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Sanitary

The document is a comprehensive guide on sanitary engineering, covering topics such as wastewater management, sewage systems, and treatment processes. It includes definitions, design criteria, and various types of sewage systems, alongside examination problems and numerical examples. The content emphasizes the importance of effective waste management for public health and environmental safety.

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Samyak Shrestha
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11 views

Sanitary

The document is a comprehensive guide on sanitary engineering, covering topics such as wastewater management, sewage systems, and treatment processes. It includes definitions, design criteria, and various types of sewage systems, alongside examination problems and numerical examples. The content emphasizes the importance of effective waste management for public health and environmental safety.

Uploaded by

Samyak Shrestha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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WS a ere ee ey TTT t A SU Priced Et) ; Simplified Cmte ag | Exai tion problem solutions Mesa m cel ure Celt fate Re) Scanned with CamScanner ————&xx<&x Wt of cammoniial ce sp The system should not release foul smell and should be operated” ‘with minimum difficulties, Bel dee open nig SYSTEMS OF SANITATION (>> ain sre, al ‘hy Scxnt fcr as ground water. llution that causes for the collection, conveyance and disposal of waste from communit}} into the folowing types: 9 ey Gomadic sewos, there are two types of system which are given below: is the Grater mn resi , commercial building ig Iris the rate from resident balding al baiting, = ze factories public office) school. cinemas, hotels etfs extremely fou in Soap Polieaa ies as See a) B) Sub sobwater a leis the ground water whens entry ino sewer through leaks ¢) Storm water Itindcates ain water fom locality @) Night soll Ikisused fo indicate th himan excreta an animal ©) indus! sewage It indicates th waste water obtained from industri) The wastes obtained may nt be amenable to conventional treatment techniques i) we vb vill) Sewer Sewer is underground drain ( Sewer is undergo by the tet of which sewage is carried tothe: hy points generally closed but does not ow fll. ltmay be cf following types: ad 2}, Gontined sever both sewage and storm wate ey Bh Mansons: rane sevage fom abut Fe Lafealsewige direeireoleets sewage from house ee Thy od Comsigy oF Suey by. san ctng 4 ‘This system is also known as dry system. pee rena em _vesels and then removed periodically in 24 hours ‘This systems unygienic since everythings visible over the ground. ‘The merits and demerits of conservancy system are given below: {Metis of conservancy system. Itistheap due to conservancy latrine and low water) If treatment facilities are provided, quantity of sewage reaching at treatment plantis lov Demertts This system is unhygienic since excreta starts decomposing within few hours of is production. There are lot of foul smell due fo excreta and other vegetable waste, Itrequires large land area for disposal of sewage. The disposed sewage is untreated so it lacks hygiene, Water carriage system ‘ This system is very hygienic system where the disposal is not exposed directly to atmosphere. ppten stein pa obanaiarey ee ‘ wad Psd TTOD Scanned with CamScanner x There is less chance of epid nplete Manval of antary Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) underground. XT _[crouies high aa cost however smal/ranning cost Teresa ee for he dios of ete shodge T {Fatjuatis era afer eaadge streaed and disposed. i. oie omyn pen aahrinsirane onsale Crk tebn Li) eos system is very hye since the waste is pone after + treatment 2 x Tis an underground system, S, thas less chance of epidemic x. The abr and maintenance work eid for this system Tow. x Etmodersnel since tere ene change of purcaton of excreta de Inthis sytem we cn ase moderne teen echniqus E> Troop ial cots igh bt tas es ainterance cost < Dement Labour force is required in negligible amount Initial cost is high. x Large quantity of water is required for efficient work. ™ Large quantity of sewage is tobe treated during rainy season. wont of oa 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE D DISPOSES eared Objectives of sewage dipotalareasfolows? |W. Dr Desens oper deat ofoanere mentee A eat Pollution spe dprt a ey) Fommake ipa Shs? Stel Bas soporte te soll SED the doponal so berating seam te tie oul nk beatles by dona? Bg ee, eat xiv) To use the sewage disposed as a fertilizer which