© 2023 Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP

JURNAL ILMU LINGKUNGAN

Volume 21 Issue 3 (2023) : 636-646 ISSN 1829-8907

Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest

of Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo
Regency-Gorontalo Province

Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan1, Sukirman Rahim2, and Endi Triyanto Manyo’e3

1Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Gorontalo, Jl Prof.
BJ.Habibie Moutong Village, Tilongkabila District, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, Tel.Fax
(0435)821752,Indonesia. email: [email protected]
2Population and Environment Study Program, Graduate Program, State University of Gorontalo, Jl. Jenderal

Sudirman No. 06 Gorontalo City, Gorontalo Province, 961282, Indonesia

3ASN Gorontalo Regency Government, Jl. Manoe Kaloekoe Telaga Biru District. Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia.

ABSTRAK
Hutan kota perkemahan Wirakarya Nasional sangat asri, memiliki view pemandangan yang indah dan berada dekat
dengan jalan serta mudah dijangkau oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur vegetasi,
biomassa, dan nilai karbon yang tersimpan di hutan Kota Perkemahan Wirakarya. Nasional Bongohulawa Kabupaten
Gorontalo-Provinsi Gorontalo. Metode yang digunakan metode survey dengan desain penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif.
Pengukuran struktur vegetasi menggunakan perhitungan terhadap KR, FR, DR, dan nilai INP. Stok karbon pada atas
permukaan (batang) menggunakan non destructive sampling dengan menggunakan persamaan allometrik berdasarkan
spesies tanaman. Hasil penelitian menemukan 13 famili, 20 spesies dan 824 individu. Struktur vegetasi, rata-rata memiliki
INP diatas 15%, pohon didominasi Gmelina arborea dengan INP (98,36%), tiang didominasi Swietenia mahagagoni dengan
INP (165,37%), pancang didominasi Swietenia mahagagoni dengan INP (160,99%), dan semai didominasi Lantana camara
dengan INP (32,25%). Kandungan biomassa yang tersimpan dalam tegakan (1.190,45 ton/ha), dengan jumlah biomassa
paling besar berada pada pertumbuhan tingkat pohon (1.135,43 ton/tahun) atau 95,43 persen, biomassa tingkat tiang
(45,10 ton/tahun) atau 3,79 persen dan jumlah biomassa tingkat pancang (9,32 ton/tahun) atau 0,78%. C-Stock (559,37
ton/ha) dan mampu menyerap CO2 (CO2eq) 2.052,88 ton/ha serta menyediakan O2 terkonversi 1.498,60 ton/ha.

Kata kunci: Indeks Nilai Penting, Biomassa, Karbon Hutan Kota

ABSTRACT
The urban forest of the National Wirakarya Campsite has an attractive and picturesque scenery. The urban forest is easily
accessible by public since it is located near the main road. This study aimed to determine the structure of vegetation,
biomass, and carbon values stored in the urban forest of the National Wirakarya Campsite, Bongohulawa, Gorontalo
Regency, Gorontalo Province. The method used a survey method with quantitative descriptive research design. The
structure of the vegetation measurement was carried out by using the number of sample plots that are placed regularly
by calculating the Relative Density, Relative Frequency, and Relative Dominance. To measure the carbon stocks above
ground (stems), a non-destructive sampling method was used with an allometric equation based on the plant species. The
results showed there are 13 families, 20 species, and 824 individuals. The vegetation structure has an IVI above 15% on
average with Gmelina arborea (beechwood) dominating the trees (IV = 98.36%); the pole and sapling level dominated by
the Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany) with IVI of 165.37% and 160.99% respectively; and the seedling level dominated by
Lantana camara (tembelekan) with an IVI of 32.25%. The content of biomass stored in the standing trees was 1,190.45
tons/ha, with the largest amount of biomass at the sawlog level of 1,135.43 tons/year or 95.43%. The total biomass at the
pole level was 45.10 tons/year or 3.79%; the sapling level was 9.32 tons/year or 0.78%. The carbon stock stored (C-Stock)
was 559.37 tons/ha and can absorb CO2 (CO2eq) of 2,052.88 tons/ha and provided converted O2 of 1,498.60 tons/ha.

