supply of organs.
question ought to be made sure about and temper 7. Legal and Ethical Compliance
evidence. Any information being put away on the A safeguarded system ensures adherence to national
blockchain isn't gathered at one spot and isn't and international laws governing organ donation.
constrained by one hub however is rather conveyed Ethical practices uphold the integrity of the
over the system. The responsibility for is currently healthcare system, ensuring fairness for all.
shared and this makes it to be straightforward and
secure from any outsider mediation. II. Literature Review
Security And Privacy 1. Title: Organ donation using Digital document
Blockchain innovation utilizes cryptographic Author: Marco Baldi et al., 2020
capacities to give security to the hubs associated on This project leverages the RSA algorithm to ensure
this system. It utilizes SHA 256 cryptographic secure digital signatures and authentication in organ
calculation on the hashes that are put away on the donation processes. It emphasizes enhancing
squares. SHA gives hashes and hashes give security security and integrity for digital documentation.
to the blockchain as information uprightness is However, the system faces challenges with slow
guaranteed by them. Cryptographic hashes are solid data transfer rates. This issue arises primarily due to
one way works that creates checksum for advanced the involvement of a large number of participants.
information that can't be utilized for information
extraction. This makes blockchain thusly a 2. Title: Organ donation transparency using
decentralized stage made secure by the blockchain
cryptographic methodologies which makes it to be a Author: Dsv Madala et al., 2020
decent assessment for security assurance of specific The project utilizes Hyperledger Fabric to
applications. implement CTB smart contracts, enabling
transparent organ donation transactions. It focuses
Benefits of Safeguarding Organ Donation System on improving accountability and trust through
1. Prevention of Illegal Activities blockchain technology. Despite its advantages, the
Safeguarding the organ donation system helps system suffers from low scalability. Additionally,
prevent illegal organ trade and unethical the number of transactions handled remains limited.
transactions. It ensures that every donation follows
legal procedures, protecting both donors and 3. Title: Organ donation validation through
recipients. public ledgers and blockchain
2. Fair and Transparent Allocation Author: Deepak Puthal, Nir Kshetri, Praveen P.
DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 87
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Ray, 2019 Authors: Nikita Bansal, Samyak Jain, Ribha Nishal,

CRLs are distributed through a private blockchain Kavita Pandey, 2016
shared among Certification Authorities (CA) for This research introduces "Organ Harbour," an
organ donation validation. The system simplifies Ethereum blockchain - based decentralized
reading and verifying organ donation data through application designed to automate and secure the
public ledgers. However, the CA ecosystem is organ donation and transplantation process. By
fragile and vulnerable to compromises. This affects integrating hospitals into the system, it ensures fair
its reliability and long-term sustainability. allocation of organs, transparency, privacy and
trustworthiness.
4. Title: Blockchain Technology for healthcare
Author: Zewang Jingqiang Lin et al., 2018 Existing System
This project explores the use of blockchain The current organ donation systems are
technology to develop web-based healthcare characterized by several inefficiencies and
interfaces. The focus is on improving security and limitations that hinder their effectiveness. These
decentralization in healthcare data management. systems typically involve multiple stakeholders,
However, the system introduces a false sense of including donors, recipients, hospitals and
security. This is due to potential vulnerabilities in its regulatory bodies all of whom must coordinate
implementation. seamlessly to ensure successful organ transplants.
However, the existing processes often fall short in
5. Title: A Systematic Literature Review and several critical areas.
Research Agenda for Organ Donation Decision
Communication Drawbacks of Existing System
Author: Kathy Knox, Joy Parkinson, Bo Pang,
Haruka Fujihira, 2017 1. Lack of Real-Time Smart Contract Integration
The project follows PRISMA guidelines to Current systems do not utilize real-time smart
document a systematic review and screening process contracts, leading to a lack of transparency and
for organ donation communication. It aims to security in transactions. This absence increases the
enhance decision-making and streamline research risk of fraud and mismanagement of sensitive data.
methodologies. Unfortunately, the system remains
prone to tampering. 2. Inefficient Donor-Recipient Matching
The matching process between donors and
6. Title: Organ donation validation through recipients is often manual and time-consuming,
CRLs and Cas resulting in delays that can be detrimental to patients
Author: Boyina Saivamsi Rangarajan, 2017 in urgent need of organ transplants. The lack of a
This paper presents Certificate Revocation Lists robust, automated matching algorithm further
(CRLs) are shared among Certificate Authorities exacerbates this issue.
(CAs) to ensure secure and decentralized
management. This method voids organ donation 3. Fragmented Communication
fraud and improves transparency. However, it faces Communication between donors, recipients, and
validation delays and may lead to a false sense of medical professionals is often fragmented and
security. inefficient. There is no streamlined platform that
facilitates direct and seamless interaction among all
7. Title: An Organ Donation Management parties involved in the organ donation process.
System based on Blockchain Technology for
Tracking and Security Purposes 4. Limited Data Security and Privacy
Author: Che Akmal Che Yahaya, Ahmad Firdaus, Existing systems are prone to data breaches and do
Yong Yew Khen, 2016 not provide adequate security measures to protect
This paper presents a blockchain-based Organ sensitive information. This vulnerability undermines
Donation Management System (ODMS) aimed at trust among stakeholders and poses significant risks
enhancing tracking and security in organ donation to patient confidentiality.
processes. The system leverages blockchain's
immutable ledger to ensure transparent and secure 5. Administrative Overhead
management of donor and recipient information. The current system involves considerable admin
overhead due to the need for processing and
8. Title: Organ Harbour: A Blockchain Solution verification of data. This not only slows down the
for Organ Donation and Transplantation entire process but also increases the potential for
DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 88
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