increases the growth of product. So yess femic disease because waste is laid ff The load of treatment plants is reduced since the waste Be is taken separately Due to separate system it has uniform process for purification. It reduces the possibility of pollution created by overflow during heavy rain Rain water can be directly discharged to river. Sewers of smaller section can be easily ventilated than larger ones, Tt requires two set of sewer, so it is costly. (Cleaning action will take time due to small sewer size. Choking problem may occur. Itoccupies more space due to two different sewers. ‘There is possibility of wrong connection due to confusion between ‘two set of sewers. ¢ 1) Combined system x (it consists of one sewer to carry both rain water/storm water and ul sews These: must be treated before discharged to system. Itis suitable the see washings ae as impure as the sewage and rust be weal before discharging river) * Terequires only one sewer, which reduces the cost. ‘Only one set of sewer so maintenances costare reduced, “The strength of sewage can be reduced by dilution. House plumbing is easy and economic since only one set of pipe is ‘used. BS Hy ND Orne chin» Oe oe som ince re see ‘In congested area (shall) iti easy to construct one set of sewer than two set ‘LT SEWAGE SYSTEM AND TYPES. ee LEED om. (dT Self-cleaning velocity is easily available so cleaning becomes easy There are three types of sewage system which até listed below: 1) Separate system (it consists of two different a if eases Nester ornate manana ce eat ae te d ei is not possible for small Only industrial and domestic Sewers ae beaed at tena sewers are diverted directly to river or stream, ‘Sanitary sewage is required to be of Nepal? Cu) rainfall is heavy and for a short ot Genet smi Pear ro coche og Se: I SSI doxf4 Kes mind PA oan comemyne stg P Fc fat aed Rf sl ceonsty x _Thelarge dimension of sewers make the construction cost high. : Rainwater remains to at is -_ kestiebeerdal espero pees | ‘Theload in treatment plant increases. Darna ees ev ny oe on es cag ienests unhygienic conditions. . Se etre assem Pala Scanned with CamScanner 6 complete nano Satay Engines ache of Eraee Canbativom of separate and combined #76 ww) Separate system Combined system, Trconsists of two sets of sewer._{It ‘of one sels of ithe treatment cost fiy [The treatment cost is low a [quantity of sewage to be treated] slow. : He ea bore salable Wf pamping i remuired the 1 Pa rea. fl peng teamed Hg + foot storms apseetras dom jand industrial sewage is to 1 um : fake Tain water iB separately Rain water becomes polluted. Jascharged to river’ ro pullin] fp [eboking problem may occ, {Choking problem does not laue to high self Ivelocty fap] suitable gain water [itis suitable if street sewage i Jneavy and for short period offbe treated. ime. Va tis las cosly since W requres| iz more conly ince the smal dimension sewer. dimension of sewer islarge ul) Partially combined system * saad - ocean cag te At first, both water and sewage are allowed to flow and storm ws starts to flow through open drain when overflow occurs in drain. “ - i {thas combined advantages ofboth separate and The sewers dimension is of reasonable size and easy to clean, iil) Thestorm water disposing gets easy. ie} Self cleansing is done by rain water itself it) Selfcleaning velocity may not be achieved i ws Gh) eB at peeoen penteyeme ‘ii) Only suitable for area with proper rainfall. pai RG en apiece a * © Favours econ diBes fr acteyhon Comin sete seston Cah Scanned with CamScanner achelorof Engineering) tary Engineerin {Complete Manual of Se 19 EXAMINATION PROBLEMS ‘ garbage. Compare between, Define: sewage, sullage, sewer and garbage separate and combined system of sewage. [2063 Kartik) See the definition part 11 ond 163 3 7 plain water carsage system. What are its merits and demerit Why i se not suitable to adopt water cariage system in mura area? [2065 Kartik) Ans: Forthe first pat See the dfintion port 15 Forthe second part x Since the cost of construction is very high initially 50 it may} not be suitable for rural area ‘An efficient manpower is required which may not available in rural area Sludge developed can be used in agricultural land. The large quantity of water may not be available in rural 3. Describe the importance of waste water and solid wi management for a community. Briefly describe manage methods. ‘Ans: See the definition port 13 and 15 4 Compare the separate and combined systems of sewerage in tabular form, [2069 B} ‘See the definition port 16.3, Ans: \S. "Which system of sanitation will you recommend for Iocality? Discuss with justification, (20705 ‘Ans: Seethe defintionpert 15. (Dered cavvicye gy ehoy & What do you mean by sanitation? How it is il ¥ y sanitation? How it is related with ‘human life? Why water carriage system or sanitation is p thane 2074 servaney system now-a-days, (2 Bhad ‘Ans: For the first and second part “ie Sethe definition part 12 Advantages of water carriage system, 4) kis most hygienic method, i) Its safe rom polation point of view, iii} Ttis safe from epidemic prevention point of view. — BE BERRSRVERSINeRTIAg chapters} 9 3) There is less chance of ground water pollution. ‘ii)_In this method we can use modern treatment techniques. ex sagen thd, (a Desrv the methods sed in li ii we oy and solid waste producing from locality. (2075 Baishakch] ‘Ans: The methods used in the management of waste water and solid waste producing from locality includes folowing opie 1) Colleetion and convergence Eee = XFirtofall flow rates of wares water, hydralicdosign of sewernrete-are ettimated x Ditferent faved wpon appropriateness waste Water mdj-be collected by diferent ; Similarly different pHotogrammetic. methods and techniques are used inorder is design sever 1) Treatments x Treatment must be done to stop the spread of communicable disease ‘x (Bilerent physica, chemical and biological methods are ‘used for treatment of waste water. ‘ xx Treatment methods are adopted based upon the type of impurities and thet : X It is generally done in order to intensity the natural decay rate, fii) Disposat X Proper disposal must be done after the treatment x (Different methods are done tr-erder to dispose the sewage. > By diluting in streams > By laying the sewage in land > Itmay be used in cooling purposes of pipelines. i > Ttused in growing agricultural goods) Differentiate uae Define the terms: Sewage, and i cabincloy {P.U, 2015] sewerage. between separate and combined system of sewage. ‘See the definition port 1.6.3, ‘What are the different types of sewage systcin? Explain the suitable condition for each type of system. Uae. ‘There are three types of sewagesystem. They arc: iy Partially separate system ‘The suitable conditions of each type of system are: Scanned with CamScanner of Sanitary Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) Watep chapters) 11 Complete Manel 1) Separate system : ote sub sll strata and rocky aub surface are avalab sept ystems sable from coromic pot of Wie, is sutabe tue Separaté system Soe ‘ Chapter 2 x pumping isnecessay i! Trace has heavy rainfall for short period of tin separate system is suitable s j ITlarge area is provided than separate system is suitab QUANTITY OF WASTE WATER 1 combined system 5 oat eee oaiale than combined systems TFT Eae aching oe impure than combined ean ee suitable x GE fewer funds is provided} then it is economical ‘combined system since only one sewer is constructed, i) Partially separate system . X Since it has combined advantages of both combi _ spxgie system itis more stable to contract x (eh street isawailebl then itis suitable to constru x Cif rainfalls even and spread throughout the separate system is suitable ‘Scanned with CamScanner 3 of Engineer fi 12_[cormpete Manelotsecbar een a SSREWake «chapter2|_ 13 ing velocity maintenance ; cnn x becomes dia Yo matin sll -rrorder to forecast the design population following ethods ae rdocisy which wil cause choking effect. Cu id) chekity efecet sed, se 1) Arithmetic increase method : Generally itis divided ito following components a Qh Dry weather flow (WF) aoe eee eal i lows in dry season when no storm was O: Been nee edd <2 od Ringel x Minimum amount of flow available throughout the year ly, following design periods are adopt Sauset aes c X Includes wastewater through resistances and industries, Sewerage line ‘Design period 00m td ~ [sewer network 30 years coll) Wet weather flow (WWF) * Thies analtnal amount of ow contibute by ain Wate, Pumping tations faa Tenelades suet waar rain way, domes nd indus Wa ee S| a [Eien disposal and ution | S0yeas 22 (Source of sanitary sewagd (7) au a 1) Public water supply iter nani iy pope ly of wal r of water ; ot snes ete ht ace Cnty of ete rae pear re ae EO vate foy munity of) XC About Ft 80% of water supplied to public cavers into-waste 5‘ Private water supply wali. * Water dgawn from wells tube wells, canals i panto 9 $i Ne al may Gens Gea eta toto {ine ae ay a cy peach lt (when head of round waters more than evagehende ao it ecu fe to unuthonced omecon made by people re ec ae Storm wa santo fs ace, FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY OF ee Ee acone ae Ground water indtration Unauthorized collection ‘Types of area served. ‘Scanned with CamScanner 44 | omplete Manal of Sanitary Engineering 2182 Values of peak factors for different sewers, (Bachelor of Engineering) To [ Tops senen | Peak tor sting 1 Ponescower | 6 2 fatealsewer [6 3 Pender 8 510608 + fabemainsewer | 3 sloped ar 101620% 5 ainsewer 25 ei weieeuadlaa ay = o_foutilsene - mearetwomeiots Hu 8 ely lil of soe 23. Values of peak factor for population Rational method tetallf ieee = f) npc meted sh ‘No. | Contibatng population [Peak aco . 