Keywords: Important Value Index, Biomass, Urban Forest Carbon.

Citation: Wahyuni, D.K., Baderan., Rahim, S., and Manyo’e, E. T. (2023). Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest
of Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo Regency-Gorontalo Province. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(3), 636-646,
doi:10.14710/jil.21.3.636-646

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 Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (2023), 21 (3) : 636-646, ISSN 1829-8907

1. Introduction completely absorbed by vegetation because the

Physical development of urban areas pushes the amount of vegetation is decreasing.
concentration of inhabitants with a certain amount of High activity in urban areas will trigger an
density centered in urban areas, resulting in cities increase in fossil fuel consumption which will
becoming the center of high-density populations that encourage an increase in CO2 levels. One of the
will cause various complex environmental and social ecosystem traits that have a high-profile aspect of
problems (Baba & Asami, 2022; Khan et al., 2022). The climate change mitigation initiatives is the storage of
problems that arise are environmental damage (Gao & carbon in soil and vegetation (Davies, et al, 2013). One
Xin, 2022; Guo & Duan, 2022; Tognella et al., of the efforts to revitalize ecosystems in urban areas
2022)from the loss of green open space, damage to the can be done through the development of urban forests
function of water catchment, water, and air pollution (Balitbang, Ministry of Forestry, 2010). This strategic
caused by economic activity which is an implication of effort was carried out because trees naturally can
the growth of the population and infrastructure absorb CO2 gas which is stored in the form of carbon
development (Vanhatalo & Partanen, 2022). compounds and then released in the form of oxygen
Based on the 2017 Regional Action Plan for while also absorbing heat so that it lowers the ambient
Climate Change Adaptation (RAD API) of Gorontalo temperature. In addition, urban forests also function
Regency document, it was stated that there was a as a site for flora and fauna conservation (Lubis, et al,
decrease in Carbon reserves due to changes in land 2013). A similar thing was expressed by Gratimah
cover in Gorontalo Regency in the interval of 2009 to (2014) that one way to reduce CO2 in urban areas is to
2016. Carbon reserves were 10,317,622.98 reduce carbon emissions and build urban forests.
tons/ha/year in 2009, but were reduced to Furthermore, it is said that urban forests are the most
9,693,434.14 tons/ha/year in 2016. Furthermore, effective carbon sinks so that they can reduce the
based on the results of the analysis of land cover increasing carbon emissions in the atmosphere.
change from 2009 to 2016, the emissions in 2016 Following the objectives of the management of
were 2,674,145.11 CO2 tons, whereas CO2 uptake was urban forests, the implementation of urban forests is
8,760,855.45 tons. The highest emissions came from emphasized their functions as carbon dioxide
dryland agricultural activities combined with shrubs, absorbers and oxygen producers, pollutants (heavy
which contributed 1,324,661.25 CO2 tons, and metals, dust, sulfur) absorbers, noise reducers,
secondary forest emissions, which contributed preserving germplasms, supporting the diversity of
1,189,320.39 CO2 tons. The smallest emission comes flora, fauna and the balance of the ecosystem,
from primary forest emissions which reach 3.76 tons windbreaks and beauty enhancement (PP 63 of 2002).
of CO2 (RAD API of Gorontalo Regency, 2017). Concerning the above, the development of urban
Furthermore, according to data from the Ministry forests is one of the real efforts of the Gorontalo
of Environment and Forestry of Gorontalo Province Regency Government to increase resilience to the
(2017), the 2017 average annual NO2 and SO2 impacts of climate change. This effort was later
concentrations referencing the Quality Standards confirmed by the stipulation of the Regent of
regulated in Government Regulation Number Gorontalo’s Decree Number 12 of 2013 concerning
41/1999 concerning Air Pollution Control, NO2 the Management of Urban Forests and City Parks in
concentrations for transportation are 6, 60 g/Nm3, the Gorontalo Regency. The designated locations as
the industry is 3.17 g/Nm3, residential is 6.00 g/Nm3, urban forest areas are the Bongohulawa National
offices are 5.65, and the district average is 5.35. This Wirakarya Campground with a surface area of 90.92
value is still below the manufacturer's declared Ha, the Ex Mall Limboto area with a surface area of
quality standard of 400 g/Nm3. Furthermore, the 1.61 Ha, and the Gorontalo Regent's Office area with a
concentration level of SO2 for transportation is 2.47 surface area of 0.16 Ha.
g/Nm3, the industry has a concentration of 2.47 To optimize the function of forest management as
g/Nm3, residential has a concentration of 2.91 the carbon dioxide absorber, oxygen producer, and
g/Nm3, offices have a concentration of 11.86 g/Nm3, pollutants (heavy metals, dust, sulfur) absorber, the
and the district average has a concentration of 4.93 urban forest development planning must be arranged
g/Nm3. This value is still below the manufacturer's based on studies from technical, ecological, economic,
declared quality standard of 900 g/Nm3. Limboto social, and local cultural aspects (PP 63 of 2002).
District, being the heart of government, trade, Furthermore, according to Government Regulation
