REVISED NEW SYLLABUS PG TRB 2025-26

ZOOLOGY SYLLABUS

Unit I

ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY

• Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature. Levels of structural organization
– Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Organization of Coelom, Symmetry and Metamerism.
• Structure and life history of Protozoa – Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium
ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma gambiense and Leishmania
donovani.

• Canal systems in Porifera. Polymorphism and Metagenesis in Coelentrates. Types of Corals and
Coral reefs. • Structure and life history of helminth parasites – Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium,
Wuchereria bancrofti and Ascaris lumbricoides.

• Adaptive Radiation in Polychaetes. Torsion in Gastropods. Invertebrate larval forms and their
evolutionary significance. • Structure, affinities and life history of Minor Phyla – Ctenophora,
Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Onychophora, Siphunculida, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta and Phoronida.

• Origin and outline classification of Chordata – Phylogeny, evolutionary significance and inter-
relationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata and their relation with other
deuterosomes. Retrogressive metamorphosis.

• Origin, Evolution and general characters of Agnatha (Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes). Early
Gnathostomes (Placoderms). • General characters and classification of fishes. Accessory respiratory
organs in fishes. Adaptive Radiation in Bony fishes.

• Origin, Evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia. Parental care in Amphibia. • Origin and
evolution of Reptiles. Skulls of reptiles and its importance in biosystematics. Outline classification of
Reptiles. Poisonous and Nonpoisonous snakes.

• Origin and evolution of Birds. Origin of flight and flight adaptations in birds. Flightless birds • Origin
of mammals. Primitive mammals – Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutherian Mammals. Aquatic
adaptations in Mammals.

• Structure and functions of integument and its derivatives (glands, scales, feathers and hairs).
Comparative account of jaw suspension, girdles and limbs. Comparative study of integument, brain,
heart and urinogenital organs in Vertebrates.

TEST NO
DATE TOPIC MARKS
Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature.
Levels of structural organization – Unicellular, colonial and
01 multicellular forms. Organization of Coelom, Symmetry and
08-02-2025 Metamerism. Structure and life history of Protozoa – Entamoeba
histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium
malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma gambiense and
Leishmania donovani.
02 Canal systems in Porifera. Polymorphism and Metagenesis in
13-02-2025 Coelentrates. Types of Corals and Coral reefs. Structure and life
 history of helminth parasites – Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium,
Wuchereria bancrofti and Ascaris lumbricoides.
03 Adaptive Radiation in Polychaetes. Torsion in Gastropods.
18-02-2025 Invertebrate larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
Structure, affinities and life history of Minor Phyla – Ctenophora,
Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Onychophora, Siphunculida, Entoprocta,
Ectoprocta and Phoronida.
04 Origin and outline classification of Chordata – Phylogeny,
23-02-2025 evolutionary significance and inter-relationships of Hemichordata,
Urochordata and Cephalochordata and their relation with other
deuterosomes. Retrogressive metamorphosis.
05 Origin, Evolution and general characters of Agnatha (Ostracoderms
28-02-2025 and Cyclostomes). Early Gnathostomes (Placoderms). General
characters and classification of fishes. Accessory respiratory organs
in fishes. Adaptive Radiation in Bony fishes.
06 Origin, Evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia. Parental care
05-03-2025 in Amphibia. Origin and evolution of Reptiles. Skulls of reptiles and
its importance in biosystematics. Outline classification of Reptiles.
Poisonous and Nonpoisonous snakes.
07 Origin and evolution of Birds. Origin of flight and flight adaptations
10-03-2025 in birds. Flightless birds Origin of mammals. Primitive mammals –
Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutherian Mammals. Aquatic
adaptations in Mammals.
08
15-03-2025 UNIT 01 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit II

ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

• General characters and classification of Insects up to Order level with examples. • Beneficial insects
– Silkworm – common cultivable species, rearing of silkworm, diseases of silkworm, by-products of
sericulture, economic importance of silk. Honeybees – common species of honeybees, rearing in
modern hives, by-products of apiculture, economic importance of honey, beewax and propolis.

• Harmful insects – Insects as plant pests – pests of rice, cotton, sugarcane, coconut and stored
grains. Pest control strategies – physical, mechanical, chemical and biological, IPM. • Poultry farming
– Breeds of Poultry for egg and meat, common diseases of poultry.

• Dairy farming – Economically important dairy cattle breeds of India, white revolution, diseases of
cattle, dairy by-products.

