G10 - Review Lesson

Regular Assessment 2
1. Selective Breeding (pg.268-274)

2. Genetic Modification (pg.289-298)

3. Diffusion (pg.16)

4. Osmosis (pg.152-158)

5. Active Transport (pg.18)

Selective Breeding
Selective breeding is done intentionally (on purpose).

ü It is done to pass on selected genetic traits.

ü It is done to produce desirable traits in both

plants and animals.

Can you think of a few cases of how selective breeding has a

direct affect on your life today?
Selective Breeding - Plants
 Selective Breeding - Plants

What are the advantages of selectively breeding

crops?

Ø Give higher yields

Ø Resistant to certain diseases
Ø Resistant to certain insect pest damage
Ø Hardier (survive in harsher climates or
productive longer periods)
Ø Better nutrient balance in crops (contain
more nutrients needed by humans)
Selective Breeding - Animals
 Selective Breeding - Animals

Since the 1950s, the technique of artificial insemination

has become widely available.

It is used for livestock.

The semen of prized bulls is

obtained, diluted and frozen.
Farmers can buy it to
inseminate their cows so, a
single bull can actually
fertilise thousands of cows.
 Selective Breeding - Animals
What are the advantages of selectively breeding
stock animals?

Ø Produce more meat, milk, eggs, etc...

Ø Produce more fur or better-quality fur
Ø Produce more offspring
Ø Show increased resistance to diseases and
parasites
Ø Hardier (survive harsher climates)
What are some reasons to stop or limit
selective breeding?
1. It can lead to loss of species variety.

2. It does not have control over genetic mutations.

3. It brings about discomfort to animals.

4. It can create offspring with different traits.

5. It could create a genetic depression.

6. It poses some environmental risks.

The diagram shows some of the features of a cow that might be
used as a basis for a breeding programme.

1. Which features would you consider

important in a breeding programme
for dairy cattle?

Milk yield, and feed to

milk conversion rate
The diagram shows some of the features of a cow that might be
used as a basis for a breeding programme.

2. Assume that you had all the

techniques of modern
selective breeding available
to you. Describe how you
would set about producing
a herd of high-yielding beef
cattle.

Choose the cows with the best

characteristics, acquire semen from a
bull that has the appropriate physical
characteristics and inseminate the
cows with it.
3. Give at least 4 disadvantages to selectively breeding crops or
livestock.
Refer to slide 10
Genetic Modification
Vocabulary from Genetic Modification
 Recombinant DNA

Recombinant
Cloning Foreign
DNA
Vector DNA
Producing Genetically Modified Bacteria
Scientists discovered bacteria have 2 sorts of DNA.
The DNA found in the chromosome and much smaller
circular pieces of DNA called plasmids.

Plasmids are used in GM

because they contain
basically the same genetic
material as chromosomal
DNA and they are also self-
replicating.

Chromosomal Plasmids
DNA
The biologists then had to figure out a way to cut out
genes from one molecule of DNA and stick it into another.

Restriction endonucleases (enzymes)

can cut DNA molecules at specific points.

Ligases (DNA ligases) are enzymes that

join the cut ends of the DNA molecules.
“Blunt”
&
“Sticky”
Why are sticky ends better than blunt ends?
Sticky ends are more useful because they ensure that
the DNA fragment is inserted into the plasmid in the
right direction (less chance of mistakes)

Basically, sticky ends

have more points of
contact. This reduces
the chances of the
DNA being inserted
and assembled
incorrectly.
 Vector in GM
Biologists now have a method of transferring a gene
from any cell into a bacterium. This can be done by
inserting the gene into a plasmid and then transferring
the plasmid into a bacterium.

This plasmid is called a vector because it is the means

of transferring the gene.

Used as
vector to
for GM
Producing Transgenic Bacterium

This bacteria is now a

vector. It will carry
the new genetic
material and pass it
on...
 Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a different kind of vector. It is a
virus that attacks a bacterium and injects its own DNA
causing the bacterium to produce many virus particles.
 Making Use of GM Animals
How does GM improve animals?

Ø Making of human proteins, such as antibodies and

blood clotting factors.
Ø Increased production of milk and meat.
Ø Increased resistance to disease.
Ø Increases resistance to harsh temperatures
Ø Production of organs for transplantation.
 Making Use of GM Plants
How does GM improve plants?

Ø Extended “shelf life” - last longer before going bad.

Ø Increased resistance to herbicides (weed killers).
Ø Increased resistance to freezing.
Ø Increased production of vitamins.
Ø Increased resistance to pests and pathogens.
Ø Increased heat and drought resistance.
Ø Increased salt resistance.
Ø Better balance of nutrients (carbs, proteins, fats,
vitamins and minerals).
What are some uses of genetic modification?