industry, education, and other activities, requires the number 63 of 2002, in the management of urban
availability of land, resulting in the reduction of the forests, the government, provincial governments, and
green open space. The construction of various district/city governments must encourage
facilities and infrastructure will need the acquisition community participation through the appointment,
of land for construction sites, reducing the amount of development, stipulation, management, guidance, and
green open space in the city. Moreover, the reduced supervision. The Gorontalo Regency Government's
amount of vegetation in the area can affect the efforts in planning the development of urban forests
condition and quality of the surrounding air due to air have not been fully arranged based on the studies of
pollution where air pollutant substances are not technical, ecological, economic, social, and local
cultural aspects. This study aims to obtain a database
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© 2023, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
Wahyuni, D.K., Baderan., Rahim, S., and Manyo’e, E. T. (2023). Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest of
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo Regency-Gorontalo Province. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(3), 636-646,
doi:10.14710/jil.21.3.636-646
related to vegetation structure, Important Value a. Density
Index, and carbon stocks of the Urban Forest of Density =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground in 𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province. Relative Density = x 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
b. Frekuensi
2. Research Methods Frequency =
2.1. Research Site 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠
This study was conducted at the Urban Forests of 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground in Relative Frequency = x 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Bohulawa Village, Limboto District, Gorontalo c. Dominance
Regency (Figure 1). The method used in this research 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Dominance =
is a survey method with a quantitative descriptive 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐷𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
research design. The sampling method used is Relative Dominance = × 100%
𝐷𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
purposive sampling based on land cover in urban
d. Important Value Index (IVI)
forests. Non-destructive sampling is used to
Based on the parameter of density, frequency and
determine tree biomass in urban forests, with an
dominance value, Important Value Index is obtained.
allometric equation depending on plant species (Lubis
In the sawlog, pole, and sapling level, the IVI
et al, 2013). The allometric equation is used because it
calculation is IVI = RD + RF + RDo, while in the seedling
has the advantage that it does not cut or damage trees,
level the formula for the IVI is IVI = RD + RF.
it is more efficient in terms of time and cost.
Biomass Analysis
The vegetation data was obtained using the
The analysis of biomass value is calculated using
double plot method and quadrants by following the
the Allometric equation (Fradette et al., 2021) with
Indonesian National Standard size (SNI 7724, 2011),
the formula : BK = 0.11 ρ D2,62 where:BK : Tree
namely:
Biomass (in Kg)
a. Size 20 m x 20 m for sawlog level (woody
vegetation with diameter ≥ 20 cm);
ρ : Density (g/cm3)
b. Size 10 m x 10 m for pole level (woody vegetation
D : Diameter as high as the breast-height (130 cm from
with diameter 10 cm to < 20 cm);
the ground surface)
c. Size 5 m x 5 m for sapling level (vegetation with
diameter 2 cm to < 10 cm); and
Tree density (ρ) is obtained from the database
d. Size 2 m x 2 m for seedling level (vegetation with
Wood Density Database Of Trees World Agroforestry.
diameter < 2 cm and height ≤ 1.5 m).
Analysis of Carbon Stock and Soil Organic Matter
a. Analysis of Carbon Stock from Biomass
Analysis of carbin stock uses the general
formulation as follows: Cb = B x % C Organic,
where:
Cb : Carbon content in biomass (Kg);
W : total biomass (Kg);
% C Organik : the percentage of the carbon content
Figure 1. Map of the research location in the Urban Forest obtained from the result of laboratory
of Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground measurement that is 0.47 (SNI 7724,
2011).
b. Analysis of Soil Organic Matter
Soil organic matter analysis was carried out after
obtaining soil C-Organic values through laboratory
tests using the Walkley and Black method, after C-
organic values is obtained, to measure the value of
organic matter a formulation is used (Steelink, 1985):
Organic matter (%) = % C-Organic x 1.724, where the
conversion factor of 1.724 is used assuming that
organic matter contains 58% Carbon.Carbon dioxide
absorption CO2 (eq) is obtained using the formulation
equation, namely: CO2(eq) = Cn x 3.67, where CO2(eq)
Figure 2. The shape of sample plots and sample quadrants
is the amount of CO2 absorbed (ton CO2/ha) and Cn is
the amount of stock carbon (tonnes C/ha). As for the
2.2. Data Analysis
calculation of converted oxygen is calculated by the
Vegetation Analysis
equation, namely: converted O2 = CO2(eq) x 0.73.
According to Mueller-dombois (1974), the analysis
of vegetation can be carried out using the following
calculation formula:
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© 2023, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Results
Vegetation Types

