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August 26, 2007
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EN14214 EN 14214 -
Units
lower upper
Test-Method
Property limit limit
O i l t yp e a n d q u a l i t y
%
Ester content 96,5 - EN 14103
(m/m)
Kinetics of the
All road fuels are subject to strict quality controls EN ISO 3675
c h e mi s t r y
Density at 15°C kg/m³ 860 900 / EN ISO
which are vital to maintain standards and provide
12185.
EN14214 authorities with the ability to assess safety risks and
Viscosity at
environmental pollution. For example regular mineral mm²/s 3,5 5,0 EN ISO 3104
40°C
Safety diesel is subject to the EN 590 standard. In 1997 the Flash point °C > 101 - ISO 3679
European Committee for Standardization was given
Q u a l i t y ma n a g e me n t Sulfur content mg/kg - 10 -
the task to develop a uniform standard for Fatty Acid
Tar remnant (at
Methyl Ester (FAME). The result was the EN 14214 % EN ISO
L a b o r a t o r y r e q u i r e me n t s 10% distillation - 0,3
(m/m) 10370
specification. remnant)
F AQ Cetane number - 51,0 - EN ISO 5165
The introduction of this standard in 2004 is valid for
Sulfated ash %
all member states of the European Union. In - 0,02 ISO 3987
Contact content (m/m)
particular this standard gives engine and automobile EN ISO
Water content mg/kg - 500
makers the ability to give warranties to those 12937
vehicles which run on Biodiesel. At present a limit of Total
mg/kg - 24 EN 12662
5% FAME is allowed in EN 590 diesel. This 5% must contamination
conform to the EN14214 standard. Copper band
Class Class
corrosion (3 rating EN ISO 2160
1 1
hours at 50 °C)
This is why Diesel Fuel Injection Equipmen (FIE)t
Manufacturers stress the importance of EN14214. Cold filter
plugging point °C - * EN 116
See attachement (PDF) (CFPP) i
Oxidation
Standard Requirements of Biofuel Testing hours 6 - EN 14112
stability, 110°C
mg
Density (EN ISO 3675, EN ISO Acid value - 0,5 EN 14104
KOH/g
12185) Iodine value - - 120 EN 14111
Linolic Acid %
Biodiesel generally have higher densities than - 12 EN 14103
Methylester (m/m)
mineral diesel (EN 590 820-845 kg/m3 at 15°C). Polyunsaturated
Density increases with a decrease in chain length (>= 4 Double %
- 1 -
and with unsaturation. This can impact on fuel bonds) (m/m)
Methylester
consumption as fuel introduced into the combustion
Methanol %
chamber is determined volumetrically. - 0,2 EN 14110
content (m/m)
Monoglyceride %
Viscosity (EN ISO 3104, ISO 3105, - 0,8 EN 14105
content (m/m)
D445)
Diglyceride %
- 0,2 EN 14105
content (m/m)
Viscosities of neat vegetable oils are many times
Triglyceride %
higher which leads to serious problems in unmodified - 0,2 EN 14105
content (m/m)
engines. The increase in viscosity results in poor % EN 14105 /
Free Glycerine - 0,02
atomization and incomplete combustion which leads (m/m) EN 14106
to coking of injector tips. This results in engine power %
Total Glycerine - 0,25 EN 14105
loss. Biodiesel still has higher viscosity than mineral (m/m)
diesel (3.50-5.00 mm2/s at 40°C vs 2.00-4.50 Alkali Metals EN 14108 /
mg/kg - 5
(Na+K) EN 14109
mm2/s). Viscosity decreases with unsaturation but
Phosphorus
increases markedly with contamination by mono, di mg/kg - 10 EN 14107
content
or tri glycerides.