General characters and classification of Insects up to Order level with

examples. Beneficial insects – Silkworm – common cultivable
09 species, rearing of silkworm, diseases of silkworm, by-products of
20-03-2025 sericulture, economic importance of silk. Honeybees – common
species of honeybees, rearing in modern hives, by-products of
apiculture, economic importance of honey, beewax and propolis.
10 Harmful insects – Insects as plant pests – pests of rice, cotton,
25-03-2025 sugarcane, coconut and stored grains. Pest control strategies –
physical, mechanical, chemical and biological, IPM. Poultry farming –
Breeds of Poultry for egg and meat, common diseases of poultry.
 11 Dairy farming – Economically important dairy cattle breeds of India,
30-03-2025 white revolution, diseases of cattle, dairy by-products.

12 UNIT 02 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

05-04-2025

Unit III

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

• Cellular organization – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Ultrastructure, organization and functions
of cell membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Mitochondria and
Ribosomes. Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in mobility. • Organization of Genes
and Chromosomes – Structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, Euchromatin and
Giant chromosomes.

• Cell division and cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle – Mitosis and meiosis, their
regulation, steps in cell cycle, Significances of Mitosis and Meiosis, Mitotic Apparatus. • Structure
and function of DNA (A, B, C and Z forms) and RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA). DNA replication and
DNA repair mechanisms.

• RNA synthesis and processing – Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation
complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and
termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing and polyadenylation. Genetic code. Translation –
components of protein synthetic machinery, steps involved in translation – formation of initiation
complex, initiation factors and their regulation, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl
tRNA synthetase, elongation and elongation factors, termination and translational proof-reading,
translational inhibitors, Post-translational modification of proteins.

• Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level – Regulating the expression of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – lac and trp Operon, role of chromatin in gene expression and
gene silencing. • Cellular communication – General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion
and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix and integrins.

• Cell signaling – Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein
coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers and regulation of Signaling
pathways. • Cancer – Types of cancer. Characteristics of cancer cells, Genetic rearrangements in
progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and cell cycle, virus-induced cancer,
physical and chemical carcinogenic agents, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells,
therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth. • Programmed cell death (Apoptosis), aging
and senescence.

Cellular organization – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells,

Ultrastructure, organization and functions of cell membrane,
13 Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes,
10-04-2025 Mitochondria and Ribosomes. Structure and function of
cytoskeleton and its role in mobility. Organization of Genes and
Chromosomes – Structure of chromatin and chromosomes,
heterochromatin, Euchromatin and Giant chromosomes.
14 Cell division and cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle –
15-04-2025 Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle,
 Significances of Mitosis and Meiosis, Mitotic Apparatus. Structure
and function of DNA (A, B, C and Z forms) and RNA (tRNA, mRNA
and rRNA). DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms.
15 RNA synthesis and processing – Transcription factors and
20-04-2025 machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator
and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and
termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing and
polyadenylation. Genetic code. Translation – components of
protein synthetic machinery, steps involved in translation –
formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their
regulation, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase, elongation and elongation factors, termination and
translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post-
translational modification of proteins.
16 Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level –
25-04-2025 Regulating the expression of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – lac
and trp Operon, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene
silencing. Cellular communication – General principles of cell
communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion
molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix and integrins.
Cell signaling – Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor,
signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction
pathways, second messengers and regulation of Signaling
pathways. Cancer – Types of cancer. Characteristics of cancer cells,
Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor
suppressor genes, cancer and cell cycle, virus-induced cancer,
physical and chemical carcinogenic agents, metastasis, interaction
of cancer cells with normal cells, therapeutic interventions of
uncontrolled cell growth. Programmed cell death (Apoptosis), aging
and senescence.
17
30-04-2025 UNIT 03 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit IV

GENETICS

• Mendelian principles – Dominance, segregation, independent assortment. • Concept of gene –

Allele, multiple alleles and pseudoalleles. • Modern concept of gene – Cistron, Muton and Recon. •
Extensions of Mendelian principles – Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions,
Epistasis, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and
crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.

• Sex determination in man. • Gene mapping methods – Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with
molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids. • Cytoplasmic Inheritance – Inheritance of
mitochondrial genes, maternal inheritance, shell coiling in Limnaea, Milk factor in mice, extra nuclear
inheritance by endosymbionts – Kappa particles in Paramecium.

• Microbial genetics – Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction and

sexduction, mapping genes by interrupted mating. • Human genetics – Pedigree analysis, LOD score
for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders and syndromes.
• Mutation – Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of
function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis. Significance of
mutation. • Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes – Deletion, duplication, inversion,
translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.

• Quantitative genetics – Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping. •
Recombination – Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition. •
Population genetics – Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, derivation of HardyWeinberg equilibrium, factors
affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Determination of allelic frequency in a population. • Animal
breeding – Inbreeding, Outbreeding and Heterosis.