human errors. 5. User-Friendly Experience

An intuitive interface simplifies interactions, and
6. Transparency Issues engagement tools encourage participation.
A significant lack of transparency in the current
organ donation processes leads to mistrust among 6. Reduced Administrative Overhead
stakeholders. Donors and recipients are often not Automation reduces manual work and errors,
well-informed about the status and progress of the improving the management of donor and hospital
donation process. records.

7. Inadequate Donor Engagement and Retention 7. Regulatory Compliance and Oversight

Existing platforms fail to engage donors effectively, Compliance with regulations is ensured, with
leading to lower registration and retention rates. transparent audit trails enabling monitoring and
There is a need for a more user-friendly and accountability.
engaging interface to encourage more individuals to
participate in the organ donation process. 8. Scalability and Adaptability
A scalable system accommodates growing demand
Proposed System and adapts to evolving requirements.
The proposed system leverages blockchain
technology with Ganache to create a secure and Architecture
transparent organ donation platform. It integrates The diagram represents a system
real-time smart contracts and advanced matching architecture for an organ donation and
algorithms to ensure data integrity and prevent transplantation process, utilizing a blockchain-based
fraud. Donors can register, pledge organs and access database for secure and efficient data management.
contract details while recipients request organs and The process begins with two primary user
receive updates. Hospitals manage donor data, categories: organ donors and patients (recipients).
conduct medical tests and facilitate communication, Both parties interact with the system through a
with admins overseeing hospital operations and website, where they can register or log in. Donors
transplant records. Enhanced security measures register their organs, while patients provide their
protect sensitive information, and a unified platform details for matching and eligibility.
improves stakeholder coordination. By streamlining
processes and ensuring compliance, the system Once the data is collected, it is sent to blockchain
enhances transparency and effectiveness, ultimately server, which acts as a secure intermediary for the
saving lives. processing and storing information in the database
then the system matches donor and recipient data.
Advantages of Proposed System The system matches donor and recipient data by
using blockchain server, ensuring compatibility and
1. Secure and Tamper-Proof Records integrity of the information. Finally, the
Blockchain ensures tamper-proof records, reducing transplantation process is carried out based on the
fraud while smart contracts protect sensitive data matched data, ensuring a seamless and transparent
and automate security. flow from registration to the medical procedure.

2. Transparency and Trust The blockchain server plays a pivotal role in

Decentralization boosts trust among stakeholders ensuring the integrity and transparency of the data.
and access to smart contract details enhances the By leveraging blockchain technology, the system
transparency. guarantees that all transactions including
registrations, matching and updates are secure and
3. Efficient Donor-Recipient Matching immutable. This ensures trust among stakeholders
Optimized matching algorithms reduce wait times, and prevents unauthorized tampering with sensitive
and automation streamlines pairing, minimizing information.
errors.