1 [uprozom 3 2 aos 25 eno 3 More than 70000 2 Peak flow rate X Peak ate of flow is considered for design of sewers. “Maximum rate of flow can be obtained by consideration of p factor. Mathematically; Design quantity of sanitary sewage (Q,) = PF x Waste water Population rate of water 2 Sronu waren on wer weareeR raw cw) iat nae EL open spaces daring rill. Tans ria Pace te Ad fi Catchment area © Catchment areas determined wit * Caicen of rts eae ee W) Coefficient of runott ‘Scanned with CamScanner SE ES aE 16 [Complete Jof Sanitary Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) Complete Manual of Sanitary Engines OS™ Rainfall tatensity (0) Intensity of rainfall depends upon: Frequency of storm Duration of storm, Ay tA + oe BEA Briisn ministry of heattn formula {or intensity of rainfall wits taedbeeconsis Tes ae yo general ase Cre “te Duran af em vary fom 20 minutes} Aieg rein. ta stmin) Bee Fig 21: Tine ofeoernton Time of ow. : taken BY ZAR water to flow in-sewer from inlet end of sewer tothe 2%, Duration of storm vary fom 20t0 109 minutes’) b , 1 = Rainfall intensity measured in m/e Rainfall duration expresed in minutes /duratin of stormy é meas ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATIONS OF RAI ‘This formula is Gdopted forthe area having heavy and frequent rainfall Kulehlings formula Forastorm occutng once in 10 year; hectares). 5 Precipitation is uniform over the ‘Storm duration is equal to time of 2667 ao bee For a storm occurring once in 15 years; Dit e x 3048 2 eta oO 2.1 TIME OF CONCENTRATION Time of concentration isthe ime required for rain water 19 fla ground surface from extreme point of calchment aren f,po ‘concentration. Bhat nhs an bier «/crceaba tion +} cabohincy 4) fduration of storm = Time of concentration Maximum runoff occurs at point of concentration, ii) duration of storm < Time of concentration Less uff at point of consideration, Gine entre contribute or runoff) {il) Duration of storm > Time ofconcentai ; rime tion ‘Since, rainfall intensity ess. * Time ofconcentraon = Int time + Time of low ins Mess Wor Noesp oes FEO Mocet cress impataed shi ‘Scanned with CamScanner achelorof Engineering) | complete Manual of Sanitary Engineering where, Q is run off in lites per second. A is mee drainage area in square Kilometer. sent ‘Scanned with CamScanner « maruaf Sanitary Ergnesng Bachelor of Engineering) ‘2.11 EXAMINATION 1. Asa designer for a highly populated you determined the quanlty of storm ws Solution: See the definition part 26 ond 210 urban core area how: ater? Discuss (2068, 2 Determine the design discharge for separate and combi systems of a small town with projected population of 4 E riding overan are of 2Dhectaes Fate of water supply = 150 ped, runoff coetficies E : : : ‘concentration = 30 minutes, sewer slope = 1 in 500, il factors affecting G@)=003 Solation: Here, - Population = 85000 ) P yrthe second part Ait ee the defirition part 23. teat Rate of water supply = 150 ped é : oa “ Runoff coefficient = 045 A built-up area of 20 ha consisting of 40% roof and pavements ip Time of concentration = 30 minutes with runoff coefficient as 0.8 and 60% | eps z : | runoff coefficient as 0.2 has an rainfall intensity of 50 mnyhr. Sewer slope will be the runoff from that area? (2070 Bhadra]— Manning's (n) = 0.013 Pee eat oe aah Now, on = 45000» 150508275 = ye SO 017 rt/see. Now, 2. ou hone = Se [= 5% =204mm/hour ” Qn = SEA 051 m/s. Total escape = Coy + Qyy, = 017+ 051 0 Now o=5x(G) x58) xFxo* 4 1 oe 961 = pag (2) x (ga) «x0? i or, 06351 = p80) = 084m ‘Scanned with CamScanner anal of Sanita ry Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) Population density = 100 persons/ hee. Peak factor =27 ‘Area = 35 hectares Rainfall intensity = 15 mm/h. pr snc this peak dicarge cae, eae {= Time of lw + Time oferty = (05+5) minutes Slope = 755 Mannings coefficient = 0011 Coffcient of runoff = 04 Now, Discharge including peak fact 5 Combined discharge = (252 + 0.21) m’/sec. = 2273 m/sec. 4 _ A poplation of 30000 is residing in rural arca of 60 hectares. If Cam = Gh = BX «ost er. © the average coefficient of runoff for this area is 060, time required to the entry port is 25 minutes and the time of travel