NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

RECORD NOTE BOOK

17EEP09 – POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

VII Semester

B.E (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ERODE -52
 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Perundurai Main Road, ERODE - 638 052

Bonafide Certificate
Register Number:

Certified that this is the Bonafide Record of work done by

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Of the Seventh Semester
B.E (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) branch during the Academic Year 2019-
2020 in the 17EEP09 – POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

Faculty In-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for End Semester Practical Examination

held on ………………………………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

17EEP09 POWER SYSTEM AND SIMULATION LABORATORY LTPC
0042

OBJECTIVE:

To provide better understanding of power system analysis through digital simulation

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Formation of bus admittance Matrices and solution of networks.

2. Computation of parameters and modeling of transmission lines.
3. Formation of Bus Impedance Matrices and Solution of Networks.
4. Transient stability analysis of single-machine infinite bus system.
5. Transient stability analysis of multi-machine power systems.
6. Electromagnetic transients in power systems.
7. Load – frequency dynamics of single- area and two-area power systems.
8. Fault analysis – symmetrical short circuit analysis.
9. Solution of load flow and related problems using Gauss-Seidel method.
10. Solution of load flow and related problems using Newton-Raphson and fast-decoupled methods.

Content beyond Syllabus

11. Unsymmetrical fault analysis
12. Power flow solution of power system model

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
 CYCLE I EXPERIMENTS

1. Formation of bus admittance Matrices and solution of networks.

2. Computation of parameters and modeling of transmission lines.
3. Formation of Bus Impedance Matrices and Solution of Networks.
4. Transient stability analysis of single-machine infinite bus system.
5. Transient stability analysis of multi-machine power systems.
6. Electromagnetic transients in power systems.

CYCLE II EXPERIMENTS

7. Load – frequency dynamics of single- area and two-area power systems.

8. Fault analysis – symmetrical short circuit analysis.
9. Solution of load flow and related problems using Gauss-Seidel method.
10. Solution of load flow and related problems using Newton-Raphson and fast-decoupled methods.

11. Unsymmetrical fault analysis

12. Power flow solution of power system model
 INDEX
SL. EXP. PAGE
DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGNATURE
NO. NO NO.

1) Formation of bus admittance Matrices and

solution of networks

2) Computation of parameters and modeling of

transmission lines.

3) Formation of Bus Impedance Matrices and

Solution of Networks

4) Transient stability analysis of single-machine

infinite bus system

5) Transient stability analysis of multi-machine

power systems

6) Electromagnetic transients in power systems

7) Load – frequency dynamics of single- area

and two-area power systems

8)
Symmetrical short circuit analysis

9) Solution of load flow using Gauss-Seidel

method

10) Solution of load flow using Newton-Raphson

and fast-decoupled methods
11) Unsymmetrical fault analysis

12) Power flow solution of power system model

EX NO: 1
DATE:

FORMATION OF BUS ABMITTANCE MATRICES AND SOLUTION

OF NETWORKS

AIM:

To develop a program to compute bus admittance matrix for the given power

system network by inspection method.

THEORY:

Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system studies,
it is necessary to form [Y-BUS] matrix of the system by considering certain power system parameters
depending upon the type of the analysis.

For example, in load flow analysis it is necessary to form [Y-BUS] matrix without taking into
account the generator impedances, transformer impedances and load impedances.

In short circuit analysis, line data, the generator transient reactance, transformer impedance must be
taken in to account in addition to line data.

In stability analysis, line data the generator transient reactance, transformer impedances and
equivalent load impedances are taken into account [Y-BUS] may be computed by inspection only if there
is no mutual coupling between the lines. Every transmission line will be represented by π equivalent, shunt

admittance are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The
off diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing transformer may be considered
in forming [Y-BUS] matrix.
 The dimensions of the [Y-BUS} matrix is (n*n) where n is the number of the buses. In a power
network, each bus is connected only to a few other buses. So the [Y-BUS] of a large network is highly
sparse. This property is not evident in small systems but in systems with hundreds of buses, the sparsity is
high as 99%. Hence, by applying sparsity technique, numerical computation time as well as computer
drastically reduced.

FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX:

Yii Yij
Generalized =
Yji Yjj

Each admittance Yii (i=1,2,…….,n) is called the self admittance or driving or driving point
admittance of bus equals the sum of all admittances terminating on the particular bus.

Each off-diagonal term Yij (i,j = 1,2,……n; j ≠i) is the transfer admittance between buses I an j and
Yij = Yji = - Yij, where Yij is admittance connected between buses I and j, n = total number of buses.

ALGORITHEM:
1. Initialize [Y-BUS] matrix, that replace all entries by zero

Yij = -Yij = Yji = off diagonal elements

2. Compute Yij = ∑ Yij = Diagonal element.

j=1
FLOW CHART:
START

READ NO OF BUSES(NB),
NO OF LINES(NL)AND LINE
DATA.

INTIALIZE THE Y BUS MATRIX

CONSIDER LINE
i =1

i=sb(l); j=eb(i)

Y(i,i) = Y(i,i) + Yseries(l )+0.5Ysh(l)

Y(j,j) = Y(j,j) + Yseries(l )+0.5Ysh(l)
Y(i,j) = -Yseries
Y(j,i) = Y(i,j)

NO YES
i=i+1 IS PRINT
l= Y BUS
NL?

STOP
ONE LINE DIAGRAM:

The [Y – BUS] matrix is formed by the inspection method for a three- bus

system. The line data and one line diagram are given below.

G1 G2

T1 T2

1 2

LINE DATA:
Line no Start bus End bus Series impedance Line charging admittance

(p.u) (p.u)
1 1 2 0.1+j0.3 0.0+j0.02
2 2 3 0.15+j0.5 0.0+j0.0125
3 3 1 0.2+j0.6 0.0+j0.028
PROGRAM:

#include<complex.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define NB 3+1
#define NL 3+1
complex y_bus[NB][NB],line_z[NL],halfline_y[NL];
int i,j,k1,k2,line[NL],sb[NL],eb[NL],nl,nb;
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"\t\t\t Y_BUS FORMATION BY INSPECTION:\n";
cin>>nl>>nb;
cout<<"\t"<<"NUMBER OF LINES:"<<nl<<"\n";
cout<<"\t"<<"NUMBER OF BUSES:"<<nb<<"\n";
cout<<"LINE NO\tsb\teb\t\t\tline_z\t\thalfline_y\n";
for(i=1;i<=nl;i++)
{
cin>>line[i]>>sb[i]>>eb[i]>>line_z[i]>>halfline_y[i];
cout<<line[i]<<"\t"<<sb[i]<<"\t"<<eb[i]<<"\t"<<line_z[i]<<"\t"<<halfline_y[i]<<"\n";
k1=sb[i];
k2=eb[i];
y_bus[k1][k1]+=(1.0/line_z[i])+halfline_y[i];
y_bus[k2][k2]+=(1.0/line_z[i])+halfline_y[i];
y_bus[k1][k2]+=-1.0/line_z[i];
y_bus[k2][k1]+=y_bus[k1][k2];
}
cout<<"\n\t\t\t Y BUS MATRIX \n";
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
cout<<"\n";
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
cout<<y_bus[i][j]<<"\t";
}
getch();
}
}
INPUT:
Y_BUS FORMATION BY INSPECTION:
3 3

NUMBER OF LINES:3

NUMBER OF BUSES:3

LINE NO sb eb line_z halfline_y

1 1 2 (0.10,0.3) (0.0,0.0100)
1 1 2 (0.1, 0.3) (0, 0.01)
2 2 3 (0.15,0.5) (0.0,0.0625)
2 2 3 (0.15, 0.5) (0, 0.0625)
3 3 1 (0.20,0.6) (0.0,0.0140)
3 3 1 (0.2, 0.6) (0, 0.014)

OUTPUT:
Y BUS MATRIX

(1.5, -4.476) (-1, 3) (-0.5, 1.5)

(-1, 3) (1.550459, -4.762362) (-0.550459, 1.834862)

(-0.5, 1.5) (-0.550459, 1.834862) (1.050459, -3.258362)

 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the program for Y-bus formation by inspection method has written in C++ language
and the line data were given as input and output was verified with the hand calculation.
EX NO : 02
DATE :

COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

AIM:

To determine the positive sequence line parameters L&C per phase per kilometer of a three phase
single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.

ALGORITHM:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB

2. Create a new m-file by selecting fill-new-in-file
3. Type and save the program in the editor window
4. Execute the program by either pressing tool-run
5. View the result.

PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
ab=input('value of ab');
bc=input('value of bc');
ca=input('value of ca');
pr=input('receiving end power in MW');
vr=input('receiving end power in MW');
pfr=input('receiving end powerfactor');
l=input ('length of the line in KM');
r=input('resistance/ph/km');
f=input ('frequency in Hz');
D=input('Diameter in M');
rad=D/2;
newrad=(0.7788*rad);
deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(deq/newrad);
c=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deq/rad);
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r+1;
z=rnew+i*(XL);
Y=i*(2*pi*f*c*l*1000);
A=1+((Y*z)/2);
D=A;
B=z;
C=Y*(1+(Y*z)/4);
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*0.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(j*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs);
angle(is);
f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is);
PFS=cos(f-u);
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*PFS))*100;
reg=(((abs(vs)/abs(A))-abs(vrph))/abs(vrph))*100;
L
c
rnew
A
B
C
vs
abs(vs)
is
abs(is)
angle(vs)*180/pi
angle(is)*180/pi
PFS
eff
reg

INPUT:
value of ab : 11
value of bc : 11
value of ca : 22
receiving end power in MW: 50
receiving end voltage in KV: 132
receiving end powerfactor: 0.8
length of the line in KM: 200
resistance/ph/km : 0.16
frequency in Hz : 50
Diameter in M : 3.625*10^-2
OUTPUT:
L= 1.3779e-006
c= 8.3790e-012
rnew = 1.1600
A= 0.9772 + 0.0003i
B= 1.1600 +86.5749i
C= -8.0378e-008 +5.2047e-004i
vs = 8.8930e+004 +1.8767e+004i
ans = 9.0888e+004
is = 2.1376e+002 -1.2055e+002i
ans = 245.4107
ans = 11.9163
ans = -29.4217
PFS = 0.7508
eff = 99.5193
reg = 22.0377
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the computation of parameters and modeling of transmission lines are done by using
MATLAB.
EX NO : 3
DATE :

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND SOLUTION OF

NETWORKS

AIM:
To form a z-bus impedance form the given n-bus system.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create a new file
Step 2: Get the number of buses in the system
Step 3: Read the self admittance and mutual admittance of all buses
Step 4: Calculate the diagonal element of the matrix which is the sum of all admittance
Connected in a single bus
Step 5: Calculate the off-diagonal element of the bus matrix which is the negative of the
Mutual admittance
Step 6: To print the computed admittance matrix[y-bus and z-bus]
Step 7: Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:

Start

Read the number of buses

Set count

Calculate the diagonal element Yij = sum of

all admittance connected with i bus

i=i+1 If n=i

Calculate the off diagonal element Yij =

negative
Admittance between i & j bus

Print Y bus

Stop
 ONE LINE DIAGRAM:

0.035j 0.055j 0.0255j

1 2 5

2.5-3.75j
5+5j

1.667-5j
1.4-3075j 0.055j
1.66-5j

10-30j
3 4

0.055j
0.055j
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
n=input('enter the number of buses:');
for i=1:n
for j=i+1:n
y(i,j)=input(['enter the line admittance y',num2str(i),num2str(j),':']);
y(j,i)=y(i,j);
end
end
for i=1:n
y1(i)=input( ['enter the admittance to ground y',num2str(i),':']);
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
ybus(i,j)=0;
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k);
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-1*y(i,j);
end
end
end
for i=1:n
ybus(i,i)=ybus(i,i)-y1(i);
end
disp('y bus matrix is:');
 disp(ybus);
disp('z bus matrix is:');
z=inv(ybus);
disp(z);

INPUT:

Enter the number of buses:5

Enter the line admittance y12:5-15i
Enter the line admittance y13:1.25-3.75i
Enter the line admittance y14:0
Enter the line admittance y15:0
Enter the line admittance y23:1.667-5i
Enter the line admittance y24:1.667-5i
Enter the line admittance y25:2.5-3.75i
Enter the line admittance y34:10-30i
Enter the line admittance y35:0
Enter the line admittance y45:.055i
Enter the admittance to ground y1:.085i
Enter the admittance to ground y2:.055i
Enter the admittance to ground y3:.055i
Enter the admittance to ground y4:.055i
Enter the admittance to ground y5:.04i

OUTPUT:

Y bus matrix is:

6.2500 -18.8350i -5.0000 +15.0000i -1.2500 + 3.7500i 0 0

-5.0000 +15.0000i 10.8340 -28.8050i -1.6670 + 5.0000i -1.6670 + 5.0000i -2.5000 + 3.7500i
-1.2500 + 3.7500i -1.6670 + 5.0000i 12.9170 -38.8050i -10.0000 +30.0000i 0
0 -1.6670 + 5.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i 11.6670 -35.0000i 0 - 0.0550i
0 -2.5000 + 3.7500i 0 0 - 0.0550i 2.5000 - 3.7350i
Z bus matrix is:

0.0116 + 3.4798i 0.0014 + 3.4491i -0.0036 + 3.4337i -0.0045 + 3.4311i -0.0155 + 3.4237i
0.0014 + 3.4491i 0.0081 + 3.4692i -0.0019 + 3.4391i -0.0020 + 3.4385i -0.0088 + 3.4438i
-0.0036 + 3.4337i -0.0019 + 3.4391i 0.0125 + 3.4823i 0.0089 + 3.4713i -0.0192 + 3.4134i
-0.0045 + 3.4311i -0.0020 + 3.4385i 0.0089 + 3.4713i 0.0143 + 3.4875i -0.0196 + 3.4127i
-0.0155 + 3.4237i -0.0088 + 3.4438i -0.0192 + 3.4134i -0.0196 + 3.4127i 0.0983 + 3.6034i
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the program for formation of bus impedance matrix was written in MAT LAB command line
and the line data were given as input and the output was verified.
EX NO : 4
DATE:

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-MACHINE

INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

AIM:

To obtain the value of displacement angle of single machine infinite bus up to time t=1sec.

ALGORITHEM:

1. Start the program.

2. Get the values of H,Pi,s,delt,f,t.

3. Calculate the per unit value.

Pu(i)=del(i)/90.

4. Calculate the acceleration power.

Pa(i)=P(i)-Pu(i).

5. Calculate the inertia constant.

M=SH/180f.

6. Calculate the value of delwn,deldeln.

7. Calculate the values of t and increase the ‘t’ value..

8. Print the displacement ange

9. Stop the program.

FLOW CHART:

START

GET THE VALUES OF

H,Pi,S,Δt,f and t.

CALCULATE THE VALUES OF Pu,Pa,

AND INERTIA CONSTANT(M).

CALCULATE THE VALUES OF

delw(i)=(delt*Pa(i-1))/M;
t=t+Δt.
deldel(i)=(delt*w(i-1))+(delt*delt)*Pa(i-1)/(2*M);

NO IF START
T<~ls

YES
PRINT THE VALUES OF δ(i).

START
PROGRAM:
clear all;

clc;

Pi=input('enter Pi value:');

del(1)=input('enter del(1) value:');

S=input('enter the S value:');

H=input('enter the h value:');

f=input('enter the f value:');

M=(S*H)/(180*f);

delt=input('enter the delt value:');

w(1)=0;

n=input('enter the number of time intervals:');

for i=2:n

Pu(i-1)=del(i-1)/90;

Pa(i-1)=Pi-Pu(i-1);

delw(i)=(delt*Pa(i-1))/M;

deldel(i)=(delt*w(i-1))+(delt*delt)*Pa(i-1)/(2*M);

w(i)=w(i-1)+delw(i);

del(i)=deldel(i)+del(i-1);

end

disp(del(i));
INPUT:
enter Pi value:1
enterdel(1) value:45
enter the S value:1
enter the h value:2.7
enter the f value:60
enter the delt value:0.05
enter the number of time intervals:4

OUTPUT:
66.5355.
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the program for transient and small signal stability of single machine power system was
written in MATLAB and the output was verified.
EX NO : 5
DATE:

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTI-MACHINE POWER

SYSTEMS

AIM:
To obtain the values of angular velocity and displacement angle of multi machine
system.
ALGORITHEM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the values of Vt,Pu,Xg,Xtr,Xtl,Em,f.
3. Calculate the value of I. I=(Vt-Em)/j(Xtr+Xtl).
4. Calculate the value of Eg. Eg=Vt+IXj(Xg+Xtr+Xtl).
5. Calculate the value of Pmax1. Pmax1=(Eg*Pu)/(Xg+Xtr+Xtl).
6. Calculate the value of delw. Delw=(3.14*f*Pi)/H.
7. Calculate the value of f1,f2. f1=w(t)-314.1593. f2=(3.14*f*Pi)/H.
8. Calculate the value of K1,l1,K2,l2,K3,l3,K4,l4,del,w.
K1=f1*delt.
l1=f2*delt.
del=del0+(K1/2).
w=w0+(l1/2).
K2=(w-w0)*delt.
L2=l1.
del1=del0+(K2/2).
w=w0+(l2/2).
K3=(w1-w0)*delt.
L3=l2.
del2=del0+K3.
w2=w0+l3.
K4=(w2-w0)*delt.
l4=l3.
9.Calculate the rotor angle deltadel. deltadel=(K1+2K2+2K3+K4)/6.
10. Calculate the angle del3. del3 =del0+deltadel.
11. Calculate the value of change in angular velocity. deltaw=(l1+2l2+2l3+l4)/6.
12. Calculate the value of the angular velocity. w4=w0+deltaw.
13. Stop the program.
FLOW CHART:

START

GET THE VALUES OF

Vt,Pu,Xg,Xtl,Em AND f.

CALCULATE THE VALUES OF

I,Eg,Pmax1,δo,del0,delw,f1,f2.

CALCULATE THE VALUES

OF K1,l1,K2,l2,K3,l3,K4,l4,δ
AND w.

CALCULATE THE VALUES START

OF deldel,del1,delw,w1.

PRINT THE VALUES OF

δ1,w1.