4. Seamless Communication
A unified platform ensures seamless coordination,
while real-time updates keep stakeholders informed.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 89
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Figure: Architecture

Data Flow
The diagram illustrates a system for organ
donation and transplantation, integrating blockchain
technology to ensure secure and efficient
management. The process starts with three primary
stakeholders: organ donors, recipients, and
hospitals. Donors provide their details, recipients
register their requests, and hospitals access the Data flow diagram
system to facilitate these operations. Once the data
is collected, it is processed through a login or Algorithms
registration system, which sends the information
securely to a blockchain server. This server ensures Hashing Algorithm
the integrity and authenticity of the data while Hashing algorithm are crucial for maintaining the
securely storing it in a database for further use. integrity and security of data within the blockchain.
The stored information is shared with a Ethereum uses Keccak-256 (a variant of SHA-3) for
regulatory body, which plays a crucial role in hashing, ensuring data immutability and resistance
monitoring and managing the organ donation to manipulation.
process. This body accesses the records to oversee
organ matching and grant approvals for Process
transplantation. Using the database, the system
identifies suitable matches for recipients, ensuring 1. Padding the message to a length that is a multiple
ethical and accurate pairing. of the block size.
The transplantation team then takes over to
perform the procedure, closing the loop on this 2. Initializing the state to zero is the second step of
highly secure and transparent system designed to process.
streamline organ donation and transplantation
effectively. 3. Absorbing the message into the state block by
block, with each block being mixed into the state
using the Keccak-f permutation.

4. Squeezing the state to produce the final hash

output is the final step of the process.

Input

Transaction data is input into the Keccak-256 (a

variant of SHA-3) for hashing.

Output
The function outputs a fixed-size string of
characters, which appears random. This is called the

DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 90
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

hash value or digest. predefined conditions are met.

Properties: 5.Smart contracts eliminate the need for

intermediaries, ensuring that transactions and
1. Deterministic: The same input always produces agreements execute solely based on coded logic.
the same output.
6.By automating processes and reducing
2. Quick Computation: It is computationally administrative overhead, smart contracts lower
efficient to generate the hash. transaction costs compared to traditional contract
execution.
3. Pre-image Resistance: It is infeasible to generate
the original input from the hash. Properties

4. Collision Resistance: It is infeasible for two 1. Autonomy: They self-execute according to the
different inputs to produce the same hash. programmed rules.

5. Avalanche Effect: A small change in the input 2. Deterministic: Smart contracts produce the same
produces a significantly different hash. output for a given input every time they are
executed by ensuring consistent and predictable
6. Fixed-Length Output: Regardless of input size, behavior.
the hash function generates a fixed-size hash value.
3. Transparency: The code and transactions are
7. Uniqueness: A slight modification in the input visible on the blockchain.
changes the hash completely.
4. Immutability: Once deployed on a blockchain,
8. Security: Cryptographic hash functions, like the smart contract code cannot be altered.
Keccak-256, provide strong security against forgery
and tampering. 5.Security: Due to the blockchain's decentralized
structure and cryptographic techniques ensure strong
9. Tamper-Proofing: Once hashed, data integrity is protection against tampering and fraud.
maintained, ensuring no unauthorized changes.
6. Interoperability: Smart contracts can interact
10. Lightweight Verification: Hashing allows with other contracts and the decentralized
quick validation of large amounts of data by applications to facilitate the complex blockchain
comparing their hashes. based ecosystems.

11. Efficiency in Blockchain: Hashing algorithms 7. Fault Tolerance: Running on a decentralized

ensure efficient data indexing and retrieval of the network ensures that smart contracts remain
data. operational even if some nodes fail, enhancing
system resilience.
Smart Contracts
8. Programmability: Smart contracts can be
1.Smart contracts are programs that run on a customized with complex logic to support a wide
blockchain, a network of computers that share a range of applications, from financial transactions to
secure and transparent ledger of transactions. supply chain management.