from the Qi + Qiyy = 0875 x 10" +058 = 059 m/sec entry port tothe section of sewer under consideration for design. Now, Q=av or, 059= yoy (9) x80 xExD? o, 0570=D0) . : D=0sim ‘The diameter of combined cial seweris 081 m CCaleulate the design for sewer from the following data: Projected population = 75000 ‘Area =S km? Rate of w/s = 100 Iped Permeability factor = 60% ‘Rainfall duration =15 minutes Time of flow = 15 minutes =3x75000x00x08x09 = X75 10008 ‘Scanned with CamScanner (Bachelor of Engineeringy 24 {Complete Manual of Sanitary Engineering discharge of sanitary. are varius ator affecting he : ae you calculate sanitary sewage disgh [2073 nw ‘teas afecting he dice a: =) a i) Population 4i) Rate of water supply ii) Groundwater infiltration/exfitration 3) utonznd consecion st cnet 1 vagedcargecn bel ~ ‘a) Rational method 3) Empl mel Forth remaining pt Sects 24 fw can you determine the quality of storm fora locality? 1H ; ‘Ans: See the definition art 2.6 and 2.10 11. The catchment area of a city is 45 hectares assuming surface on which rainfalls is classified as follows: ‘Type of surface FForestand wooden area (Open ground + Unpaved strect| [Parks + Lawns + Gardens [Gravel road 5. [Asphalt pavements ater tight roof surface Ye area | Runoff 1h a5 10 ~ 020 045) 025 a5" 090 s#Chaptera| 25 ‘As a sanitation engineer how would you determine the quantity ‘of storm water for a highly populated urban area? What type of limitations exists in storm water quantity determination for such area? Discuss in detail 4) (2074 Bhadra] ‘Quantity of storm water for a hi ora sa Fe determined by two wa a 1) Rational formutae ‘Quantity of storm water reaching sewer is given a5; Q=cla where, Qis the runoff ‘ Cis the coefficient of runoff. is the rainfall intensity. uliedietea oe =x toe yx yyy x A> 1000 = GA : 3 acwin iecing tes meee ee 4) Catchment area ae ines efee ieee rhe epee ed Calculate the quantity of storm water if time of ‘minutes and time of flow is 10 minutes, Solution: IFA is total catchment area; 15x 01 +020 x 0.1 +015 x 015 +025 x 0.20 +: 703 + 0.20-+ 020402 = 035025 (t=20410= r= Aten _ 1000 E420 = yay = 204 ma/hour a 05025 pram = SDA «18 a, ‘Scanned with CamScanner | Complete Manual of Sanitary Engineering [ASE uma ational ormute i) ‘Rational method is limited to small catchment area. 2 Ea cher al anf Soe toe reo Se oad vere xh a er graph. Fe ‘of P = 1000, Minx sate pemeees Sonne ‘ i ees a pee eer or a atin Cumap eras eof omen o) s est tion in thousand. 2) Buri Zepe orale _ Gow gk er ya = oorracia ($)° : beats aes where, Sis the ground slope. 4 Sub-main sewer Cis the runoff coefficient. iv) Main sewer ‘Ais the catchment area in hectare. b) Dickens formula a=cai where ais the ran offin nsec ‘As the catchment area ins, kn Cis the runoff coefficient value for different regio Anger tau Descibe the method of exinatiag.quantty of scape for ‘a Nepal in detail, 6) 12075 ai = The production of sanitary sewage is generally expressed per capital per day Ipcd) Generally, sanitary sewage ates found to be 70 o 80 of rate of water supply Now, a are expiainett below: _ 4) Seasonal variation :(ue to climatic effects, more ‘in summer than wit fi) Hourly venation pie fi) “Daly artnet To obtain the peak sanitary sewage (Peak sry sorprby pat cer Fed ep ‘of maximum to average rates of sewage low Pt ‘il nd sea ence ae Sewage treatment i Bee ee msimen able Fellowing pot ‘Scanned with CamScanner (Bachelor of Engineering {complete Nanualf Santa Engen =03) 4128, noe = $8 = ey aes em eee, peak factor = vy) Water sup} wi) Tine of concentration Take peak factor = Solution: Ber nC + iG Over nat count (©) = GER 8128 5 452150 _ 774/500 300 « 150 x 0.8 x 150, ‘Forcombined system = 2008 + 1408 06 —— Q=7.74+0169=7.91 m/sec. oe artally combined system : eh oe "For ose sewer 160 ee Reo cig Bie Sitti pices 4 1 n= we = 0169 +0 = 0169 m?/sec. CIA _ 0638x5 i " Oye == = 03167 m/s. For open sewer; Sedat. i Frasenonse eer —Strm foyer on = a cae TOOT ~ 01H! m/s. = Que + Qyner = 03167 + 0016041 = 0:33 m?/se0. ee ae. ' _ : | 16 The catchment area of one of the town is 150 hectares, clasifiation of data i as fellows: Wroalarea | Type of sources | Coefficient of runoff 20__| Hard pavements 0a Roo surfaces 280 Barren land 020 Garden and lawns 020 Forests a5 Calculate the impervious factor, if the maximum in sainfall is 45 mayhr, Calulate the quantity of separate system (i) Combined system and priate ee a ia50 : supply is 150 ped. Given that Intensity (9 = 45 mm/h Overall runotf coefficient (C) =| 5 2 2 B + ‘Scanned with CamScanner faREE + Chapter2| 31 saat ast the surface om asian i the acon me ieee it coxfcent 08 and 60% g avenent Fae and nol coed coh rte tla area of the coefficient for the entire & % aie waits ithe total anf from the dist i d=102m- intensity of rainfall is SOmay Solution: Given hat Ay=0d . veostatton en 39x (BB) = 14m/sce Fog re Bes eo eee yan the design discharge for the Gat errant cient = HEGRE = 044 CIA _ 044x505 Total rnatom te ds = Gp = A = 012m /sec. [Acircuar sewer is tobe laid for draining the am area 2 hele, Length ofthe sewer fom its head of dscargeis 69 m andthe available fall is rio method the size ofthe sewer atthe poi £ ‘Thefollowing data may be sed 4) Runoff coefficient =050 pene ee i 4) Time of entry =2 minutes ‘ wake ‘ . 