UCSP REVIEWER capitalists.

Types of Societies - Societies exist in particular places

and times, and they change over time. Societies are 6. Democratic Societies
organized in particular patterns, patterns that are
Societies these are free characterized by enterprise
shaped by a range of factors, including the way
where people are free to engage in any lawful
people procure food, the availability of resources,
business for profit or gain. People had to work on
contact with other societies, and cultural beliefs.
their own livelihood according to what the law
mandates.
According to Economic and Material System

According to Evolutionary View

1. Pre-class Societies iew
They are characterized by communal ownership of
1. Simple Societies
property and division of labor. Examples of these
societies are earliest clans and tribes. These were small, predominantly nomadic and
leadership is unstable. The people had no
2. Asiatic Societies
specialization of skills, thus they lived in a simple life.
The people are economically self-sufficient but their
2. Compound Societies
leaders are despotic and powerful.
Two or more simple societies merged to form a new
3. Ancient Societies
and bigger society. These societies tended to be
These are characterized by private land ownership. predominantly settled agricultural societies and
The rich (those who haves) owned private big tract of tended to characterized by be a division of four or
properties while the poor (those who-have-nots) five social classes.
worked as laborers. Thus, wealth is limited to a few
3. Doubly Compound
people.

4.Feudal Societies These are completely integrated, more definite in

political and religious structure and more complex
The aristocrats (feudal lords) owned the wealth of division of labor. Considerable progress in
the country due to their ownership of big tracts of infrastructure and knowledge in arts had taken place.
lands. The peasants worked on the lands of the
feudal lords with only few benefits received by them.
4. Militant Societies
However, these types of societies collapsed due to
the rise of cities and metropolis as a result of the rise
These are characterized by the following: (a) the
of trades and industries.
existence of military organization and military rank;
(b) individual lives and private possessions are at the
5. Capitalists Societies disposal of the State; and (c) individual activities such
as recreation, movements, satisfaction of biological
These societies existed in societies where two needs, and production of goods are totally regulated
classes of people appeared. The bourgeoise by the State. In other words, individuals exist to
(property owners) who owned the capital and the serve the State.
means of production and the proletariat (the
laborers or workers) who are compelled to work for
the capitalists or sell their small properties to the
5. Industrial Societies 5. Industrial Societies

These societies began in the 18th century during the These societies began in the 18th century during the
Industrial Revolution and gained momentum by the Industrial Revolution and gained momentum by the
turn of the 19th century. This period is characterized turn of the 19th century. This period is characterized
by the use of machines as means of food production. by the use of machines as means of food production.
Mass production of guns, invention of steam Mass production of guns, invention of steam
locomotives and large production of steel, and locomotives and large production of steel, and well-
appear where cooperative efforts between coordinated labor force took place. Thus, the people
management and labor are based on contractual began to be highly skilled and highly diversified in
agreement. In other words, individual freedom, their occupation.
rights and initiatives are being protected.
6.Post-Industrial Societies or Information Societies

According to Peoples Substinence Information and communication technology is the

hallmark of these modern societies. These are
characterized by the spread of computer technology,
1.Food Gathering Societies advances in this technology are made by highly-
trained computer specialists who work to increase
(more than 16, 000 years ago) The people survived the capabilities of computers and internet. The use
from day to day through hunting larger animals, of modern technology gave rise to several
collecting shellfish and vegetable gathering. Their technological problems such as pollution, lung
tools were made of stones, wood and bones. illness, skin problems and other.

2. Horticultural Societies Dissolution of society

(12, 000 to 15, 000 years ago) The people planted
seeds as a means of production for subsistence. (1) when the people kill each other through civil
revolution.
3. Pastoral Societies

Most of the people are nomadic who follow their (2) when an outside force exterminates the
herds in quest of animals for food and clothing to members of the society.
satisfy their needs. they raised animals to provide
milk, fur and blood for protein. These societies
typically are relatively small, wandering communities (3) when the members become apathetic among
organized along male-centered kinship groups. themselves or have no more sense of belongingness.