Table 1. Types of Vegetation based on the Growth Level

Number of Diameter (cm)
No Growth Level Family Species
Individual Range Average
1. Sawlog 7 8 170 20 -167 69,20
2. Pole 5 6 117 10-19 14
3. Sapling 7 7 75 4-9 6,99
4. Seedling 10 15 462

Table 2. Types of the Vegetation Identified in the Sampling Unit

No Local Name Species Family
1. Jati putih Gmelina arborea
2. Jati Tectona grandis Verbenaceae
3. Tembelekan Lantana camara
4. Mahoni Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae
5. Kemiri Aleurites moluccanus
6. Akar Kucing Acalypha indica Euphorbiacea
7. Ubi kayu Manihot utilissima
8. Johar Senna siamea Caesalpiniaceae
9. Lamtoro Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae
10. Kelapa Cocus nucifera Arecaceae
11. Mangga Mangifer odorata Anacardiaceae
12. Jambu air Syzygium aqueum
Myrtaceae
13. Jambu biji Psidium guajava
14. Ketapang Terminalia catapa L Combretaceae
15. Bandotan Ageratum conyzoides
Asteraceae
16. Gulma siam Chromolaena odorata
17. Enau Arenga pinnata Arecaceae
18. Sambiloto Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae
19. Coklat Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceace
20. Kersen Muntingia calabura Tiliaceae

Stand Biomass
Biomass in Sawlog Level

Figure 3. The value of Biomass for each Observation Plot

Note: * Others : Spesies Leucaena leucocephala, Mangifer odorata dan Cocus nucifera

Figure 4. The Value of Biomass in Sawlog Level

639 639
© 2023, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
Wahyuni, D.K., Baderan., Rahim, S., and Manyo’e, E. T. (2023). Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest of
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo Regency-Gorontalo Province. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(3), 636-646,
doi:10.14710/jil.21.3.636-646
Biomass in Pole Leve

Figure 5. The Value of Biomass in Pole Level for each Observation Plot

Figure 6. The Value of Biomass in Pole Level

Biomass in Sapling Level

Figure 7. The Value of Biomass in Sapling Level for each Observation Plot

Figure 8. The Value of Biomass in Sapling Level

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© 2023, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
 Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (2023), 21 (3) : 636-646, ISSN 1829-8907