Ø Human Insulin: Insulin had to be extracted from animals

before GM. Not any longer.
Ø Washing Powders: Enzymes made by GM can work at higher
temps.
Ø Food Industry: GM is used in reactions converting sugars
(glucose --> fructose)
Ø Human Growth Hormone: GM bacteria used to make growth
hormone for children lacking it.
Ø Bovine Somatotropin (growth hormone in cattle): Increased
milk and meat production from cattle from hormones made by
GM.
Ø Human Vaccines: Antigens are made in bacteria by GM.
These antigens are injected in the body resulting in antibody
production.
 Questions
The diagram shows the main stages in transferring the human
insulin gene to a bacterium.

1. Name the enzymes used at stages

1 and 2. restriction endonuclease /
Ligase;
2. What is the role of the plasmid in
this procedure? It is a vector, used to transfer
the gene into the bacterium.
3. Why is the insulin produced this way
preferred to insulin extracted from other
animals? It is identical to human insulin

4. What are the advantages of creating GMs

in crops and livestock farming?
Refer to slides 6 and 9;
 Questions

5. Why are “sticky ends” better than “blunt ends”?

Refer to slide 20

6. Name at least 4 different things that genetic modification is

used for.
Refer to slide 26
Osmosis, Diffusion & Active Transport
In biology, transport refers to the act or the means by
which a molecule or ion is moved across the cell
membrane or via the bloodstream.

What are the two types of transport?

(1) Passive Transport
(2) Active Transport

What is the main difference between them?

Its all about energy:

Passive transport does not require energy.
Active transport does require energy.
 Diffusion
(passive)

Diffusion is the
movement of substance
from an area of high
concentration to an area
of low concentration.
The rate of diffusion is affected by several factors:

1. Concentration gradient: Diffusion happens

faster when the gradient is steep (large difference).

2. Surface area to volume ratio: Larger surface

area in proportion to volume will increase the rate.

3. Distance: Rate is decreased if the distance over

which diffusion has to take place is greater.

4. Temperature: Rate is greater at higher temps.

This is because increased temperature will cause
increased kinetic energy
 Osmosis
(passive)

Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion involving water.

Osmosis

Semipermeable can also mean selectively permeable or

partially permeable.

Permeable means that it allows liquids or gases to pass

through it.
Predict the outcome of this osmosis experiment.

What will happen?

Why?
 Osmosis

Since the concentration of water is higher on the left,

osmosis occurs from left to right to balance the
concentrations. This results in an increase in volume
on the right.
 OSMOSIS IN PLANTS

Low water concentration Equal water concentrations High water concentration

outside the cell inside & out outside the cell

Plasmolysed Flaccid Turgid

(concentrated solution (equal solute (pure water or dilute
outside) concentrations inside solution outside)
& out)
 Plasmolysed Flaccid Turgid

Plasmolysed - shrunken or reduced. Caused by decreased

pressure.

Flaccid - soft or loose. Caused by equal pressure.

Turgid - swollen, packed, or condensed. Caused by increased

pressure.
 Active Transport
Sometimes a cell needs to take in a substance when
there is very little of that substance outside the cell, in
other words against the concentration gradient.
Active transport is
often explained as a
“pumping” action.

The pumps are large

proteins located in the
cell membrane and are
driven by ATP.
 Questions
A plant cell was placed in a concentrated sucrose solution. The
diagram below shows the appearance of the cell after an hour
in the solution.
1. What is the best description of this
cell? Explain your answer.
It is a plasmolysed cell. It has been placed in a high concentration solution,
therefore, water moved out of the cell by osmosis.
2. Some cells take in substances against their
concentration gradient.

a) Which transport method is used for this?

Active transport.
b) Cells that use this transport method have lots of
mitochondria. Explain why.
Active transport needs ATP in order to occur.
 Questions
4. Use words from the box to complete the sentences about active
transport. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

acids amino concentration energy glucose

gradients molecule protein transporter water

Glucose and ___________

amino ___________
acids are often transported into cells,
against their___________
concentration ___________, using active transport. Active
gradient

transport is carried out by pumps called ___________ proteins, found in

transporter

the cell membrane. For example, a glucose molecule sticks to protein a glucose
pump and the ___________ pump then changes shape.
This shape change moves the glucose___________ molecule across the membrane.
The protein pump needs ___________
energy in order to change shape.
 Questions
3. Explain why jellyfish that live in the sea will die if they are placed in
fresh water.

Because its cells have a

concentration that is similar to
the sea water (high
concentration solution) and
when placed in a low
concentration solution, water
will move into the cells by
osmosis, causing them to
burst.