* requirements : 15.04. - 30.09. max. 0 °C
Flash Point (ISO 3679, IP 523, IP 01.10. - 15.11. max. -10 °C
524, D93) 16.11. - 28.02. max. -20 °C
01.03. - 14.04. max. -10 °C
Pure rapeseed methyl ester has a flash point value
of up to 170°C. This method is therefore looking at EN 14213 for Bio-Heating Fuels
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EN14214
residual components within the fuel that are
combustible, especially methanol which is a
lower upper
particular hazard due to its invisible flame. Property Units Test-Method
limit limit
Sulphur Content (EN ISO 20846, EN %
Ester content 96,5 - EN 14103
(m/m)
ISO 20884, D5453)
EN ISO 3675
Density at 15°C kg/m³ 860 900 / EN ISO
Sulphur emissions are harmful to human health and 12185.
high sulphur fuels cause greater engine wear and in EN ISO
Viscosity at
particular shorten the life of the catalyst. Biodiesel mm²/s 3,5 5,0 3104, ISO
40°C
derived from pure Rapeseed oil will contain virtually 3105
no Sulphur, however FAME derived from animal Flash point °C 120 - EN ISO 3679
sources may contain significant quantities. EN ISO
Sulfur content mg/kg - 10,0 20846, EN
Carbon Residue (EN ISO 10370) ISO 20884
Carbon residue
The Carbon Residue is the material left after (on 10% % EN ISO
- 0,30
distillation (m/m) 10370
evaporation and pyrolysis of a sample fuel. This is a
residue)
measure of the tendency to of a fuel to produce
Sulfated ash %
depositis on injector tips and the combustion - 0,020 ISO 3987
content (m/m)
chamber. For FAME samples it is an indication of the EN ISO
Water content mg/kg - 500
amount of glycerides, free fatty acids, soaps and 12937
catalyst residues remaining within the sample Total
mg/kg - 24 EN 12662
contamination
Cetane Number (EN ISO 5165, Oxidation
hours 4,0 - EN 14112
D613) stability, 110°C
mg
Acid value - 0,50 EN 14104
This serves as a measure of ignition quality. This is KOH/g
the most pronounced change from vegetable oil to gr
Iodine value iodine/ - 130 EN 14111
the transesterified product. Fuels with low cetane
100 gr
numbers show an increase in emissions due to
Polyunsaturated
incomplete combustion. Palm Oil and Tallow derived (>= 4 double %
- 1 -
biodiesels have the best cetane numbers. bonds) methyl (m/m)
esters
Sulphated Ash (ISO 3987, D874) Monoglyceride %
- 0,80 EN 14105
content (m/m)
Ash describes the amount of inorganic contaminants, Diglyceride %
- 0,20 EN 14105
such as catalyst residues, remaining within the fuel. content (m/m)
Ash is related to engine deposits on combustion. Triglyceride %
- 0,20 EN 14105
content (m/m)
Water Content (EN ISO 12937) % EN 14105,
Free Glycerine - 0,02
(m/m) EN 14106
As FAME is hygroscopic it can pick up water in Cold filter
storage and as such there can be problems meeting plugging point °C - 0 EN 116
the specification. At around 1500 ppm the solubility (CFPP) i
limit is reached and the water bottoms out. Free Pour point °C - 0 ISO 3016
water promotes biological growth and the reverse DIN 51900,
Net calorific
DIN 51900-1,
reaction turning biodiesel to free fatty acids. value MJ/kg 35 10
DIN 51900-2,
(calculated)
DIN 51900-3
Total Contamination (EN 12662)
Total contamination is defined as the insoluble
material retained after the filtration of a heated AS TM D 6 7 5 1 - 0 1 F o r B i o D i e s e l (B 1 0 0 )
sample over a standardized 0.8μm filter. FAME
samples with high quantities of insoluble materials
tend to cause fuel filter and injector blockages. High ASTM Typical
Property Limits
concentrations of soap stock are normally associated Method Results
with high total contamination. Flash point D93 130 °C min 173 °C
0.050% vol.