STOP
PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
Vt=input('enter the Vt value:');
Em=input('enter the Em value:');
Xg=input('enter the Xg value:');
Xtr=input('enter the Xtr value:');
Xtl=input('enter the Xtl value:');
Pu=input('enter the Pu value:');
f=input('enter the f value:');
w0=314.1593;
H=5;
delt=0.02;
Pi=1;
I=(Vt-Em)/(Xtr+Xtl)*sqrt(-1);
disp(I);
Eg=Em+(I+sqrt(-1)*(Xg+Xtr+Xtl));
disp(Eg);
Pmax1=(Eg*Em)/(Xg+Xtr+Xtl);
disp(Pmax1);
del0=asin(Pu/Pmax1);
disp(del0); Pmax=0
Pmax=0;
dfw=(3.14*f*Pi)/H;
f1=w0-314.15;
f2=(3.14*f*Pi)/H;
K1=f1*delt;
disp(K1);
l1=f2*delt;
disp(l1);
del=del0+(K1/2);
w=w0+(l1/2);
K2=(w-w0)*delt;
disp(K2);
l2=l1;
disp(l2);
del1=del0+(K2/2);
w1=w0+(l2/2);
K3=(w1-w0)*delt;
disp(K3);
l3=l2;
disp(l3);
del2=del0+K3;
w2=w0+l3;
K4=(w2-w0)*delt;
disp(K4);
l4=l3;
disp(l4);
deltadel=((K1+(2*K2)+(2*K3)+K4)/6);
disp(deltadel);
del3=del0+deltadel;
disp(del3);
deltaw=((l1+(2*l2)+(2*l3)+l4)/6);
disp(deltaw);
w4=w0+deltaw;
disp(w4);

INPUT:

Enter the Vt value: 1.08

Enter the ES value: 1
Enter the Xs value: 0.15
Enter the Xtr value: 0.08
Enter the Xt1 value: 0.1
Enter the p.u value: 1
Enter the f value: 50
OUTPUT:

0 + 0.4444;
1 + 0.7744;
3.0033 + 2.3468;
0.2050 – 0.1625;
Pmax = 0;
1.86002-e^-0.04
0.6280
0.0063
0.6280
0.126
0.6280
0.3386
0.5436 – 0.1625;
0.6280
314.7873

Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:

Thus the transient stability analysis for the given power system was obtained using MATLAB.
EX NO: 06
DATE :

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

AIM
To plot the electromagnetic transients in power systems using MATLAB.

FORMULA USED
Case(i): REACTIVE TERMINATION: LINE TERMINATED BY INDICATOR:

Case (ii): LINE TERMINATED BY CAPACITANCE:

Zc
Case (iii): LINE TERMINATED BY A RESISTANCE EQUAL TO SURGE IMPEDANCE

Case (iv): OPEN CIRCUITED LINE:

et = 2ef
er = ef
ir = - if

Case (v): SHORT CIRCUITED LINE:

it = 2if
er = -ef
ir = if

Where, ef , if - forward voltage and current

et , it - transmitted voltage and current
er , ir - reflected voltage and current

PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M-file by selecting File-New-M-File.
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools-Run.
5. View the result.
PROGRAM:
%line terminated by inductor for voltage
Ef=10000;
L=0.004;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef0];
d1=[1 Zc/L];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;plot(t,Er,'b');
%line terminated by capacitor for voltage
Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef/(Zc*C)];
d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
Et=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,Et,'r');
Er=Et-Ef;
hold on;
plot(t,Er,'b');
%line terminated by capacitor for current
Ef=10000;
C=0.000000009;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef/Zc 0)];
d1=[1 1/(Zc*C)];
t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
It=step(n1,d1,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
hold on;
If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If; plot(t,Ir,'b');
%line terminated by inductor for current
Ef=10000;
L=0.004;
Zc=400;
n1=[2*Ef0];
d1=[1 Zc/L];
tf(n1,d1) t=0:0.00001:0.0001;
n2=[2*Ef/L];
d2=[1 Zc/L;
It=step(n2,d2,t);
plot(t,It,'r');
If=Ef/Zc;
Ir=It-If;
hold on;
plot(t,Ir,'b');

Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:

Thus the electromagnetic transient in power system was plotted using MATLAB.
EX NO: 07
DATE :

LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA AND TWO

AREA SYSTEM

AIM:

To study and improve the dynamics response of a single area system subjected to a unit step load disturbance
using MATLAB.

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be normal operation
of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system load in order to
maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the foremost
requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load cases a change in the speed of all
rotating masses (Turbine – generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in system frequency.
The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary control) action result
in the entire participating generator – turbine unit staking up the change in load, stabilizing system
frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjusts the
load - reference set points of selected(regulating) generator – turbine units. The primary objectives of
automatic generation control(AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal value and also to
regulate the net interchange of each area to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating
units. This function is referred to as load – frequency control (LFC).

PROCEDURE
1 . Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new Model by selecting File - New – Model.
3.Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4.After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5.Double click the scope and view the result.
FORMULA USED:

Where
D = damping coefficient Where
GG – gain of generator
GT - gain of turbine
GP - gain of power
KP – power system constant
KT- turbine constant
KG- generator constant
TP – power system time constant
TG- generator time constant
H – Inertia constant

DESIGN

Total rated capacity = 2000 MW

Normal operating load = 1000 MW
Inertia constant = 5.05

D=dpD/ dF
= 1000/50
= 20 MW / Hz
D= 20 / 2000
= 0.01 p.u
Tp = 2H/ Fo D
= 2*3/50*0.01
= 20 sec
Kp= 1/D
=1/0.01
= 100
Assume
TH= 80 ms and Tt =0.3 sec
OUTPUT RESPONSE

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM

(WITH OPEN CONTROLLER)

STEADY STATE ERROR= -1.961Hz

 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM
(WITH INTEGRAL CONTROLLER)

STEADY STATE ERROR= 4.726e-005Hz

 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM
(WITH INTEGRAL PI CONTROLLER)

STEADY STATE ERROR=1.727e-005

 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM
(WITH PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER)

STEADY STATE ERROR=-1.639

TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
Static frequency drop or steady state frequency(∆f stst)= -1.961 Hz
Tie line power flow(∆Ptie)= 0MW
TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL WITH AREA 2 DISTURBANCE:
Static frequency drop or steady state frequency(∆f stst)= -0.9804 Hz
Tie line power flow(∆Ptie)= 0.5MW
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the dynamics response of a single area and two area system subjected to a unit step load
disturbance was studied and improved using MATLAB
EX NO : 8
DATE :

SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

AIM:

To perform a symmetrical three phase short circuit analysis using Mipower software.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start
2. Read the machine transformer data and fault impedance set
3. Compute Y bus matrix and calculate modified Y bus matrix
4. Initialize the count I=0
5. I=I+1 while three phase fault occours at bus I
6. Compute fault current and fault MVA at fault bus
7. Compute all line current and generator current
8. Print the result
9. Stop
 Figure shows a single line diagram of a six bus system with two identical generating units 5 lines
and two transformers. Per unit transmission line series impedance and shunt susceptances are given on
100 MVA base, Generators transient impedance and transformer leakages reactancesare given in the
accompanying table .

G
1
1

Δ/ү

3 4

5 6

Δ/ү

G2

If a 3-phase to ground fault occurs at bus 5.

LINE DATA:

LINE SB EB SERIES HALF LINE CHARGING

NO IMPEDANCE(p.u) ADMITTANCE(p.u)
1 3 4 0.00 + j 0.15 0

2 3 5 0.00+ j 0.10 0

3 3 6 0.00 + j 0.20 0

4 5 6 0.00 + j 0.15 0

5 4 6 0.00 + j 0.10 0

Generator details

G1 = G2 = 100 MVA, 11 kv with X’d = 10%

Transformer details

T1 = T2 = 11/110 kv, 100 MVA, leakage reactance = x = 5%

MIPOWER DATA INTERPRETATION:

SOLUTION:
REPORT:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Sat Mar 19 11:35:59 2011
File Name & Path : D:\MiPower\LFA\SCS\1analysis0S.out0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0
CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 6 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 6
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 2 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 5
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF BUS COUPLERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0 NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 2
NUMBER OF MOTORS : 0
NUMBER OF LOADS : 0
NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0
NUMBER OF HVDC CONVERTORS : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 (BOTH DATA AND RESULTS PRINT)
PLOT OPTION : 7 (PLOT FILE - PHASE A, MVA)
BASE MVA : 100.000
NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY: 50.000
PREFAULT VOLTAGE OPTION : 0 (VOLTAGE OF 1.0 PU IS ASSUMED)
FAULT OPTION : 0 (FAULT CONSIDERED AT ALL BUSES, ONE AT A TIME)
FLOW OPTION : 3 (FAULT CONTRIBUTION COMPUTED FROM ALL LINES)
FAULT TYPE : 1 (3 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT)
POST FAULT VOLT OPTION : 1 (COMPUTED AT ALL BUSES)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT RESISTANCE - PHASE - 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT REACTANCE - PHASE - 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT RESISTANCE - GROUND - 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT REACTANCE - GROUND - 0.000000 (PU)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.000000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 0.000100
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.050000
TRANSFORMER ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT FACTOR : 0.900000

NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE LEVELS :3

TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE - KV : 220.000000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE RES. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE REA. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE ADM. MULT. FACTOR : 0.800000
TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE - KV : 132.000000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE RES. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE REA. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE ADM. MULT. FACTOR : 0.800000
TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE - KV : 0.230000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE RES. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE REA. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE ADM. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000

GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RESISTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.175000

GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.175000
GENERATOR ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.037500
GENERATOR ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.037500
LOAD NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.810000
LOAD ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 1.600000
SERIES REACTOR ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 1.000000
SHUNT REACTOR ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.625000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONSIDERED FROM SENDING END OF LINE NUMBER 0 AT 0.00%
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
PLOAD-MW QLOAD-MR QCOMP-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 220.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 220.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 132.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1 1 132.000 Bus4 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1 1 132.000 Bus5 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1 1 132.000 Bus6 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSFORMER DATA

STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO POSITIVE ZERO

NODE NAME NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.)
TAP PHASE FB-MVA TB-MVA
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- - -
3 1 1 Bus1 3 Bus3 0.00501 0.10027 0.00501 0.10027
1.00000 0.000 10000 5000 G G
 3 1 6 Bus6 2 Bus2 0.00501 0.10027 0.00501 0.10027
2.77778 0.000 5000 10000 G G

