CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 15: Plant growth and development are significant
biological principles that have similar benefits to human growth and related subjects.
Students must study the chapter from the Plant Growth and development Class 11 notes to
gain a deeper understanding of all the concepts involved as well as many variations of the
relevant themes.
The knowledgeable staff here carefully crafts the CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 15
to assist students in getting ready and passing the test with flying colours.
CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 15 Overview
As to the current CBSE syllabus, students pursuing notes on Plant Growth and Development
should be aware of the subjects addressed in this chapter. The subjects covered in CBSE
Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 15 on Plant Growth and Development are listed below.
1. Growth
● Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
● Growth is Measurable
● Phases of Growth
● Growth Rates
● Conditions for Growth
2. Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Redifferentiation
3. Development
4. Plant Growth Regulators
● Characteristics
● The Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators
● Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,
Ethylene, Abscisic acid)
5. Photoperiodism
6. Vernalisation
7. Seed Dormancy
CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 15
Growth
The plant's stem, roots, leaves, fruits, flowers, and seeds all develop organically. The
following is the order in which the growth occurs:
After finishing their vegetative phase, the plants go into their reproductive phase, when they
create flowers and fruits to continue their life cycle.
Growth and differentiation are the two processes that makeup development. Development
and growth are governed by a small number of internal and external influences.
Growth is the permanent, irreversible growth in a cell, organ, or organism's dry weight, size,
mass, or volume. In most living things, it is internal.
Cell division is the process by which plants grow by increasing the number and size of their
cells. Growth is therefore a quantitative factor that may be time-based assessed.
Because plants have the potential to grow infinitely over their lifetime, their growth is typically
uncertain. Certain sections of a plant's body contain meristem tissues.
The open form of growth refers to a plant's ability to produce new cells in its body as a result
of meristem activity.
Root Apical Meristem and Shoot Apical - Meristem causes the axis to elongate and cause
the plant body to grow principally.
Growth Rate
The increased growth per unit of time is known as the growth rate. Both arithmetic and
geometric entities can create cells in a variety of ways.
There are two techniques to quantify and compare the quantitative similarities or differences
in the growth of living things: absolute growth (growth of a given system per unit time) and
relative growth rate (growth of a given system per unit time).
Growth is Measurable
Growth at the cellular level is defined as a rise in protoplasmic content. Often, it is
challenging to quantify this rise. Nonetheless, we can quantify the growth in cell size,
number, and quantity.
The rise in fresh weight, length, dry weight, area, volume, and cell number are used to verify
the growth measure. Some are measurable to gauge specific types of growth.
The formative phase is the stage of cell division or creation. It occurs at the apex of the
shoot, the root, and other areas that contain meristematic tissue. During the formative period
of mitotic division, cells often have a relatively high respiration rate.
Phase of Enlargement: During the formative phase, newly created cells will enlarge. This
enlargement causes vacuoles to form, which in turn causes the volume of the cells to
expand.
In conducting tissues and fibres, cell enlargement occurs from all directions with maximum
elongation.
The Phase of Maturation is when enlarged cells undergo structural and physiological
differentiation to become a certain type of cell.
Geometric Growth: In this approach, growth starts slowly before picking up speed. Every cell
divides. The daughter cells proliferate and divide, giving rise to more granddaughter cells
and ultimately to exponential growth. In a unicellular creature, it is typical.
The stationary phase and the fast-dividing exponential phase are both parts of the sigmoid
growth curve. In their native environment, most living things exhibit something extremely
similar.
One can perform a quantitative comparison of the growth of living systems by
The measurement and comparison of total growth per unit of time is known as the absolute
rate.
The growth of a particular system per unit of time, expressed on a standard basis, is known
as the relative growth rate.
Condition for Growth
The necessities for growth are oxygen, water, and other components. Water is very
important for all cell growth and for regulating turgidity. Another medium for enzymatic
conditions is water.
Protoplasm must form in the presence of water, and macro- and micronutrients serve as an
energy source.
The ideal temperature and other environmental factors are also necessary for plants.