Important Value Index

Table 3. IVI in the Urban Forest of the Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground
No. Growth Level/Species Number of Individual IVI
Sawlog Level
1 Gmelina arborea 68 98,36
2 Swietenia mahagoni 53 83.38
3 Aleurites moluccana 19 42,5
4 Tectona grandis 14 25,24
5 Senna siamea 11 20.48
6 Leucaena leucocephala 3 5,41
7 Cocus nucifera 1 3,45
8 Mangifer odorata 1 3,45
Pole Level
1 Swietenia mahagoni 73 165,37
2 Leucaena leucocephala 17 55,24
3 Gmelina arborea 11 36,48
4 Senna siamea 10 35,43
5 Tectona grandis 5 19,28
6 Syzygium aqueum 1 4,65
Sapling Level
1 Swietenia mahagoni 51 160,99
2 Senna siamea 9 45,85
3 Leucaena leucocephala 7 31,1
4 Gmelina arborea 4 23,45
5 Syzygium aqueum 2 8,69
6 Terminalia catapa L 1 7,38
7 Aleurites moluccana 1 5,89
Seedling Level
1 Lantana camara 92 32,25
2 Leucaena leucocephala 91 31,77
3 Ageratum conyzoides 75 28,48
4 Arenga pinnata 45 20,36
5 Chromolaena odorata 32 17,4
6 Psidium guajava 26 16,28
7 Swietenia mahagoni 26 17,53
8 Andrographis paniculata 14 15,26
9 Acalypha indica 6 16,6
10 Tectona grandis 23 13,82
11 Theobroma cacao 9 14,48
12 Syzygium aqueum 8 13,86
13 Termenilia catapa 3 12,26
14 Manihot utilissima 9 11,16
15 Muntingia calabura 3 8,53

C-Stock, CO₂ (eq) and Converted O₂

Figure 9. The Value of C-Stock, CO2(eq) dan Converted O2 in Sawlog Level.

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Wahyuni, D.K., Baderan., Rahim, S., and Manyo’e, E. T. (2023). Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest of
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo Regency-Gorontalo Province. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(3), 636-646,
doi:10.14710/jil.21.3.636-646

Figure 10. The Value of C-Stock, CO2(eq) and Converted O2 in Pole Level

Figure 11. The Value of C-Stock, CO2 (eq) and Converted O2 in Sapling Level

Figure 13. Average Value of Soil Organic Matter Based on Species and Observation Plots

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 Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (2023), 21 (3) : 636-646, ISSN 1829-8907

Table 4. C-Organic Test and Analysis of Total Organic Matter based on Special and Observational Plot
Observation Sample Code
Analysis results
Plot K1 K2 K3 K4 M1 M2 M3 M4 JP1 JP2 JP3 JP4
Water content (%) 6,3 7,5 7,2 7,5 7.15 7 6,2 6,9 6,3 7,2 7,1 6,9
Average 7,14 6,82 6,9
I C-Organic (%) 3,2 2,8 3,4 3,2 2,6 2,5 3,2 2,1 2,5 2,3 3,1 3,1
Average 3,15 2,61 2,74
*Organic Ingredients (%) 5,43 4,5 4,72
Water content (%) 7,5 7 7 6,7 6,8 6,5 6,9 6,9 7,1 7,1 7,1 6,6
Average 7,05 6,79 6,97
II C-Organic (%) 3,2 3,3 2,7 3,1 2,5 2,7 2,5 2,9 2,5 3,2 3,3 3,2
Average 3,08 2,62 3,06
*Organic Ingredients (%) 5,31 4,52 5,28
Water content (%) 7,1 6,6 6,3 7 7,1 7,3 6,5 7 7,5 6,8 6,9 7,2
Average 6,76 6,98 7,11
III C-Organic (%) 2,4 3 2,6 2,1 2,5 2,3 3,3 2,9 3,2 3 3,1 3,4
Average 2,53 2,72 3,17
*Organic Ingredients (%) 4,36 4,59 5,47
Water content (%) 6,6 6,3 7,5 7 7,5 6,4 6,9 6,3 7,3 6,8 7,3 7,2
Average 6,87 6,8
IV C-Organic (%) 2,5 3,2 2,1 3,2 2,6 2,1 3,2 2,5 3,2 3,3 3,2 3,2
Average 2,77 2,6 3,24
*Organic Ingredients (%) 4,78 4,4 5,6
Water content (%) 6 6,3 6,7 6,5 6,3 6,7 6,6 6,4 6,4 6,4 6,7 7,2
Average 6,38 6,49 6,7
V C-Organic (%) 2,7 2,5 2,9 2,5 2,5 3,2 2,3 2,7 2,3 3,3 2,5 2,9
Average 2,61 2,67 2,72
*Organic Ingredients (%) 4,5 4,6 4,69