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO

NODE NAME NODE NAME RP(P.U) XP(P.U) BP/2(PU)
RZ(P.U) XZ(P.U) BZ/2(PU) FB-MVA TB-MVA
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ------
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.15000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 5000 5000
3 1 5 Bus5 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.10000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 5000 5000
3 1 3 Bus3 6 Bus6 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 5000 5000
3 1 5 Bus5 6 Bus6 0.00000 0.15000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 5000 5000
3 1 4 Bus4 6 Bus6 0.00000 0.10000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 5000 5000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR/MOTOR DATA

Classification Code :
0 : Generator
1 : Large Motor >1000 hp for <= 1800 rpm, >250 hp for 3600 rpm
2 : Medium Motor >= 50 hp
3 : Small Motor < 50 hp

FROM FROM POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO CLASS

NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) CB-MVA STAT CODE
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ---- -----
1 Bus1 0.00250 0.24000 0.00250 0.13500 0.00250 0.06500 10000 3 0
2 Bus2 0.00250 0.24000 0.00250 0.13500 0.00250 0.06500 10000 3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 1 : NAME Bus1
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
1600 -89.15 1600 -89.15 610 610
0 -90.00 1600 150.85 0 610
0 -90.00 1600 30.85 0 610
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0148
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 4454 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9680
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.000 179.17 0.000 179.17 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 59.17 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -60.83 0.000
2 Bus2 0.536 -0.68 0.536 -0.68 0.536
0.000 -90.00 0.536 -120.68 0.536
0.000 -90.00 0.536 119.32 0.536
3 Bus3 0.194 -1.48 0.194 -1.48 0.194
0.000 -90.00 0.194 -121.48 0.194
0.000 -90.00 0.194 118.52 0.194
4 Bus4 0.283 -0.57 0.283 -0.57 0.283
0.000 -90.00 0.283 -120.57 0.283
0.000 -90.00 0.283 119.43 0.283
5 Bus5 0.253 -0.80 0.253 -0.80 0.253
0.000 -90.00 0.253 -120.80 0.253
0.000 -90.00 0.253 119.20 0.253
6 Bus6 0.342 -0.23 0.342 -0.23 0.342
0.000 -90.00 0.342 -120.23 0.342
0.000 -90.00 0.342 119.77 0.342
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 507 91.39 507 91.39 193
0 -90.00 507 -28.61 193
0 -90.00 507 -148.61 193
6 Bus6 2 Bus2 845 91.39 845 91.39 193
0 -90.00 845 -28.61 193
0 -90.00 845 -148.61 193
4 Bus4 3 Bus3 260 -88.61 260 -88.61 59
0 -90.00 260 151.39 59
0 -90.00 260 31.39 59
5 Bus5 3 Bus3 260 -88.61 260 -88.61 59
0 -90.00 260 151.39 59
0 -90.00 260 31.39 59
3 Bus3 6 Bus6 325 91.39 325 91.39 74
0 -90.00 325 -28.61 74
0 -90.00 325 -148.61 74
5 Bus5 6 Bus6 260 91.39 260 91.39 59
0 -90.00 260 -28.61 59
 0 -90.00 260 -148.61 59
4 Bus4 6 Bus6 260 91.39 260 91.39 59
0 -90.00 260 -28.61 59
0 -90.00 260 -148.61 59
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 1093 90.60 1093 90.60 417
0 -90.00 1093 -29.40 417
0 -90.00 1093 -149.40 417
2 Bus2 507 91.39 507 91.39 193
0 -90.00 507 -28.61 193
0 -90.00 507 -148.61 193
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 2 : NAME Bus2
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
1600 -89.15 1600 -89.15 610 610
0 -90.00 1600 150.85 0 610
0 -90.00 1600 30.85 0 610
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0148
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 4454 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9680
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.536 -0.68 0.536 -0.68 0.536
0.000 -90.00 0.536 -120.68 0.536
0.000 -90.00 0.536 119.32 0.536
2 Bus2 0.000 -0.83 0.000 -0.83 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -120.83 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 119.17 0.000
3 Bus3 0.342 -0.23 0.342 -0.23 0.342
0.000 -90.00 0.342 -120.23 0.342
0.000 -90.00 0.342 119.77 0.342
4 Bus4 0.253 -0.80 0.253 -0.80 0.253
0.000 -90.00 0.253 -120.80 0.253
0.000 -90.00 0.253 119.20 0.253
5 Bus5 0.283 -0.57 0.283 -0.57 0.283
0.000 -90.00 0.283 -120.57 0.283
0.000 -90.00 0.283 119.43 0.283
 6 Bus6 0.194 -1.48 0.194 -1.48 0.194
0.000 -90.00 0.194 -121.48 0.194
0.000 -90.00 0.194 118.52 0.194
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 507 -88.61 507 -88.61 193
0 -90.00 507 151.39 193
0 -90.00 507 31.39 193
2 Bus2 6 Bus6 507 91.39 507 91.39 193
0 -90.00 507 -28.61 193
0 -90.00 507 -148.61 193
4 Bus4 3 Bus3 260 91.39 260 91.39 59
0 -90.00 260 -28.61 59
0 -90.00 260 -148.61 59
5 Bus5 3 Bus3 260 91.39 260 91.39 59
0 -90.00 260 -28.61 59
0 -90.00 260 -148.61 59
3 Bus3 6 Bus6 325 -88.61 325 -88.61 74
0 -90.00 325 151.39 74
0 -90.00 325 31.39 74
5 Bus5 6 Bus6 260 -88.61 260 -88.61 59
0 -90.00 260 151.39 59
0 -90.00 260 31.39 59
4 Bus4 6 Bus6 260 -88.61 260 -88.61 59
0 -90.00 260 151.39 59
0 -90.00 260 31.39 59
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 507 91.39 507 91.39 193
0 -90.00 507 -28.61 193
0 -90.00 507 -148.61 193
2 Bus2 1093 90.60 1093 90.60 417
0 -90.00 1093 -29.40 417
0 -90.00 1093 -149.40 417
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 3 : NAME Bus3
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
 2333 -88.84 2333 -88.84 533 533
0 -90.00 2333 151.16 0 533
0 -90.00 2333 31.16 0 533
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0203
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 6455 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9562
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.295 -1.60 0.295 -1.60 0.295
0.000 -90.00 0.295 -121.60 0.295
0.000 -90.00 0.295 118.40 0.295
2 Bus2 0.425 -0.59 0.425 -0.59 0.425
0.000 -90.00 0.425 -120.59 0.425
0.000 -90.00 0.425 119.41 0.425
3 Bus3 0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
4 Bus4 0.111 1.03 0.111 1.03 0.111
0.000 -90.00 0.111 -118.97 0.111
0.000 -90.00 0.111 121.03 0.111
5 Bus5 0.074 1.03 0.074 1.03 0.074
0.000 -90.00 0.074 -118.97 0.074
0.000 -90.00 0.074 121.03 0.074
6 Bus6 0.184 1.03 0.184 1.03 0.184
0.000 -90.00 0.184 -118.97 0.184
0.000 -90.00 0.184 121.03 0.184
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
3 Bus3 1 Bus1 1285 91.26 1285 91.26 294
0 -90.00 1285 -28.74 294
0 -90.00 1285 -148.74 294
6 Bus6 2 Bus2 1048 91.03 1048 91.03 240
0 -90.00 1048 -28.97 240
0 -90.00 1048 -148.97 240
3 Bus3 4 Bus4 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
3 Bus3 5 Bus5 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
3 Bus3 6 Bus6 403 91.03 403 91.03 92
 0 -90.00 403 -28.97 92
0 -90.00 403 -148.97 92
5 Bus5 6 Bus6 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
4 Bus4 6 Bus6 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 771 91.26 771 91.26 294
0 -90.00 771 -28.74 294
0 -90.00 771 -148.74 294
2 Bus2 629 91.03 629 91.03 240
0 -90.00 629 -28.97 240
0 -90.00 629 -148.97 240
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 4 : NAME Bus4
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
1895 -89.07 1895 -89.07 433 433
0 -90.00 1895 150.93 0 433
0 -90.00 1895 30.93 0 433
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0163
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 5264 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9648
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.491 -0.32 0.491 -0.32 0.491
0.000 -90.00 0.491 -120.32 0.491
0.000 -90.00 0.491 119.68 0.491
2 Bus2 0.470 -0.41 0.470 -0.41 0.470
0.000 -90.00 0.470 -120.41 0.470
0.000 -90.00 0.470 119.60 0.470
3 Bus3 0.278 0.92 0.278 0.92 0.278
0.000 -90.00 0.278 -119.08 0.278
0.000 -90.00 0.278 120.92 0.278
4 Bus4 0.000 90.00 0.000 90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -30.00 0.000
 0.000 -90.00 0.000 -150.00 0.000
5 Bus5 0.266 0.93 0.266 0.93 0.266
0.000 -90.00 0.266 -119.07 0.266
0.000 -90.00 0.266 120.93 0.266
6 Bus6 0.248 0.94 0.248 0.94 0.248
0.000 -90.00 0.248 -119.06 0.248
0.000 -90.00 0.248 120.94 0.248
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 557 -89.09 557 -89.09 212
0 -90.00 557 150.91 212
0 -90.00 557 30.91 212
6 Bus6 2 Bus2 967 90.96 967 90.96 221
0 -90.00 967 -29.04 221
0 -90.00 967 -149.04 221
4 Bus4 3 Bus3 810 90.92 810 90.92 185
0 -90.00 810 -29.08 185
0 -90.00 810 -149.08 185
5 Bus5 3 Bus3 52 90.80 52 90.80 12
0 -90.00 52 -29.20 12
0 -90.00 52 -149.20 12
3 Bus3 6 Bus6 65 -89.20 65 -89.20 15
0 -90.00 65 150.80 15
0 -90.00 65 30.80 15
5 Bus5 6 Bus6 52 -89.20 52 -89.20 12
0 -90.00 52 150.80 12
0 -90.00 52 30.80 12
4 Bus4 6 Bus6 1084 90.94 1084 90.94 248
0 -90.00 1084 -29.06 248
0 -90.00 1084 -149.06 248
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 557 90.91 557 90.91 212
0 -90.00 557 -29.09 212
0 -90.00 557 -149.09 212
2 Bus2 580 90.96 580 90.96 221
0 -90.00 580 -29.04 221
0 -90.00 580 -149.04 221
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 5 : NAME Bus5
 CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
1895 -89.07 1895 -89.07 433 433
0 -90.00 1895 150.93 0 433
0 -90.00 1895 30.93 0 433
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0163
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 5264 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9648
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.470 -0.41 0.470 -0.41 0.470
0.000 -90.00 0.470 -120.41 0.470
0.000 -90.00 0.470 119.60 0.470
2 Bus2 0.491 -0.32 0.491 -0.32 0.491
0.000 -90.00 0.491 -120.32 0.491
0.000 -90.00 0.491 119.68 0.491
3 Bus3 0.248 0.94 0.248 0.94 0.248
0.000 -90.00 0.248 -119.06 0.248
0.000 -90.00 0.248 120.94 0.248
4 Bus4 0.266 0.93 0.266 0.93 0.266
0.000 -90.00 0.266 -119.07 0.266
0.000 -90.00 0.266 120.93 0.266
5 Bus5 0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
6 Bus6 0.278 0.92 0.278 0.92 0.278
0.000 -90.00 0.278 -119.08 0.278
0.000 -90.00 0.278 120.92 0.278
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 580 -89.04 580 -89.04 221
0 -90.00 580 150.96 221
0 -90.00 580 30.96 221
6 Bus6 2 Bus2 928 90.91 928 90.91 212
0 -90.00 928 -29.09 212
0 -90.00 928 -149.09 212
4 Bus4 3 Bus3 52 -89.20 52 -89.20 12
0 -90.00 52 150.80 12
0 -90.00 52 30.80 12
 5 Bus5 3 Bus3 1084 90.94 1084 90.94 248
0 -90.00 1084 -29.06 248
0 -90.00 1084 -149.06 248
3 Bus3 6 Bus6 65 90.80 65 90.80 15
0 -90.00 65 -29.20 15
0 -90.00 65 -149.20 15
5 Bus5 6 Bus6 810 90.92 810 90.92 185
0 -90.00 810 -29.08 185
0 -90.00 810 -149.08 185
4 Bus4 6 Bus6 52 90.80 52 90.80 12
0 -90.00 52 -29.20 12
0 -90.00 52 -149.20 12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 580 90.96 580 90.96 221
0 -90.00 580 -29.04 221
0 -90.00 580 -149.04 221
2 Bus2 557 90.91 557 90.91 212
0 -90.00 557 -29.09 212
0 -90.00 557 -149.09 212
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 6 : NAME Bus6
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
2333 -88.84 2333 -88.84 533 533
0 -90.00 2333 151.16 0 533
0 -90.00 2333 31.16 0 533
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0203
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 6455 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 1.9562
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) LINE-LINE MAG.
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE PU_ON LN-LN BASE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ----------------
1 Bus1 0.425 -0.59 0.425 -0.59 0.425
0.000 -90.00 0.425 -120.59 0.425
0.000 -90.00 0.425 119.41 0.425
2 Bus2 0.295 -1.60 0.295 -1.60 0.295
0.000 -90.00 0.295 -121.60 0.295
0.000 -90.00 0.295 118.40 0.295
3 Bus3 0.184 1.03 0.184 1.03 0.184
 0.000 -90.00 0.184 -118.97 0.184
0.000 -90.00 0.184 121.03 0.184
4 Bus4 0.074 1.03 0.074 1.03 0.074
0.000 -90.00 0.074 -118.97 0.074
0.000 -90.00 0.074 121.03 0.074
5 Bus5 0.111 1.03 0.111 1.03 0.111
0.000 -90.00 0.111 -118.97 0.111
0.000 -90.00 0.111 121.03 0.111
6 Bus6 0.000 -90.00 0.000 -90.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 150.00 0.000
0.000 -90.00 0.000 30.00 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 629 -88.97 629 -88.97 240
0 -90.00 629 151.03 240
0 -90.00 629 31.03 240
6 Bus6 2 Bus2 1285 91.26 1285 91.26 294
0 -90.00 1285 -28.74 294
0 -90.00 1285 -148.74 294
4 Bus4 3 Bus3 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
5 Bus5 3 Bus3 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
6 Bus6 3 Bus3 403 91.03 403 91.03 92
0 -90.00 403 -28.97 92
0 -90.00 403 -148.97 92
6 Bus6 5 Bus5 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
6 Bus6 4 Bus4 323 91.03 323 91.03 74
0 -90.00 323 -28.97 74
0 -90.00 323 -148.97 74
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 629 91.03 629 91.03 240
0 -90.00 629 -28.97 240
0 -90.00 629 -148.97 240
2 Bus2 771 91.26 771 91.26 294
 0 -90.00 771 -28.74 294
0 -90.00 771 -148.74 294
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 phase fault level
Bus No. Name BUS kV 3PH-fMVA Fault I
NOMINAL kA
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 220.000 609.8 1.600
2 Bus2 220.000 609.8 1.600
3 Bus3 132.000 533.5 2.333
4 Bus4 132.000 433.2 1.895
5 Bus5 132.000 433.2 1.895
6 Bus6 132.000 533.5 2.333
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