4. Agricultural Societies
(4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger
In the early agricultural societies, people used plow and larger society by means of conquest or territorial
than hoe in food production. By the use of plow, it absorption.
turns the topsoil deeper allowing for better aerating
and fertilizing thus improving better yield when
(5) when an existing society is submerged in water
harvested. Irrigation farming was introduced which
killing all the people and other living things in it.
resulted to a larger yield of production that can even
feed large number of people who did not know how
to produce food by themselves.
 Concept of Society Characteristics of Society

According to sociologist, a society is a group of Society comprises of a group of people who share a
people with common territory, interaction, and common culture, live in a particular area and feel
culture. Society is derived from the Latin term themselves to constitute a unified and distinct entity.
“societas”.

Definition of society has two types: It is a social system.

- functional definition
A social system consists of individuals interacting
- structural definition. with each other. A system consists of sub-parts
whereby a change in one part affects the other parts.
Functional point of view, society is defined as a Thus, a change in one group of individuals will affect
complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, the stability of the other parts of the system.
interacting upon one another, enabling human
organisms to carry on their life-activities.
It is relatively large
Structural point of view, society is the total social
heritage of folkways, mores and institutions, of The people must be socially integrated to be
habits, sentiments and ideals. considered relatively large than if the people are
individually scattered. Thus, the people in a family,
clan, tribe, neighborhood, community are socially
The Following are reasons people live integrated to be relatively large in scope.
together as society
It socializes its members and from those from
without.
For survival – No man is an island. No man can live
alone. From birth to death, man always depends Since most of society’s members are born to it, they
upon his parents and from others. The care, support, are taught the basic norms and expectations. Those
and protection given by them are important factors who come from other societies, before being
for survival. accepted as functioning members, are socialized and
taught the basic norms and expectations of the
society.
Feeling of gregariousness – This is the desire of
people to be with
other people, especially of their own culture. People It holds its members through a common culture.
flock together
for emotional warmth and belongingness The individuals in a society are held together
because that society has symbols, norms, values
Specialization – Teachers, businessmen, students, patterns of interaction, vision and mission that are
physicians, commonly shared by the members of such society.
nurses, lawyers, pharmacists, and other professionals It holds its members through a common culture.
organize
themselves into societies or associations to promote
and protect
their own professions.
It endures, produces and sustains its members for members of the family.
generations.
Counterculture- is a culture practice by
For society to survive, it must have the ability to groups whose values and norms plays it as
produce, endure and sustain its new members for at
least several generations. For instance, if a society odds with main society or a group that
cannot assist its members during their extreme
actively rejects the dominant cultural values
conditions of hunger and poverty, that society will
not survive long. and norms.

It has clearly defined geographical territory. Examples:

The members in a society must live in a certain o NPA

specific habitat or place and have a common o ISIS
belongingness and sense of purpose.
High Culture- is a culture practiced and

What is Culture Variation? patronized by the upper classes of society.

Examples:
-refers to the rich diversity of social patterns that
o Red carpet events
different human groups exhibit around the world.
o Serving caviar on restaurants
-The variation in human conditions promotes
o Luxurious house design
diversity in cultural traditions.
o Expensive live concerts
Variation between culture Popular Culture- is a culture practiced and

patronized by the middle and working

1.Subculture- is a culture that is shared with a
classes of society.
distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values
Example:
which refers from larger society.
o Watching soap opera over the

televisions.
2 Cultural Universal- are patterns or traits
o Movies and rock concerts.
that are globally common to all societies.
Ethnocentrism
Example:
-is the regard that one’s own culture and society is
o Gender roles
the center of everything and seen as the most
o Language
efficient and superior among the cultures in the
o Incest Taboo
world.
o Religious and healing ritual
Culture Shock
o Marriage
-the feeling of disoriented, uncertain, out of place or
o Concept on giving names to
even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar
culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.

Cultural Relativism

-is the practice by assessing a culture by its own

standards rather than viewing it through the lens of

one’s own culture. It is the practice that one must

understood in the context of their locality.

Advantage of Culture Relativism:

1. It promotes cooperation

-Embracing the difference of the different

society can create cooperation because it

allows a stronger bond with one another in

the society.

2. Respect and equality is encourage

-people from different culture and different

ideas that share their own perspective and

experiences in the society can promote

equality and respect.

3. It preserves human culture

- Respect with the diverse set of traditions,

ideas and practices would help preserve the

culture.

4. Cultural Relativism creates a society

without judgement

-Worrying and practicing your own culture

prevent disagreement & judgement in the

society.

Culture Change

-is observed when new opens new ways of living

and when new ideas enter a culture as a result of

globalization.