Description: K = Candlenut; M = Mahogany; JP = White Teak

* Organic Material (%) = % C-Organic x 1.724 (constant)
Source: Primary Data, 2018

Based on the obtained C-Organic value, the soil have the highest Importance Value Index value can
organic matter content was calculated using the compete in a certain area and have a high tolerance
formulation (Steelink, 1985). The Average Value of compared to other types (Haryanto, et al, 2015).
Soil Organic Matter Based on Species and Observation. Furthermore, it is said that the higher the Important
3.2. Discussion Value Index of a species, the higher its dominance in a
The overview of the Important Value Index in community where that species grows.
Table 3 above shows that for sawlog level, there are 3 The observation results at the research site in the
species of plants with IVI < 15%, namely Leucaena Urban Forest of the Bongohulawa National Wirakarya
leucocephala, Cocus nucifera and Mangifer odorata. Campground showed that although the Gmelina
For the pole level, there is one species with IVI < 15%, arborea species was the dominant species at the
namely Syzygium aqueum. Meanwhile, for the sapling sawlog level, this species was not found at the seedling
level, there are three species of plants that have IVI < level. This shows that there are differences in the
10% namely Syzygium aqueum, Terminalia catapa L structure and composition of certain species that have
dan Aleurites moluccanas. There is one species in the disappeared or died and that there are also new types
seedling level, that is Muntingia calabura. that appear in the observation plot. This condition is
According to the description of the Important most likely caused by unfavourable environmental
Value Index in Table 4.3, there are three plant species factors (Qi et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2017) and the
in sawlog level with INP < 15%, namely Leucaena species' adaptation to other species for growth (Tian
leucocephala, Cocus nucifera, and Mangifer odorata. et al., 2017). The types of species that can grow are
For the pole level, there is one species with IVI < 15%, those that can adapt to or are ideal for growing in the
namely Syzygium aqueum. Meanwhile for the sapling forest's environment. A species grows well in a
level, there are three species of plants that have IVI < favourable environment, according to (Ririhena,
10% namely Syzygium aqueum, Terminalia catapa L 2010). Furthermore, pioneer plants that grow densely
dan Aleurites moluccanas. There is one species in the on the forest floor will face competition for light,
seedling level, that is Muntingia calabura. Plots in nutrients, and movement space; as a result of this
presented in Figure 13. competition, some vegetation will survive and adapt
The role of a plant in a community is expressed by (Lorenz et al., 2022; Zobel et al., 2022).
the Important Value Index (%). The greater the Based on observations of all sample plots, the
Important Value Index of a plant species, the greater density of species in each level, from sawlog to
the role of that species in the measured seedlings, appears to be good. This could indicate that
community. In the concept of dominance, species that forest encroachment by the neighbouring community
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© 2023, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Sekolah Pascasarjana UNDIP
Wahyuni, D.K., Baderan., Rahim, S., and Manyo’e, E. T. (2023). Vegetation Structure, Biomass, and Carbon Stock of Urban Forest of
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground Gorontalo Regency-Gorontalo Province. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(3), 636-646,
doi:10.14710/jil.21.3.636-646
is still relatively small, even though aerial images mahagoni and Aleurites moluccanus, in line with the
show that some area is being used for agriculture. picture in Figure 12 which shows that the value of C-
Based on the results of the biomass calculation Organic in soil samples under the stands of Gmelina
above, it shows that from the total biomass of 1,190.45 arborea is also higher than that of other species.
tons/year, it turns out that the largest amount of Although in the observation plots I and II, Aleurites
biomass is found at the sawlog level as big as 1,135.43 Moluccana has higher C-Organic than other types, this
tons/year or 95.43%. Meanwhile, the amount of was because Swietenia mahagoni species had a higher