From FromFrom Bus-f Line-f To ToTo Bus-f Line-f

Node Name Rating MVA MVA Node Name Rating MVA MVA
---- -------- ------ ------ ------ ---- -------- ------ ------ ------
1 Bus1 10000 610 193 3 Bus3 5000 533 294
6 Bus6 5000 533 294 2 Bus2 10000 610 193
4 Bus4 5000 433 185 3 Bus3 5000 533 74
5 Bus5 5000 433 248 3 Bus3 5000 533 74
3 Bus3 5000 533 92 6 Bus6 5000 533 92
5 Bus5 5000 433 185 6 Bus6 5000 533 74
4 Bus4 5000 433 248 6 Bus6 5000 533 74
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus, the short circuit on the power system was simulated by using Mipower.
EX NO : 9
DATE:

SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW USING GAUSS- SEIDEL METHOD

AIM:
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Gauss-seidel method.

THEORY:
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of the
given power system under given conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms have been developed
and Gauss-seidel method is one of such algorithms.

ALGORITHM:

1. Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltage limits

at the generator buses and tolerance for convergence.

2. Compute Y-bus matrix.

3. Initialize all the bus voltages.

4. Iter=1.

5. Consider i=2, Where I is the bus number.

6. Check whether this bus is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus, go to step8

Otherwise go to next step.

7. Compute Qi check for Q-limit violation. QGi=Qi+QLi. If QGi>Qimax

Equate QGi to Q max thereby converting it into PQ bus. Qi=Qimax-Qi then

go to step 8.

Similarly if QGi<Qimin equate QGi to Qimin thereby converting it into PQ

bus. Qi=Qimin-QLi then go to step 8.

 If QGi is within upper and lower limits, don’t change QGi. Qi=QGi-QLi then

go to step 8.

8. Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using Gauss Seidel formula.

i-1n

Vinew= 1.0 Pi– jQi–∑YijVjn–∑YijVj0

YiiVi0*j=1j=1+1

Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specified magnitude if Q limits are

not violated in case of PV bus.

9. If all the buses are considered, go to step10. Otherwise increment the bus

no i=i+1and go to step 6.

10. Check for convergence, If there is no convergence got to step11.Otherwise

Go to step 12.

11. Update the bus voltage using the formula

Vinew = Viold +α ( Vinew -Viold) (i=1,2,3,…………..n),

i ≠ slack bus αthe acceleration factor = 1.4

Increment the iteration counter Iter = Iter+1 and go to step 5.

12. Calculate the slack bus power, Q at P-V buses, real and reactive line flows,

real and reactive line losses and print all the results including all the

complex bus voltage and all the bus angles.

13. Stop.
FLOW CHART:
START

READ LINES DATA,BUSES

DATA VSPEC,PSPEC, Q LIMIT ,TOL
AND ACCLERATION FACTOR

COMPUTE YBUS MATRIX BY INSPECTION METHOD

INTIALIZE ALL THE BUS VOLTAGE SUITABLY

SET ITERAION COUNT ITER=1

C
B i=i+1 BUS NO.i=2

DOES i
E REFER
TO P-V BUS?

CALCULATE QBUS i Q Gi = Q BUS i + Q Li

COMPUTE YBUS MATRIX BY INSPECTION METHOD

 A

CHECK FOR
VIOLATION Q
LIMIT
VIOLATION

Qgi=Qi MIN Qgi=Qi MIN

Qi SPEC=Qi min-QLi Qi=Qi CALCULATED Qi SPEC=Qi min-QLi

nn
ViNEW=1.0/Yii[(Pi-JQi)/Vi0*- ∑ Yij VjNEW- ∑YijVjOLD]
j=1 j=i+1

NO
DOES i
B REFER TO P-
V BUS

D
 D

YES NO

DOES i
REFER
TO P-V BUS

CALCULATE ALL LINE ViNEW = ViOLD + ( ViNEW - ViOLD ) I=2 TO NB

FLOWS, BUS VOLTAGE
MAGNIYUDE,BUS ANGLES,
TOTAL LINE
LOSSES,REACTIVE POWER AT GENERATOR BUSES WHERE Q
GENERATE AT PV BUS, LIMITS ARE NOT VIOLATED,ADJUST
` `
SLACK BUS POWER BUS THE`MAGNITUDE OF THE BUS VOLTAGE
TO SPECIFIED VOLTAGE.