17 mse. Velocity in the sewer V'= 835RiSh, where, — brats ai seri mean depth nm, ands slope ofthe sewer. Oe Intensity of anal Lettime of fow is 15 minutes, % _Timeof concentration ({) =15+2=1 mj 760 inutes TF ; ‘Scanned with CamScanner (Bachelor of Engineering) 32__| complete Mawalof antary Engineer ‘Now, ttl sewage dncharge considering petk actor 123 x 50000 x 180 X07 =1575MLD 15a? ae) = sage w/o We know that nitration takes place in ol 50, x 325 lires/ day so, Toulsewage flow = (0182 +3% 10%) = 01825 0 /2e 5. A population of 40000 resides in a town covering ania i : hhedares, Calculate the discharge for a combined syste 11 (a gd sewers. Given: o SPxqos% (@) x40. Coefficient of runoff = 0.70 2 Rain concentration = 40 minutes MEx32=441 a=132m 7 Water consumption =120 iped 70% of water supplied reaches as waste water ‘the diameter of combined circular sewer is 132m, =D «0186 Combine discharge = Qyyp+ Qpyr = O0556-+2476 = 256m/se 6 Design the section of combi F gen blo: ined circular sewer from fo be served to 150 hectares Population ofthe locality i 5000. Maximum permissible vl Tabofetpletenae en Tne offs 20 minutes of water supply is 27 ited seta 2Piy trs05. ala Hee, ‘Area =150hectares eae ofconcentation ,) = 25 minutes ‘i ‘Scanned with CamScanner actor. Assume ground As determin cea, tha ean tae simated as indicated belo ; ; “The average wastewater flow rates are es Tow ate be, ater component 3 en ES faa x07 = 70K : 5000 (Commer i [industrial [29000 x 80 = 3920000 “a [Ground wate : i 2 Infiltration 50 x a = 150000 tito neg e a Average wastewater low rate 270000 Q=28%05 200% 1451 = 406248 litres/second = ‘ ‘The peak wastewater flow rates are estimated as indicated bel Peaking ‘Wastewater component | Average flow rate | "ft ton [Domestic 2100000 3 [Commercial 750,000 1% [industria 3920000 18. (Ground water infiltration | 1500000, 1 Total pak flow = 17008500 Peaking actor = = poe 208 3 ‘A city witha popilation of 200000 has an area of 200 he Find the ratio of D.W.F and WWE, forthe sewer line fo following data. 4) Rate of water supply = 200 Fped Ai) Average runoff coefficient forthe entire area = 05, ii) Time of concentration = $0 minutes Assume that 5% of water supplied reaches the sewer. ainisty of health formala for computing the intensity. ‘comment on your result. Solution: Since 75% of water supplied riches the sewer DWAR. = 20000 «200x075 x10" litres /day = xi ‘Bx erx a Hites/second = $7.2 ites /second ‘Scanned with CamScanner Jete Manval ofS saryEngneing waco of Engineering) % ae ee ofa canine on _— a egies a Oven following expressi . ‘coefficient ‘can be calculated by yan aa aT : 024.025x02+090x04 48 we 0010 usa +0202 Tate ~ | | For the time of concentration 30 fecal aces Ee ee nee 1016 is ee Intersiyofrifall = 1= 745-3020 ~ s2 man/i Patingthevvalu of I and A in anal formula, the quantity of water Gn _gsszostx28 0st at/see 12 Detain design fw for combined ee (8 wm cra anak we the a ee Denity of population of the town nan : fe pe wveage fw is 125 litecapital/day, O-S=11m/ace : rere oge one and Half Himes moe than 3 Pee aeiOon eee cre i ainfall equivalent of 2m in 26 hours. : ; ae ‘ Tage el earn | Arcnofhestorm water (4) =H = 073800? | isthe diameter ofthe sewer then, Solution: Given that ad - ‘Population density = 200 persons/hectare Total population of the area = 40x 100 x 200 soooco [1 km? = 100 Average low of sewage = 40x 8000002125 s00co000 TUX ex 0.925 m'/sec. ‘Maximum sewage flow = 15 x 0925 = 13875 m?