biomass at the pole level is 45.10 tons/year or 3.79% density (24 individuals) compared to the relative
and the amount of biomass at the sapling level is 9.32 density of Gmelina arborea (9 individuals).
tons/year or 0.78%. The description of the proportion Based on the average value of soil organic matter
of vegetation biomass in the observation plot which is content in the observation plot which ranges from
dominated by sawlog level is supported by (Wahyuni, 4.36-5.60%, and then compared with the criteria for
2014) who states that tree biomass is the main soil organic matter (Yost et al., 2022), it can be
constituent of biomass value. Furthermore, it was concluded that the soil organic matter content in the
emphasized that the correlation between the Urban Forest of Bongohulawa National Wirakarya
Important Value Index and tree biomass showed that Campground is considered to be in the high criteria.
the Important Value Index had a significant effect on This is because the average soil organic matter
biomass and there was a strong relationship between content is in the interval from 4.30% to 6.00%.
the Important Value Index and biomass. This means According to Mainka et al., (2022) that the organic
that the increase in the Important Value Index is matter content is varied for one and the other, this is
proportional to the biomass. not only caused by differences in land use types and
According to Suwarna, et al, (2012) the different soil characteristics, it is also related to the
results that appear smaller or closer are due to decomposition process (Tian et al., 2017) that occurs
differences in environmental conditions (Tian et al., in the soil. The decomposition process of the organic
2017) where they grow and the method of biomass matter is influenced by factors such as the type of
measurement. The smaller biomass content is closely litter, humidity, oxygen, temperature, pH, application
related to the conditions in which it grows (Tian et al., of organic fertilizer and the ease with which the plant
2017). Based on this comparison, the Urban Forest of litter is destroyed.
Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground has a
competitive biomass potential with other locations.
Based on the area of the Bongohulawa National 4. Conclusions
Wirakarya Campground Urban Forest, it shows that The Urban Forest of Bongohulawa National
the forest has a large biomass potential to be Wirakarya Campground as a type of Urban Green
optimized (Hashemi et al., 2022; Lange, 2022; Nguyen Open Space has stand potential which is indicated by
et al., 2023). the vegetation structure in the Urban Forest of
Gmelina arborea has the highest C-Stock, CO2(eq), Bongohulawa National Wirakarya Campground.
and converted O2 at the sawlog level, with C-Stock of Therefore, our new results demonstrated that the
203.14 tons/ha, CO2(eq) of 745.52 tons/ha, and average has an IVI above 15% with sawlog level
converted O2 of 544.23 tons/ha. The species Swietenia dominated by Gmelina arborea (white teak) with an
mahagoni (mahogany) had the highest C-Stock, IVI of 98.36%.
CO2(eq), and converted O2 at the pole level. This Furthremore, the pole level was dominated
species has C-Stock of 12.62 tons/ha, CO2(eq) of 46.33 by the Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany) with an IVI of
tons/ha, and converted O2 of 33.82 tons/ha. The 165.37%, the sapling level was dominated by the
species Gmelina arborea (white teak) has the highest Swietenia mahagoni with an IVI of 160.99 %, and the
CO2(eq) and converted O2 at the C-Stock at the sapling seedling level was dominated by Lantana camara
level with the C-Stock of 2.79 tons/ha, CO2(eq) of 10.23 (tembelekan) with an IVI of 32.25%.
tons/ha, and converted O2 of 7.47 tons/ha for this Finally, based on the overall findings above, it
species. is suggested that these results need to be interpreted
According to Rusdiana and Lubis (2012), the as well as validated by foresters and agronomists for
difference in the value of carbon stocks is influenced further research since the current study is limited to
by the amount of composition and structure of tree explore the urban forest planning and landscape
stands (Tian et al., 2017). The greater the composition designing to create forest adaptive planning.
and structure of the forest stand, the greater the
carbon stock is. Based on the comparison above, it
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