PRINT THE RESULT

ViNEW = (ViNEW * ViSPEC )/ ViNEW

STOP

ViOLD = ViNEW , i=2 TO NB

ITER = ITER + 1

C
PROBLEM

Figure shows a single line diagram of a 5 bus system with two generator units, seven lines. Per unit
transmission line series impedance and shunt susceptances are given on 100 MVA base in table 1.1 and
real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are given in table1.2
With bus 1 as slack, use the following methods to obtain a load flow solution.
Gauss-siedel using Y-bus with acceleration factors of 1.4 and tolerances of 0.0001 and 0.0001 p.u for the
real and imaginary components of voltage.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 KV and system frequency has 60Hz.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM:

3 4

1 2 6

1 3 4 7

5
2
5
BUS SPECIFICATIONS:

Bus GENERATION LOAD

BUS NO V specified (p.u) (p.u)
(p.u) MW MVAR MW MVAR

1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0

2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10

3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15

4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5

5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

LINE DATA:

LINE SB EB SERIES HALF LINE CHARGING

NO IMPEDANCE(p.u) ADMITTANCE(p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.06 j 0.03

2 1 3 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

3 2 3 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

4 2 4 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

5 2 5 0.04 + j 0.12 j 0.015

6 3 4 0.01 + j 0.03 j 0.01

7 4 5 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

LOAD DATA-1
LOAD DATA-2
LOAD DATA-3
OUTPUT:
LFA RESULTS (GSLF)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Mar 16 03:25:21 2011
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW BY GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0
CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERSION NUMBER : 6.1
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 5 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 5
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 7
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 2 NUMBER OF LOADS : 4
NUMBER OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS : 0 NUMBER OF UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY: 0
NUMBER OF GEN CAPABILITY CURVES: 0 NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0
NUMBER OF TIE LINE SCHEDULES : 0
NUMBER OF CONVERTORS : 0 NUMBER OF DC LINKS : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW WITH GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD : 5
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 - BOTH DATA AND RESULTS PRINT
PLOT OPTION : 1 - PLOTTING WITH PU VOLTAGE
NO FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW, CONTROL OPTION: 0
BASE MVA : 100.000000
NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY (Hzs) : 50.000000
FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Hzs) : 0.000000
FLOWS IN MW AND MVAR, OPTION :0
SLACK BUS : 0 (MAX GENERATION BUS)
TRANSFORMER TAP CONTROL OPTION : 0
Q CHECKING LIMIT (ENABLED) : 4
REAL POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
REACTIVE POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS : 15
BUS VOLTAGE BELOW WHICH LOAD MODEL IS CHANGED : 0.75000
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.00000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 0.00010
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE INTEREST CHARGES : 15.000
ANNUAL PERCENT OPERATION & MAINTENANCE CHARGES : 4.000
LIFE OF EQUIPMENT IN YEARS : 20.000
ENERGY UNIT CHARGE (KWHOUR) : 2.500 Rs
LOSS LOAD FACTOR : 0.300
COST PER MVAR IN LAKHS : 5.000 Rs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS KV VMIN-PU VMAX-PU NAME

------- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus1
2 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus2
3 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus3
4 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus4
5 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS

NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(P.U) X(P.U.) B/2(P.U.) MVA
--- --- ---- -------- ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.02000 0.06000 0.03000 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 0.04000 0.12000 0.01500 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.01000 0.03000 0.01000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LINE CHARGING SUSCEPTANCE : 0.29000
TOTAL LINE CHARGING MVAR AT 1 PU VOLTAGE : 29.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL INDUCTIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

SL.NO* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
 NODE NAME* POWER(MW) MVAR MVAR P.U. CURV RATING
------ ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----
1 1 Bus1 80.0000 0.0000 60.0000 1.0600 0 100.00 3
2 2 Bus2 40.0000 0.0000 30.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA

SLNO FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR
F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAR MVAR MIN MAX STEP NO NO
STAT
---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 2 Bus2 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
2 3 Bus3 45.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
3 4 Bus4 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
4 5 Bus5 60.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW GENERATION : 120.00000
TOTAL MIN MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 0.00000
TOTAL MAX MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 90.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW LOAD : 165.00000 reduced 165.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR LOAD : 40.00000 reduced 40.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR COMPENSATION : 0.00000 reduced 0.00000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS

NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ ---- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 1 Bus1 80.000 0.0000 80.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 Bus2 40.000 0.0000 55.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acceleration factor : 1.40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS IN THE GIVEN SYSTEM : 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS HAVING ATLEAST ONE GENERATOR : 1
SLACK BUSES CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
ISLAND NO. SLACK BUS NAME SPECIFIED MW
---------- --------- -------- ------------
1 1 Bus1 80.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Iteration count = 1 Error = 0.029703 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 2 Error = 0.006759 Bus = 4

Iteration count = 3 Error = 0.005914 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 4 Error = 0.001637 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 5 Error = 0.027149 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 6 Error = 0.009647 Bus = 4

Iteration count = 7 Error = 0.007352 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 8 Error = 0.003368 Bus = 2

Iteration count = 9 Error = 0.001334 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 10 Error = 0.000640 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 11 Error = 0.000256 Bus = 2

Iteration count = 12 Error = 0.000147 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 13 Error = 0.000067 Bus = 5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 1.0600 0.00 129.834 23.788 0.000 0.000 0.000 #
2 Bus2 1.0324 -2.57 40.000 0.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Bus3 1.0124 -4.88 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Bus4 1.0111 -5.21 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Bus5 1.0033 -6.02 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 88.809 17.647 1.4825 -2.1207 85.4#
2 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 -39.770 -7.746 1.2554 -1.6055 39.1^
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 -24.285 -4.700 0.3493 -3.1338 24.4&
4 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -27.423 -4.272 0.4443 -2.8432 27.0^
5 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 -53.619 -6.389 1.1519 0.3471 53.5$
6 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -18.939 0.659 0.0354 -1.9412 18.9&
7 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 -6.379 -3.589 0.0333 -4.9723 7.3&
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW SYSTEM FREQUENCY FOR ISLAND 1 : 50.000000 Hzs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION : 169.834 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION : 23.788 MVAR
GENERATION pf : 0.990

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAR
LOAD pf : 0.972
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.752010 MW ( 4.752010+ 0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.798
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -16.269675 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.8337

MVAR generation 23.7877

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7520

MVAR loss -16.2697

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAR
------ -------- --------
1 -----

Area wise distribution

Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.8337

MVAR generation 23.7877

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7520

MVAR loss -16.2697

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the program for gauss - seidel load flow analysis was done by using Mipower software
and the output was verified
EX NO: 10
DATE :

A) LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:

To perform load flow analysis using newton rapson method

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

2. Read the system data from Y-bus.

3. Set the bus count.

4. Check for slack bus.

5. If slack bus, Increase the bus count.

6. If it is not a slack buses calculate ΔPi and ΔQi. After that increase the bus count.

7. Check bus count.

8. Calculate ΔP,ΔQ,J,J1,J2,J3.

9. Stop the program.

FLOW CHART:
START

READ SYSTEM DATA AND FROM

Y-BUS.

SET i=i+1

YES
CHECK
FOR SLACK
BUS

EVALUTE:
ΔPi=Pspec-Pi.
ΔQi=Qspec-Qi.

i=i+1

YES

CHECK
NO
IF i<=n.

SOLVE THE EQUATION:

ΔP = J J1

ΔQ = J2 J3

STOP
PROBLEM

Figure shows a single line diagram of a 5 bus system with two generator units, seven lines. Per unit
transmission line series impedance and shunt susceptances are given on 100 MVA base in table 1.1 and
real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are given in table1.2
With bus 1 as slack, use the following methods to obtain a load flow solution.
Newton-Raphson using Y-bus with tolerance of 0.01 p.u for the change in the real and reactive bus
powers.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 KV and system frequency has 60Hz.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM:

3 4

1 2 6

1 3 4 7

5
2
5
BUS SPECIFICATIONS:

Bus GENERATION LOAD

BUS NO V specified (p.u) (p.u)
(p.u) MW MVAR MW MVAR

1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0

2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10

3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15

4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5

5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

LINE DATA:

LINE SB EB SERIES HALF LINE CHARGING

NO IMPEDANCE(p.u) ADMITTANCE(p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.06 j 0.03

2 1 3 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

3 2 3 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

4 2 4 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

5 2 5 0.04 + j 0.12 j 0.015

6 3 4 0.01 + j 0.03 j 0.01

7 4 5 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

 OUTPUT OF LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Mar 16 03:38:54 2011
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0
CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERSION NUMBER : 6.1
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 5 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 5
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 7
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 2 NUMBER OF LOADS : 4
NUMBER OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS : 0 NUMBER OF UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY: 0
NUMBER OF GEN CAPABILITY CURVES: 0 NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0

NUMBER OF TIE LINE SCHEDULES : 0

NUMBER OF CONVERTORS : 0 NUMBER OF DC LINKS : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW WITH NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD : 6
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 - BOTH DATA AND RESULTS PRINT
PLOT OPTION : 1 - PLOTTING WITH PU VOLTAGE
NO FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW, CONTROL OPTION: 0
BASE MVA : 100.000000
NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY (Hzs) : 50.000000
FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Hzs) : 0.000000
FLOWS IN MW AND MVAR, OPTION :0
SLACK BUS : 0 (MAX GENERATION BUS)
TRANSFORMER TAP CONTROL OPTION : 0
Q CHECKING LIMIT (ENABLED) : 4
REAL POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
REACTIVE POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS : 15
BUS VOLTAGE BELOW WHICH LOAD MODEL IS CHANGED : 0.75000
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.00000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 0.00010
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANNUAL PERCENTAGE INTEREST CHARGES : 15.000