/se. Storm water flow = 08 x yx 410001000 = A lst having an area of 16 hectares impermeability as 0.75 has to be za 900 m length laid at a gradient of 1 in 30 say beans bf 00 2 nin lry atthe sewer inlet a3 minutes Agsu Mow inthe ewer be given by Cigg ‘Scanned with CamScanner P cngneing eel of Eines Design discharge for the combined sewer = 0.1043 + 0.5408 = 06447 m’/sec. = 6447 lites/second o, d=09i6m Checking the velocity of ow ’ ; ‘An area of 25 hectares is to be served by a sewer line. The area Beet ae 2 35x C2) x (ge) = ae ¥ ‘may be subjected to three storms XY and Z of equal frequency sever of ameter 0916 may DEP ff occurrence. The duration of storm X is 20 minutes that of Y is ss ‘30 minutes and that of Z is 45 minutes. Iftime of concentration is iting overan 2 sett maton witha poplin of 00 : : st at A ey ih wate sept 6190 fe rs = et ars comkned sews atime a a and eof omcetation ee sumption whee ede pone plied wil be reaching the a va Acmig 5 fe wo gulf dames oF MME pall “Sr «180x080 06/y 2 BODHI ADE 99479 /a ‘Average dry weather flow = 0.0817 m/sec. ong pk forts inna uy oy wn 5 min Time ofconcentration ({) = 15 minutes Using US. ministry of health formula; we have, leptp A Tan navi Bey 34 mmf hour ‘The storm water runffis given by rational formula; ‘Scanned with CamScanner 0 Maximum flow from storm Y= 1 06 m’ /see. a eon iu is Soha having average runoff _ Rhee wae apmans ene ng we a to nu cy 3 in ee i) Separate system ie ec eee i) Partially: rate pee egal ‘Storm Z Duration of storm In the case of storm Z since duration of storm is more hart concentration the whole area will start contributing as $007 a concentration is reached ‘The above results are illustrated graphically in the accompanyi “The curve foreach storm indicates the rise of flow up to a maxi . atthe end of either duration of storm or time concentration, wi ; Shorter. From the igure it maybe sen thatthe curve for storm ¥ the maximum flow out ofall the three curves. Tis thus proved that the storm y having its duration equal to the concentration will produce the maximum flow. a ie 106) a0} . A : fl ow /oec) me ba i Be a of \ P Het ly ATE ‘Time afercormencement of storm (in) > — ‘Scanned with CamScanner Engineering (Bas wt Aaah sewage her flow 7 fubsoil wi Sewers through] ints, broken pipe| Zac =o oe lied infiltration, TEX 3600 x 1000 = m/sec. aaa ifitrate Jat Population = 40000 los | ie Fe | nding esewage dovring | tao ee ere tan ead cfr s greater than ea Sone 5 |eewage flowing through sewer, [subsoil mi [Quantity of flow through thellt decreases the quantity 1= 3420 = 2032 mm/ hour : sewer increases Mow through the sewer. om = Gi = 045.2032 29 a a ae s Combing oy a, + Domest sewage Industral sewage a sore [Domestic sewage is wastellt is the hazardous mat hat is Goliected from yourlcreated as the byproduct Hew iseeaoae home as garbage truck, or|production and must Rint ea infiltration expressed? feastethatyonrcan pred tolhandled with Sp Jandfill. [procautions. [itcan be used as fertilizer. [itmay Kill plantlife. 1 =CIA = 360 ‘The difference between domestic sewage and industrial sewage following: Depth eee, water tal Length of sewer ee and wet weather flo Size of sewer * : Nature and type of soil through which sewer aid ‘Sewer material Care exercised inthe construction ofthe water flow in a sewer system/storm flow and dry wes Brae of a ea ae oe mato in following three i) durin periods of dry weather| ow. ways) with minimum infiltration, Area basis. |It consists of more isle eZ ee : There eta prec WY (iidls skool regs, Gi) Tnilh Shera : ‘ P » pliner oye r Aoshi oly maha wah ORM wake) hs tatl an i ge Scanned with CamScanner comple 1 of Sanitary Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering): Complete Manual allowance of 5000 to 50000, Depending upon he actors a fat allowance ofS i per day per hectare may be made found water into sewer. a agate | ce sang amd by SU > f RO Macc pecan artnet xpos i Ee por dy por ome Tras fan en one Die th bal 3 inmate cof iration i considered per unit spiengih of ee ; Pee ida ites per day per centimeter of diameter sone : ‘lame ove diametrlength bass isthe inflation bee ee eee ie slowien gromndnaierint Bene: 20, What do you uniderstand by dry weather flow? Diseuss by various factors affecting the dry weather flow. Solution: The dry weather flow (DWF) is the low through the sewers that be available throughout the year ie, non-rainy as well as rainy The dry weather flow (DWF) includes; - i) Domestic or sanitary sewage ‘Sewage from residential buildings and from commercial, institu buildings such a ofices, schools, cinemas, hotel, station, ete, Industrial sewage ‘includes the sewage or waste water obtained from mant ofindusties. ‘ Groundwatehinviltrating the sewers through the pipe joints and other entry poi affecting the quantity of dry weather flow are: ry points. Rate of water supply Population growth ‘Type of area served Infiltration and exiltration Rate of water supply The quantity of domestic ors. sate of infiltration is considered! per unit Iengt “This is due to the fact that : consumption evaporation quantity of eater is ost in i actice the quantity of domestic or sanitary sew: ‘be assumed to be equal to about 70 to 80% ofthe quantity of water supplied tothe public through publ sere Population growth ee oer Sanitary sewerage project are also cb ant desired population. fare also constructed in order to serye So, in order to forecast the design. are used. st the design population, following methods 1. Arithmetic increases 2 Gopketeer eee 3. Geometric increase method. 