2.Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with 10. Global Accessibility: Being deployed on a
the terms of the agreement directly written into the blockchain, smart contracts can be accessed and
code. executed from anywhere in the world, enabling
borderless operations.
3.Smart contracts are tamper-proof, ensuring that
once deployed, they cannot be altered without the Requirements
consensus from the blockchain network.
1. Hardware Requirements
4.They run on the blockchain networks and
automatically enforce and execute the terms when a. Server Specifications
DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 91
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 7, Issue 2 Feb. 2025, pp: 86-92 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

• Processor: Intel i5 waiting times and increases the likelihood of

• RAM: 8 GB successful transplants. Furthermore, the system
• Storage: At least 256 GB SSD fosters a more inclusive and accessible platform by
• Internet: High-speed connection supporting multi-platform accessibility and
multilingual support making it easier for people
b. Hardware Specifications from diverse backgrounds to participate. Future
• Compatible with desktops, laptops, tablets enhancements could include cross-border organ
and smartphones. donation facilitation and enhanced biometric
• Minimum screen resolution is 1024x768. verification for added security. Ultimately, this
blockchain-driven approach not only saves more
c. Software Requirements lives but also fosters greater confidence in the organ
donation system, paving the way for a more ethical
• Operating System: Windows 7/8/10/11
and secure healthcare ecosystem.
• Backend: Python 3.12 with Django 3.2
• Frontend: HTML, CSS and JavaScript
References
• Database: MySQL for the secure and the
[1]. Xu, X., Weber, I., & Zhu, L. (2019).
structured data storage.
Blockchain Technology for Healthcare:
Enhancing Data Sharing and Security.
d. Development Tools
[2]. Jabbar, M., Ali, A., & Usman, S. M. (2020).
• IDE: Visual Studio Code (VS Code) Blockchain Applications in Organ Donation:
• Version Control: Git and GitHub for code A Decentralized Platform for Donor-
management. Recipient Matching.
[3]. Zhang, W., Xiang, Y., & Ali, M. (2018). A
III. Conclusion Blockchain-Based Framework for Organ
The blockchain-based organ donation Donation Management.
system developed in this project successfully [4]. Chen, X., & Li, J. (2021). Smart Contracts for
addresses the inefficiencies and limitations of Secure Organ Donation Management.
existing systems by leveraging the security, [5]. Puthal, D., Kshetri, N., & Ray, P. P. (2019).
transparency, and automation capabilities of Enhancing Organ Donation with Blockchain
blockchain technology. Through real-time smart Technology: A Transparent and Secure
contracts, an advanced donor-recipient matching Approach.
algorithm, and streamlined communication [6]. Zheng, Z., Xie, S., & Dai, H.-N. (2020).
channels, the platform enhances the overall Blockchain in Organ Donation: Creating a
efficiency and trustworthiness of the organ donation Decentralized and Secure System.
process. The user-friendly interface, robust security [7]. Kassab, M., Nassar, N., & Jararweh, Y.
measures, and comprehensive management tools for (2019). A Comprehensive Review of
donors, recipients, hospitals and administrators Blockchain Applications in Healthcare: Focus
ensure a seamless and secure operation. The on Organ Donation.
decentralized nature of blockchain eliminates the [8]. Gül, K., & Sevim, Y. (2021). Blockchain-
risk of data tampering, ensuring integrity and Based Organ Donation System: Leveraging
authenticity in all transactions. Automated Smart Contracts for Efficient Matching.
workflows reduce manual intervention, minimizing [9]. Sayed, T. S. S., & Ramadan, H. A. (2020).
errors and accelerating the overall process. Real- Decentralized Platforms for Organ Donation:
time status updates enable faster decision-making, Addressing Inefficiencies with Blockchain
improving transplant success rates and patient Technology.
outcomes. [10]. Banafa, A. (2018). Blockchain in Healthcare:
The system’s compliance with healthcare Transforming Organ Donation with
regulations and data privacy standards enhances its Transparent and Secure Systems.
reliability and scalability for future integrations. [11]. A Security Reference Architecture for
Additionally, integrating AI-driven analytics and Blockchains Ivan Homoliak; Sarad
machine learning can further optimize donor- Venugopalan; QingzeHum; Pawel
recipient matching, enhancing efficiency and Szalachowski (2019).
accuracy. By reducing bureaucratic complexities [12]. Exploring advantages in the waiting list for
and ensuring transparency in organ allocation, this organ donations, Christine Harvey; James R.
innovative solution not only improves coordination Thompson (2016).
among stakeholders but also significantly reduces

DOI: 10.35629/5252-07028692 | Impact Factor value 6.18 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 92