Water & Sediment D2709 < 0.025
Copper Strip Corrosion (EN ISO max
2160, D130) Kinematic 1.9-6.0
D445 3.9
Viscosity, 40 °C min2/sec.
This is defined as the likelihood to cause corrosion to 0.020%
Sulfated Ash D874 0.01
copper, zinc and bronze parts of an engine. A mass max
polished metallic strip is heated at 50°C for 3 hours, 0.05% mass
Sulfur D5453 0
max
washed and compared to standards. Corrosion is
likely to be caused by free acids or sulfur
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EN14214
compounds. However FAME gives consistently good Copper Strip
D130 No. 3 max 1a
results in this area and is unlikely to fail due to the Corrosion
low sulfur content. Cetane D613 47 min. 52
Report to
Oxidation Stability (EN 14112) Cloud Point D2500 -1 °C
customer
Carbon Residue, 0.050%
The Oxidative stability specification is defined as a D4530 < 0.001
100% Sample mass max
minimum Rancimat induction period of six hours. 0.80 mg
Essentially a fuel is heated at 110°C in a constant air Acid Number D664 KOH/gm 0.14
stream and the formation of volatile organic acids is max
detected. This property relates to the overall storage 0.020%
Free Glycerin D6584 0.02
mass max
stability of the fuel and the higher the degree of
0.240%
unsaturation (double bonds) within the FAME Total Glycerin D6584 0.02
mass max
molecules gives a decrease is oxidative stability.
Phosphorus 0.001%
This can be improved with the addition of antioxidant D4951 < 0.000
Content mass max
additives. Distillation Temp.,
atmospheric equiv.
D1160 360 °C max 353 °C
Acid Value (EN 14104, D664) temp., 90%
recovered
Acid value is a measure of mineral acids and free Not
Specific Gravity D287 0.86
fatty acids contained in a fuel sample. It is expressed Required
in mg KOH required to neutralize 1g of FAME. High Dielectric Strength, Not
D877 47
fuel acidity is linked with corrosion and engine KV Required
deposits. Not Water
Color
Required Clear
Iodine Value (EN 14111)
Iodine number is a measure of total unsaturation
(double bonds) within the FAME product. It is
expressed as the grams Iodine required to react with
100g of FAME sample. High Iodine value is related
to polymerization of fuels, leading to injector fouling.
It is also linked to poor storage stability.
Ester Content (EN 14103)
This is measured using gas chromatography and is
restricted to esters falling within the C14-C24 range.
It is ultimately a test for reaction conversion.
Linolenic and polyunsaturated esters are controlled
as they have been shown to display a
disproportionately strong effect on oxidative stability.
Methanol Content (EN 14110)
Methanol can be removed from FAME by washing or
distillation. High methanol contents pose safety risks
due to the very low flash point of methanol.
Glycerides (EN 14105, EN 14106,
D6584)
There is a limit on the mono, di, and triglycerides of
no more than 0.80%, 0.20% and 0.20% respectively.
Total glycerol is the sum of the bound and free
glycerol and must not exceed 0.25%/ Failing to meet
the spec implies low conversion to ester and deposit
formation on injectors and valves.
Group I Metals
Sodium and Potassium are limited to a combined
5ppm. These arise from the addition of catalyst, and
result in high ash levels in the engine.
Group II Metals
Calcium and Magnesium are limited to a combined
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EN14214l
5ppm. These may arise from the addition of hard
water in the washing process. Calcium and
Magnesium soaps have been related to injector
pump sticking.
Phosphorous Content (EN14107,
D4951)
The phosphorous limit is approx 10 ppm and
normally arise from phospholipids within the starting
material or from addition of phosphoric acid in the
production process. High phosphorus fuels are
suspected of poisoning catalysts and increasing
emissions.
CFPP (EN 116)
Cold-Filter Plugging Point is considered to be a
suitable indicator of low temperature operability. It
defines a temperature at which a fuel is no longer
filterable within a specified time limit.
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