ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Chemistryteacher, bk sharma Sir, for their invaluable guidance, support, and

expertise throughout the completion of my class 11

Chemistry project. Their deep understanding of the subject matter, engaging teaching
style, and constant encouragement played a vital role in the success of this project.

I am also thankful to my parents and family for their unwavering support and belief in my
abilities. Their continuous encouragement and motivation provided me with the
determination to overcome challenges and excel in this project. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my

classmates who actively

participated in discussions, conducted experiments together, and shared their insights
during the project’s development. Their collaboration and exchange of ideas significantly
enriched the project and fostered a deeper understanding of Chemistry concepts.
Lastly, I extend my appreciation to the school administration for providing the necessary
resources, such as laboratory equipment, textbooks, and reference materials. Their
support and commitment to promoting scientific exploration have been instrumental in
the successful completion of this Chemistry project.
OBJECTIVE : -The goal of this project is to determine the amount of
acetic acid in different types of vinegar different types of vinegar using
titration with a coloured pH indicator to determine the endpoint.
Introduction: -
About vinegar

Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of ethanol (CH3CH2OH), which in turn was
previously fermented from sugar. The fermentation of ethanol results in production

of acetic acid (CH3COOH). There are many different types of vinegar, each starting from a
different original sugar source (e.g., rice, wine, mlt, etc.). The amount of acetic acid in
vinegar can vary, typically between 4 to 6% for table vinegar, but up to three times higher
(18%) for pickling vinegar.

Titration Introduction:

In this project, I have determined the amount of acid in different vinegars using titration, a
common technique in chemistry. Titration is a way to measure the unknown amount of a
chemical in a solution (the titrant) by adding a measured amount of a chemical with a
known concentration (the titrating solution). The titrating solution reacts with the titrant,
and the endpoint of the reaction is monitored in some way. The concentration of the
titrant can now be calculated from the amount of titrating solution added, and the ratio
of the two chemicals in the chemical equation for the reaction.

Titration theory
To measure the acidity of a vinegar solution, we can add enough hydroxyl ions to balance
out the added hydrogen ions from the acid. The hydroxyl ions will react with the
hydrogen ions to produce water. In order for a titration to work, we need three things:
 THEORY
Required amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be calculated using formula:

𝑀 𝑜 𝑙 𝑎 𝑟 𝑖 𝑡 𝑦 𝑋 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 𝑎 𝑟 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 𝑠 𝑋 𝑣 𝑜 𝑙 𝑢 𝑚 𝑒 ( 𝑐
𝑊 =
1000
Molar mass of NaOH = 4 0 𝑔 / 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙
0 . 5 𝑋 4 0 𝑋 5 0 0
=
1000

=10𝑔

The acetic acid content of vinegar may be determined by titrating a vinegar sample with a
solution of sodium hydroxide of known molar concentration (morality).

CH3COOOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) +H2O (l)

(Acid) + (Base) (Salt) + (Water)

At end point in titration stoichiometry between the both solutions lies in a 1:1 ratio.

𝑀𝐶 𝐻 3 𝐶 𝑂𝑋𝑂 𝐻𝐶𝑉𝐻 3 𝐶 𝑂 =𝑂 𝐻𝑀𝑁 𝑎 𝑂 𝐻𝑋 𝑁𝑉

𝑎 𝑂 𝐻

Strength of acid in vinegar can be determined by following formula

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑=𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑋 60

Indicator: - phenolphthalein

End point: - colourless to pink

 EXPERIMENT 1
Take the laboratory vinegar in the conical flask and do titration with NaOH as
mentioned.

Sr Volume in vinegar solution Burette reading Volume of NaOH

No. (in ml) Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) solution used (in ml)

1 20 0 15.2 15.2
2 20 0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2
3 20 0
Concordant value=15.2

CALCULATIONS: -

We know that

𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻=𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
0.5 𝑋 15.2
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
20
= 0 . 3 8 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 / 𝐿
𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 = 0 . 3 8 𝑋 6 0 𝑔
= 2 2 . 8 𝑔 / 𝐿
 EXPERIMENT 2
Take the household vinegar in the conical flask and do titration with NaOH as
mentioned.

Sr Volume in vinegar Burette reading Volume of NaOH

No. solution (in ml) Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) solution used (in
ml)
1 10 0 13.5 13.5
2 10 0 13.5 13.5
3 10 0 13.5 13.5
Concordant value=13.5

𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻=𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
0.5 𝑋 13.5
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
10
= 0 . 6 7 5 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 / 𝐿
𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 = 0 . 6 7 5 𝑋 6 0
= 4 0 . 5 𝑔 / 𝐿
 EXPERIMENT 3
Take the wine vinegar in the conical flask and do titration with NaOH as
mentioned.

Sr Volume in vinegar Burette reading Volume of NaOH

No. solution (in ml) Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) solution used (in
ml)
1 10 0 24 24
2 10 0 24 24
3 10 0 24 24
Concordant value=24

𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻=𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋
𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑋 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
0 . 5 𝑋 2 4
𝑀𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 =
10
= 1 . 2 𝑚 𝑜 𝑙 / 𝐿
𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 = 1 . 2 𝑋 6 0 𝑔
= 7 2 𝑔 / 𝐿
 RESULT
 𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 𝑖 𝑛 𝑙 𝑎 𝑏 𝑜 𝑟 𝑎 𝑡 𝑜 𝑟 𝑦
 𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 𝑖 𝑛 ℎ 𝑜 𝑢 𝑠 𝑒 ℎ 𝑜 𝑙 𝑑 𝑣
 𝑆 𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 ℎ 𝑜 𝑓 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑖 𝑑 𝑖 𝑛 𝑤 𝑖 𝑛 𝑒 𝑣 𝑖 𝑛 𝑒 𝑔 𝑎

Graphically plotting various vinegar samples in accordance with the amount of

acetic acid present in them we present a stunning find :-

amount of acetic acid in varous vinegar

80

70
Strength of acetic acid

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
laboratory vinegar household vinegar wine vinegr

Order of amount of acetic acid in vinegar is:𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟>

ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 >𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
 Precautions
→ Transferring of measured vinegar into a measuring flask should be done
very carefully.

→ Measuring must be performed carefully.

Thank You
→ Look at the meniscus of solution at eye level to avoid parallax.
→ Look at the lower meniscus in the light coloured solution and upper
meniscus in the dark coloured solution because of visibility.
→ Do not forget to add distilled water to the vinegar.

Bibliography
1) Comprehensive Lab Manual for class 12
2) www.google.com
3) www.icbse.com
4) www.scribd.com

Completion by :- Vishal Sharma

XI - C
Roll no - 44