Differentiation is the process of maturation wherein the apical meristem-formed cells become
specialised to fulfil a particular role.
Even though they can no longer divide, differentiated live cells can do so again.
Dedifferentiation, as in the case of the cork cambium and interfascicular cambium, is the
term used to describe this phenomenon.
During the process of redifferentiation, dedifferentiated cells become more mature and lose
their ability to divide into new cells to fulfil new roles.
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation And Redifferentiation
Differentiation: To perform distinct tasks, cells from the cambium, shoot apical meristems,
and root differentiate and mature. Here, the cell walls and protoplasm both experience
significant structural alterations.
Dedifferentiation: In certain situations, differentiated cells that had previously lost their ability
to divide can now divide again. A cork cambium that forms fully differentiated parenchyma
cells is an example.
Redifferentiation: During dedifferentiation, tissues and meristems split and generate new
cells, but they no longer can divide. Instead, they develop to perform particular tasks. For
instance, dicotyledonous plants experience redifferentiation in their woody tissues.
Development
It is the sequence of events that occur in a cell, organ, or organism during its life cycle,
encompassing growth, differentiation, germination of seeds, growth, flowering, senescence,
and seed production.
The steps involved in a plant cell's development are as follows:
Plants produce various structures at different phases of growth and in reaction to their
surroundings. The capacity to adapt to both internal and exterior stimuli—such as
heterrophylly in cotton plants—is known as plasticity.
Simple molecules with a variety of chemical compositions, such as compounds derived from
carotenoids, indole, or adenine, are known as plant growth regulators.
Known by its common name, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is auxin. It is generated at the tip of
the stem and root, and it frequently moves to the location of the action.
It serves the following functions:
1. Cell enlargement.
2. Cell division.
3. Apical dominance.
4. Induce Parthenocarpy.
5. Inhibition of abscission.
Gibberellins: Found in over 100 types, gibberellins are a promoter of PGR. They go by the
numbers GA1, GA2, GA3, and so forth. Typically, gibberellic acid is used.
It serves the following functions:
1. Cell elongation.
2. Early maturity.
3. Seed germination.
4. Breaking of dormancy.
Cytokinins: Originally identified from the autoclaved herring sperm DNA as kinetin, a purine
that is a modified version of adenine, they have specific effects on cytokinesis. The most
prevalent types include kinetin, zeatin, etc. The roots are where they are mostly made.
Some of the Functions:
1. Cell division and cell differentiation.
2. Overcome apical dominance.
3. Promote nutrient mobilization.
4. Essential for tissue culture.
Ethylene: Known as a gaseous hormone, it promotes transverse or isodiametric
development while inhibiting longitudinal growth.
It serves the following functions:
1. Inhibition of longitudinal Growth.
2. Senescence.
3. Promote apical dominance.
4. Fruit ripening.
Abscisic acid is also known as dormant or stress hormone. Similar to a conventional plant
growth inhibitor, it functions. Abscisic acid is produced in the plant's roots or at the terminal
buds on the top of the plant.
It can serve the following functions:
1. Bud dormancy.
2. Induce Parthenocarpy.
3. Seed development and maturation.
4. Leaf senescence.
Photoperiodism
The impact of photoperiods, or the length of daylight hours during the day, on a plant's
growth and development—particularly its flowering—is known as photoperiodism. Based on
their photoperiodic response, the blooming plants have been categorised into the following
groups:
Short-Day Plants: These are flowers that require light exposure for a less amount of time
than this vital period to begin blossoming. Take xanthium, sugarcane, and potato rice, for
instance.
Long-Day Plants: These plants bloom when they require a longer photoperiod of light than
what is considered crucial. Barley, radish, and lettuce, for instance.
Day-Neutral Plants: Some plants, like beans and wild kidneys, can bloom all year round.
Vernalisation
It is the method of using cold therapy to shorten the juvenile or vegetative period and
accelerate the flowering process. Meristematic cells aid in the perception of the vernalization
stimulation.
Vernalization shortens a plant's vegetative time and promotes early flowering.
Temperate plants such as rice, wheat, millet, etc. are covered by it.
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