EC8701- ANTENNA AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
IV YEAR ECE / VII SEMSESTER
QUESTION BANK
Unit III – Antenna Arrays and Applications
PART A
1. List out the various forms of Antenna Array
The various forms of the antenna array that are used as radiating systems are
1. Broad side Array
2. End fire Array
3. Collinear array
4. Parasitic array.
2. What is Broadside array?
The broadside array is the array of antennas in which all the elements are placed
parallel to each other and the direction of maximum radiation are placed parallel to each other
and the direction of maximum radiation is always perpendicular to the plane consisting
elements
A broadside array consists of a number of identical antennas placed parallel to each other
along a straight line. The straight line is perpendicular to the axis of the individual antenna.
3. What is end fire array
The end fire array is very much similar to the broadside array from the point of view
of arrangement. But the main difference is the direction of maximum radiation. In Broadside
array, the direction of the maximum radiation is perpendicular to the axis of the array; while
in the end fire array, the direction of the maximum radiation is along the axis of the array
4. What is array of point source?
The array of point source is nothing but the array of an isotropic radiators occupying
zero volume. For greater the number of point sources in the array , the analysis of antenna
array becomes complicated and time consuming. Then conveniently analysis is done by
considering first two point sources.
5. What is an antenna array?
An antenna array is a radiating system of similar antennas spaced properly to achieve
greater field strength in desired direction at a point at far distance from the radiating system
6. What is the need for antenna array?
In the point to point communication, it is desired to have most of the energy radiated
in one particular direction. That means it is desired to have greater directivity in a desired
direction particularly which is not possible with single dipole antenna. Hence to increase field
strength in the desired direction antenna array is used which consists of group of similar
antennas properly spaced and oriented in desired direction
7. What is linear array?
The antenna is said to be linear if the elements of the antenna array are equally spaced
along a straight line
8. What is the significance of the antenna array?
Antenna array is a radiating system in which individually array elements contribute to
obtain the maximum field strength in the desired direction while cancelling the individual
field strength in all other directions to get maximum directivity in the desired direction
9. What is collinear array?
The collinear array is the array of antennas in which are arranged co-axially i.e. the
antennas are arranged end to end along a single line. The individual elements in the collinear
array are fed with currents equal in magnitude and phase, In collinear array the direction of
maximum radiation id perpendicular to the axis of the array
10. What is the need for the binomial array?
In case of uniform linear array , to increase the directivity, the array length has to be
increased. But when the array length increases, the secondary or side lobes appear in the
pattern. In some applications it is desired to have single main lobe with no minor lobe. This
means that the minor lobe should be eliminated completely or reduced to minimum level as
compared to main lobe
11. Define Pattern Multiplication
The principle of pattern multiplication states that the radiation pattern of an array is
the product of the pattern of the individual antenna with the array patterns. The array pattern
is basically not only a function of the location of antennas in the array but also the function of
amplitudes of relative complex excitations of antennas
12. What are the merits and demerits of pattern Multiplication?
The advantage of pattern multiplication is that it is possible to draw radiation pattern
of an array in no time from the product of element pattern and array pattern. The
disadvantage is that this technique is useful only for array containing identical elements
13. Write short notes on Array Factor.
Each antenna array has its own array factor.
The array factor in general, is a function of the number of elements, their geometrical
arrangement, their relative magnitude, their relative phase and their spacing.
The array factor will be of simple form if the elements have identical amplitudes,
phases and spacing.
Array factor does not depend on the directional characteristics of the radiating
elements
The array factor is a function of the array and the excitation phase
14. Write about Dolph-Tschebyscheff array
Another array with many practical application. It is primarily a compromise between
uniform and binomial array. Its excitation co-efficient are related to Tschebysheff
polynomial. A dolph-Tschebysheff array with no side lobes reduces to binomial design.
15. What is the principle behind the smart antennas?
Spatial processing is the central idea of adaptive or smart antennas. As the number of
users and the demand for wireless services increase at an exponential rate, the need for wide
coverage area and higher transmission quality rises
16. What are the benefits of smart antennas?
Smart antennas will by simultaneously increasing the useful received signal and
lowering the interference level, increase SIR
Smart antennas provide increase in range
Smart antenna provide security
The spatial detection nature of smart antenna system can be used to locate human in
emergencies
PART B
1. Write in detail about two-element array.
2. Explain in detail about Array factor and pattern multiplication.
3. Explain in detail about Binomial Array and its characteristics.
4. Explain in detail about Dolph-Tschebycheff Array and its characteristics
5. Write in detail about smart antenna system and its types.