4 Incremental increase method, ete z ‘Scanned with CamScanner DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION O 31 i ii) ngineering (Bachelor o! Engi : Chapters] 47 mplete Manual of Sanitary E ii) Trshould be economia withthe sel cleaning veloc) 3.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEH SEWERS AND WATER SUPPLY PIPES at minimum flow whereas there are no such criteria in water SEWERS solid particles change the specific gravity of waste water, These sold particles settle at bottom and are’ dragged dsing sewage tearsport P wers ond water spp Pes Sometimes these particles also clog the water. woste water 3.4 DESIGN PERIO} Desk pero ininum and maximum velocities, el cleaning velocty 21 seworsteronge i Cth braces and main severe designe forthe population that jou formula for design of sewers folowing are some mojor a ‘may occur at end of a generation ie, 30 years) This 30 years Hyckoute forma for desi 3 my anemia ee Hycroutc elements fox cécilor sewers running with parti i) _Rateof sewage production ificreases with rate o fuse of water Pot fow clagtam Population at present should be used in order to forecast design Shape of seve year population. One of the following methods may be adopted in Sewer materos SB order to forecast population, 210.1 Reutements of wer materia Oak ee aeeeas b) Geometric increase method Types of sewer materials 4 Design of sewetsof separate and combined system ©) Incremental increase method Consiuction of sewers n ) Decreased rate of growth method, ete. important formule used in sewer design : flow 31311 Seting out 3.13.2 Afgnment and gradient , 3.133 Excavation elevation of tench factors iar maga Be) consicieret trina Seana easeD! 3.134 Timbering of trench arene ‘Availability of funds 3.185 Dewatering of trenches 3.13 Laying andjoining of pipes ase and difficulty in expansion BIR7 Tegotione Anticipated rate of population growth including industrial and ottrene! © commercial growth, ial * Hydraulic constraints of the systems designed DESIGN CRITERIA OF SEWERS Taterals less than 15 ¢m diameter: full development rg etn, ort sewage ‘Frankeor man sewers: 40 to 50 years, of sew : Pah on p en ‘sr section\depends upon the quantity of se Tog years: Scanned with CamScanner x As self cleansing veloc 1 48 [Complete Many ary Eng MINeMUM AND MAXIMUM VELOCITIES, SELF CU veLociTy x Minimum velocity or. cleansing ‘defined as that weoaty may. be Tacit at which Sa romain in sospesion. Teding at sewers baton] Tulsa thdyclcity at which ver BEE a the deposited particles at throm sie wil ae pl the solid particles ‘without theday itshould be maintained at least a day- in general, we adopt shield’ expressi BB c,-Dgds Derieation Where, details of above variable are given at end of its derivation: ) re tractive force T= YekS Unit weight of water wer gradient R = Hydraulic radius of filled selection = Sediments submerged weight (anit) Yates = Yw(G,— DOH) Weight of unit length and unit weight sediment re(G,—D(1—n) xt W =¥71x1x0) Fora friction angle frictional resistance (R) is: R=Wsina = y4(G,~1)(1~n) x tsina ‘At just sliding point; T=R $ YRS =Yy(G—-1C—n)xXtsina % 2 s-RG-0 where, K’=(1—n) tsina Similarly, re =F (G,~ Das for smal grain 4 ‘Now, CR jineering (Bachelor of Engineering) Tort iene ity Js not possible to maintain throu ‘on for self cleansing velocity as: -or V=CVR [FG = 1) ds = REDE From Darey Weisbach formula () i = a i i al = 3D rte anf c- Vo= {PG Deds Vg = Selé cleaning velocity 2 (Clean girt) 1008 (sticky grit) G, = 265 feareeenieserine ee " G, = 1.2 for organic sediments = Acceleration due to gravity ds = Solid particles diameter area Maximum ve ow XI is velocity limit at which interior sewer surface is not damaged. ‘This velocity is also called non scouring Gelocty emo: such, scouring or abrasion action fakes placesn jnine seare She ) x Abrasive action is much at bottom so bottom of large te generally protected by lining, re Table 31: Typical non scouring velocity of differe ‘No.| _ Sewermaterial | Non scouring velocity (em/sec) [Earthen channel _ 60 t0 120" [Ordinary brick lining 15010 250 Yi [Cement concrete sewer Saat 3 [Stone waresewers 300 to 450, [Castiron sewer pipe 35010450 | ised we Be 450 to 500 Scanned with CamScanner

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