ANNUAL PERCENT OPERATION & MAINTENANCE CHARGES : 4.000
LIFE OF EQUIPMENT IN YEARS : 20.000
ENERGY UNIT CHARGE (KWHOUR) : 2.500 Rs
LOSS LOAD FACTOR : 0.300
COST PER MVAR IN LAKHS : 5.000 Rs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA
BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS KV VMIN-PU VMAX-PU NAME
------- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- --------

1 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus1

2 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus2
3 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus3
4 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus4
5 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS

NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(P.U) X(P.U.) B/2(P.U.) MVA
--- --- ---- -------- ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.02000 0.06000 0.03000 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 0.04000 0.12000 0.01500 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.01000 0.03000 0.01000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LINE CHARGING SUSCEPTANCE : 0.29000
TOTAL LINE CHARGING MVAR AT 1 PU VOLTAGE : 29.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL INDUCTIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GENERATOR DATA

SL.NO* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME* POWER(MW) MVAR MVAR P.U. CURV RATING
------ ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----
1 1 Bus1 80.0000 0.0000 60.0000 1.0600 0 100.00 3
2 2 Bus2 40.0000 0.0000 30.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LOAD DATA
SLNO FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR
F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAR MVAR MIN MAX STEP NO NO
STAT
---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 2 Bus2 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
2 3 Bus3 45.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
3 4 Bus4 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
4 5 Bus5 60.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL SPECIFIED MW GENERATION : 120.00000

TOTAL MIN MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 0.00000
TOTAL MAX MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 90.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW LOAD : 165.00000 reduced 165.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR LOAD : 40.00000 reduced 40.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR COMPENSATION : 0.00000 reduced 0.00000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS

NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ ---- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 1 Bus1 80.000 0.0000 80.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 Bus2 40.000 0.0000 55.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS IN THE GIVEN SYSTEM : 1

TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS HAVING ATLEAST ONE GENERATOR : 1
SLACK BUSES CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
ISLAND NO. SLACK BUS NAME SPECIFIED MW
---------- --------- -------- ------------
1 1 Bus1 80.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 0 maxp 0.600000 maxq 0.129999
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.021194 maxq 0.016858
Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000078 maxq 0.000055
Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000078 maxq 0.000055
Iteration count 4 maxp 0.000078 maxq 0.616070
Iteration count 5 maxp 0.002531 maxq 0.023125
Iteration count 6 maxp 0.000009 maxq 0.000027

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

1 Bus1 1.0600 0.00 129.747 23.713 0.000 0.000 0.000 #

2 Bus2 1.0324 -2.57 40.000 0.003 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Bus3 1.0125 -4.88 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Bus4 1.0111 -5.21 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
 5 Bus5 1.0033 -6.02 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0

NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 88.745 17.594 1.4801 -2.1282 85.4#
2 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 -39.749 -7.730 1.2538 -1.6107 39.1^
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 -24.276 -4.691 0.3490 -3.1351 24.4&
4 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -27.423 -4.266 0.4442 -2.8438 27.0^
5 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 -53.620 -6.400 1.1519 0.3469 53.5$

6 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -18.990 0.639 0.0355 -1.9409 19.0&

7 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 -6.380 -3.600 0.0333 -4.9727 7.3&
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0

@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW SYSTEM FREQUENCY FOR ISLAND 1 : 50.000000 Hzs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION : 169.747 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION : 23.716 MVAR
GENERATION pf : 0.990

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAR
LOAD pf : 0.972
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.747827 MW ( 4.747827+ 0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.797
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -16.284439 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.7471

MVAR generation 23.7159

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7478

MVAR loss -16.2844

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAR
------ -------- --------
1 -----
Area wise distribution
Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------

MVAR generation 23.7159

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7478

MVAR loss -16.2844

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the program for load flow analysis by Newton-Raphson method was simulated by using
Mipower software.
EX NO : 10
DATE:

B) LOAD FLOW SOLOUTION BY FAST DECOUPLED METHOD

AIM:

To perform a load flow analysis by using fast decoupled method.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

2. Read the no of buses, line admittances, convergence criterion, slack bus voltage and details
of P-Q and PV buses..

3. Formulate the admittance matrix.

4. Set the bus count K=1.

5. Evaluate the real and imaginary parts of imaginary parts of Y bus matrix elements.

6. Calculate the change in real and reactive power.

7. Calculate B’-obtained by eliminating the row and column of the slack bus and B” obtained
by eliminating the row and column of the PV bus..

8. Calculate the inverse of the B’ and B”.

FLOW CHART:
START

READ THE NO OF THE BUSES,LINE

ADMITTANCES,COVERGENCE
CRITERION,SLACK BUS
VOLTAGE,DETAILSOF PV AND PQ
BUSES..

SET BUS COUNT K=1

EVALUTE
Pp,cal=∑q=1n|Vp| |Vq| |Ypq|COS(Qpq+∂p-∂q)
Qp,cal=∑q=1n|Vp| |Vq| |Ypq|SIN(Qpq+∂p-∂q)

CALCULATE THE JACOBIAN MATRIX

CALCULATE
ΔPk=Pspecified-Pcalk
ΔQk=Qspecified-Qcalk

CALCULATE (ΔP/V)

A B
9. Calculate ΔP/V and ΔQ/V. Then.Δδ and ΔV are calculated using the formulas

10. Calculate the net voltage (V) and phase angle(δ).

11. Check for the convergence(ΔP,ΔQ,ΔV)<δ.

12. If convergence is reached, Print the voltage, Phase angle, Real power and Reactive power
for each bus.

13. If convergence is not reached go to step5.

14. Stop the program.

 A B

CALCULATE Δ∂=(-B*)-1*(ΔP/V)

CALCULATE (ΔQ/V)

CALCULATE Δ∂=(-B*)-1*(ΔQ/V)

IS
MAX(ΔP,Δ K=K+1
Q,ΔV)>∑

PRINT THE NET VOLTAGE, PHASE

ANGLE,REAL POWER AND
REACTIVEPOWER

STOP
PROBLEM

Figure shows a single line diagram of a 5 bus system with two generator units, seven lines. Per unit
transmission line series impedance and shunt susceptances are given on 100 MVA base in table 1.1 and
real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are given in table1.2
With bus 1 as slack, use the following methods to obtain a load flow solution.
Fast decoupled method using Y-bus with acceleration factors of 1.4 and tolerances of 0.0001 and 0.0001
p.u for the real and imaginary components of voltage.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 KV and system frequency has 60Hz.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM:

3 4

1 2 6

1 3 4 7

5
2
5
BUS SPECIFICATIONS:

Bus GENERATION LOAD

BUS NO V specified (p.u) (p.u)
(p.u) MW MVAR MW MVAR

1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0

2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10

3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15

4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5

5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

LINE DATA:

LINE SB EB SERIES HALF LINE CHARGING

NO IMPEDANCE(p.u) ADMITTANCE(p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.06 j 0.03

2 1 3 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

3 2 3 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

4 2 4 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.02

5 2 5 0.04 + j 0.12 j 0.015

6 3 4 0.01 + j 0.03 j 0.01

7 4 5 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0

CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERSION NUMBER : 6.1
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 5 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 5
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 7
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 2 NUMBER OF LOADS : 4
NUMBER OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS : 0 NUMBER OF UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY: 0
NUMBER OF GEN CAPABILITY CURVES: 0 NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0
NUMBER OF TIE LINE SCHEDULES : 0
NUMBER OF CONVERTORS : 0 NUMBER OF DC LINKS : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LOAD FLOW - FAST DE-COUPLED TECHNIQUE : 0

NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 - BOTH DATA AND RESULTS PRINT
PLOT OPTION : 1 - PLOTTING WITH PU VOLTAGE
NO FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW, CONTROL OPTION: 0
BASE MVA : 100.000000
NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY (Hzs) : 50.000000
FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Hzs) : 0.000000
FLOWS IN MW AND MVAR, OPTION :0
SLACK BUS : 1
TRANSFORMER TAP CONTROL OPTION : 0
Q CHECKING LIMIT (ENABLED) : 4
REAL POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
REACTIVE POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS : 15
BUS VOLTAGE BELOW WHICH LOAD MODEL IS CHANGED : 0.75000
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.00000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 0.00010
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE INTEREST CHARGES : 15.000
ANNUAL PERCENT OPERATION & MAINTENANCE CHARGES : 4.000
LIFE OF EQUIPMENT IN YEARS : 20.000

ENERGY UNIT CHARGE (KWHOUR) : 2.500 Rs

LOSS LOAD FACTOR : 0.300
COST PER MVAR IN LAKHS : 5.000 Rs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS KV VMIN-PU VMAX-PU NAME

------- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus1
2 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus2

3 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus3

4 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus4

5 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS

NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(P.U) X(P.U.) B/2(P.U.) MVA
--- --- ---- -------- ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.02000 0.06000 0.03000 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 0.04000 0.12000 0.01500 100 1.0
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.01000 0.03000 0.01000 100 1.0
3 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LINE CHARGING SUSCEPTANCE : 0.29000
TOTAL LINE CHARGING MVAR AT 1 PU VOLTAGE : 29.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL INDUCTIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

SL.NO* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME* POWER(MW) MVAR MVAR P.U. CURV RATING
------ ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----

1 1 Bus1 80.0000 0.0000 60.0000 1.0600 0 100.00 3

2 2 Bus2 40.0000 0.0000 30.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA

SLNO FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR
F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAR MVAR MIN MAX STEP NO NO
STAT
---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----

1 2 Bus2 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0

3 0
2 3 Bus3 45.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
3 4 Bus4 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
4 5 Bus5 60.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW GENERATION : 120.00000
TOTAL MIN MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 0.00000
TOTAL MAX MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 90.00000

TOTAL SPECIFIED MW LOAD : 165.00000 reduced 165.00000

TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR LOAD : 40.00000 reduced 40.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR COMPENSATION : 0.00000 reduced 0.00000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS

NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ ---- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 1 Bus1 80.000 0.0000 80.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 Bus2 40.000 0.0000 55.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ITERATION MAX P BUS MAX P MAX Q BUS MAX Q

COUNT NUMBER PER UNIT NUMBER PER UNIT
--------- --------- -------- --------- --------

1 5 0.600 5 0.256
2 3 0.027 3 0.012

3 2 0.005 3 0.000
4 2 0.000 3 0.000
5 2 0.000 2 0.616
6 2 0.251 2 0.067
7 2 0.007 2 0.002
8 3 0.000 4 0.000
Number of p iterations : 6 and Number of q iterations : 7

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 1.0600 0.00 129.746 23.713 0.000 0.000 0.000 #
2 Bus2 1.0324 -2.57 40.000 0.000 20.000 10.000 0.000

3 Bus3 1.0125 -4.88 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000

4 Bus4 1.0111 -5.21 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Bus5 1.0033 -6.02 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 88.743 17.594 1.4800 -2.1284 85.3#
2 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 -39.749 -7.729 1.2538 -1.6106 39.1^
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 -24.278 -4.690 0.3490 -3.1351 24.4&
4 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -27.423 -4.265 0.4442 -2.8438 27.0^
5 1 5 Bus5 2 Bus2 -53.617 -6.400 1.1518 0.3465 53.4$

6 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -18.985 0.639 0.0355 -1.9409 19.0&

7 1 5 Bus5 4 Bus4 -6.378 -3.600 0.0333 -4.9727 7.3&
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0

@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1

$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1

^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW SYSTEM FREQUENCY FOR ISLAND 1 : 50.000000 Hzs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION : 169.746 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION : 23.713 MVAR
GENERATION pf : 0.990

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAR
LOAD pf : 0.972

TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.747672 MW ( 4.747672+ 0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.797
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -16.284975 MVAR

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.7459

MVAR generation 23.7129

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7477

MVAR loss -16.2850

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAR
------ -------- --------
1 -----

Area wise distribution

Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.7459

MVAR generation 23.7129

MW load 165.0000

MVAR load 40.0000

MVAR compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.7477

MVAR loss -16.2850

MVAR - inductive 0.0000

MVAR - capacitive 0.0000

 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis using fast decoupled method was simulated by using Mipower
software
Circuit Diagram:

Graph:
Exp.No: 11
Date:

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

Aim: To analyze unsymmetrical faults like LG, LL, LLG

Apparatus: MATLAB

Theory:
Single Line-to-Ground Fault
The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and occurs when
one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The general
representation of a single line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.10 where F is the fault
point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.11 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase a is
usually assumed to be the faulted phase, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.
[1]

Ia0
F0

Z0
Iaf N0

Ia1
F1
F
a Z1
3Zf
b N1 1.0
c Ia2
Iaf Ibf = 0 Icf = 0
+ F2

Vaf Zf Z2
N2
-
n

General representation of a single Sequence network diagram of a

line-to-ground fault. single line-to-ground fault

Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be
observed in Figure 3.11. Therefore,

I =I =I = 1.00

Z + Z + Z + 3Z
a0 a1 a2
With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be obtained
from
Va 0   0  1 1 1   I a0 
V = 1.00 − 1 a2 a  I 
Vb1   0  1 a a2  I
 a1 
 c2       a2 

By solving Equation

Va 0 = −Z0 Ia0
Va1 = 1.0 − Z1Ia1
Va 2 = −Z2 Ia 2

If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found by
the relation that exists to the known phase voltage components,
Vaf  1 1 1  Va0 
   2  
V = 1 a a Va1 
Vbf  1 a a2  V
 cf     a2 

as
V = V + a2V + aV
bf a0 a1 a2
V = V + aV + a2V
cf a0 a1 a2

Line-to-Line Fault
A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the
characteristic of this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide
range making very hard to predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is
zero that the highest asymmetry at the line-to-line fault occurs
The general representation of a line-to-line fault is shown in Figure 3.12 where F is the
fault point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.13 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and
c are usually assumed to be the faulted phases; this is for simplicity in the fault analysis
calculations [1],
 Zf

F
a + +
b Va0 Va1
-
c -
Iaf = 0 Icf = -Ibf

Sequence network diagram of a line-to-line fault Sequence network diagram of a single

line-to-line fault.

It can be noticed that

Iaf = 0

Ibf = −Icf

Vbc = Z f Ibf

The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained as

Ibf = −Icf = Ia1 − 90

The sequence voltages can be found as

Va0 = 0
Va1 = 1.0 - Z1 Ia1
Va 2 = −Z2 Ia 2 = Z2 Ia1

Finally, the line-to-line voltages for a line-to-line fault can be expressed as

 Vab = Vaf − Vbf
Vbc = Vbf − Vcf
Vca = Vcf − Vaf

Double Line-to-Ground Fault

A double line-to-ground fault represents a serious event that causes a significant
asymmetry in a three-phase symmetrical system and it may spread into a three-phase fault when
not clear in appropriate time. The major problem when analyzing this type of fault is the
assumption of the fault impedance Zf, and the value of the impedance towards the ground Zg.
The general representation of a double line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.14
where F is the fault point with impedances Zf and the impedance from line to ground Zg . Figure
3.15 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are assumed to be the faulted phases,
this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.

F
a
b Zf +3Zg
c
Iaf = 0
+
Va0 Va1 Va2
-
1.0

General representation of a Sequence network diagram

double line-to-ground fault. of a double line-to-ground fault

It can be observed that

Iaf = 0
Vbf = (Zf + Zg )Ibf + ZgIcf
Vcf = (Zf + Zg )Icf + ZgIbf

The positive-sequence currents can be found as

1.00
Ia1 =
(Z 2 + Zf )(Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
(Z1 + Zf ) +
(Z 2 + Zf ) + (Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )

(Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
Ia 2 = −[ ]Ia1
(Z 2 + Zf ) + (Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg)
 (Z 2 + Zf )
Ia0 = −[ ]Ia1
(Z 2 + Zf ) + (Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg)

An alternative method is,

Iaf = 0 = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia 2
Ia0 = −(Ia1 + Ia 2)

If Zf and Zgare both equal to zero, then the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequences can
be obtained from

1.00
Ia1 =
(Z 2)(Z 0)
(Z1) +
(Z 2 + Z 0)

(Z 0)
Ia 2 = −[ ]Ia1
(Z 2 + Z 0)

(Z 2)
Ia0 = −[ ]Ia1
(Z 2 + Z 0)

The current for phase a is

Iaf = 0

Ibf = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
Icf = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2

The total fault current flowing into the neutral is

In = 3Ia0 = Ibf + Icf

The resultant phase voltages from the relationship given in Equation 3.78 can be
expressed as

Vaf = Va0 +Va1 +Va 2 = 3Va1

Vbf = Vcf = 0
 Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms

Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus, the simulink model for unsymmetrical fault analysis is verified using MATLAB
Exp.No:12
Date:
POWER FLOW SOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM MODEL

Aim: To perform power flow solution of a 3-Bus system.

Apparatus: MATLAB-PSAT

Theory:

Slack Bus: To calculate the angles θi (as discussed above), a reference angle (θi = 0) needs to
be specified so that all the other bus voltage angles are calculated with respect to this reference
angle. Moreover, physically, total power supplied by all the generation must be equal to the sum
of total load in the system and system power loss. However, as the system loss cannot be
computed before the load flow problem is solved, the real power output of all the generators in
the system cannot be pre-specified. There should be at least one generator in the system which
would supply the loss (plus its share of the loads) and thus for this generator, the real power
output can’t be pre-specified. However, because of the exciter action, Vi for this generator can
still be specified. Hence for this generator, Vi and θi(= 0) are specified and the quantities Pi and
Qi are calculated. This generator bus is designated as the slack bus. Usually, the largest generator
in the system is designated as the slack bus.

In the General Load Flow Problem the Bus with largest generating capacity is taken as the Slack
Bus or Swing Bus. The Slack Bus Voltage is taken to be 1.0 + j 0 P.U. and should be capable of
supplying total Losses in the System. But usually the generator bus are only having station
auxiliary which may be only up to 3% of total generation . If the Generation at Slack Bus is
more it can take more load connected to the slack bus.

A slack bus is usually a generator bus with a large real and reactive power output. It is assumed
that its real and reactive power outputs are big enough that they can be adjusted as required in
order to balance the power in the whole system so that the power flow can be solved. A slack
bus can have load on it because in real systems it is actually the bus of a power plant, which can
have its own load. It also takes care of the Line losses
 Circuit Diagram:

Procedure :

➢ Create a new file in MATLAB-PSAT

➢ Browse the components in the library and build the bus system.
➢ Save the file and upload the data file in PSAT main window
➢ Execute the program and run powerflow
➢ Get the network visualization.
 Maximum Marks
Components
Marks Awarded
Preparation &
Conduct of 50
Experiments
Observation &
30
Results
Record 10
Viva voce 10
Total 100
Faculty -Incharge
Name & Signature

RESULT:
Thus, the power flow solution of power system is verified successfully by using MATLAB