Mendelian principles – Dominance, segregation, independent

18 assortment. Concept of gene – Allele, multiple alleles and
05-05-2025 pseudoalleles. Modern concept of gene – Cistron, Muton and
Recon. Extensions of Mendelian principles – Codominance,
incomplete dominance, gene interactions, Epistasis, pleiotropy,
genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy,
linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex
influenced characters.
19 Sex determination in man. Gene mapping methods – Linkage
10-05-2025 maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers,
mapping by using somatic cell hybrids. Cytoplasmic Inheritance
– Inheritance of mitochondrial genes, maternal inheritance,
shell coiling in Limnaea, Milk factor in mice, extra nuclear
inheritance by endosymbionts – Kappa particles in Paramecium.
20 Microbial genetics – Methods of genetic transfers –
15-05-2025 transformation, conjugation, transduction and sexduction,
mapping genes by interrupted mating. Human genetics –
Pedigree analysis, LOD score for linkage testing, karyotypes,
genetic disorders and syndromes.
21 Mutation – Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal,
20-05-2025 conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function,
germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.
Significance of mutation. Structural and numerical alterations of
chromosomes – Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation,
ploidy and their genetic implications.
22 Quantitative genetics – Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its
25-05-2025 measurements, QTL mapping. Recombination – Homologous
and non-homologous recombination including transposition.
Population genetics – Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, derivation
of HardyWeinberg equilibrium, factors affecting Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium. Determination of allelic frequency in a
population. Animal breeding – Inbreeding, Outbreeding and
Heterosis.
23
30-05-2025 UNIT 04 FULL TEST 150 MARKS
 Unit V

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

• System Physiology – Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids, BMR,
Nutritional disorders. • Blood and Circulation – Blood and its composition, function, haemopoiesis
and haemostasis, mechanism of blood clotting.

• Cardiovascular system – Structure of myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, pace maker, Pulse pressure and
blood pressure, ECG. • Blood vessels – Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. • Respiratory Physiology
– Respiratory structures – Invertebrates, vertebrates- fishes, birds and mammals. Respiratory
pigments, Transport of gases, exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.

• Muscle Physiology – Types of muscle cells, ultrastructure of the striated muscle fibre, physiology of
muscle contraction. • Neurophysiology – Central Nervous system, Peripheral and Autonomic nervous
system. Structure of Neuron, types, transmission of nerve impulses, action potential, synapse,
conduction of nerve impulse across a synapse, neurotransmitters, Neuroanatomy of the brain and
spinal cord and Reflex action. EEG.

• Sensory Physiology – Receptors – Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors and Gustatoreceptors.

Echolocation. Bioluminescence, Mimicry and colouration. Lateral line system in fishes. • Renal
Physiology – Ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism process, structure of kidney and Nephron,
Mechanism of urine formation, Countercurrent principle, micturition, regulation of water balance,
electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.

• Thermoregulation and Stress adaptation – Thermoregulation in homeotherms, poikilotherms –

acclimation and acclimatization, physical, chemical and neural regulation of body temperature,
adaptation to high altitudes, deep sea adaptation. • Endocrinology – Endocrine glands, mechanism
of hormone action – peptide and steroid hormones, membrane receptors and signal transduction.
Hormones and diseases, neuroendocrine regulation. Invertebrate hormones

System Physiology – Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates,

24 Proteins and Lipids, BMR, Nutritional disorders. Blood and
04-06-2025 Circulation – Blood and its composition, function, haemopoiesis and
haemostasis, mechanism of blood clotting.
25 Cardiovascular system – Structure of myogenic heart, cardiac cycle,
09-06-2025 pace maker, Pulse pressure and blood pressure, ECG. Blood vessels –
Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. Respiratory Physiology –
Respiratory structures – Invertebrates, vertebrates- fishes, birds and
mammals. Respiratory pigments, Transport of gases, exchange of
gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
26 Muscle Physiology – Types of muscle cells, ultrastructure of the
14-06-2025 striated muscle fibre, physiology of muscle contraction.
Neurophysiology – Central Nervous system, Peripheral and
Autonomic nervous system. Structure of Neuron, types, transmission
of nerve impulses, action potential, synapse, conduction of nerve
impulse across a synapse, neurotransmitters, Neuroanatomy of the
brain and spinal cord and Reflex action. EEG.
27 Sensory Physiology – Receptors – Photoreceptors,
19-06-2025 Mechanoreceptors and Gustatoreceptors. Echolocation.
Bioluminescence, Mimicry and colouration. Lateral line system in
 fishes. Renal Physiology – Ammonotelism, Uricotelism and
Ureotelism process, structure of kidney and Nephron, Mechanism of
urine formation, Countercurrent principle, micturition, regulation of
water balance, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.
28 Thermoregulation and Stress adaptation – Thermoregulation in
24-06-2025 homeotherms, poikilotherms – acclimation and acclimatization,
physical, chemical and neural regulation of body temperature,
adaptation to high altitudes, deep sea adaptation. Endocrinology –
Endocrine glands, mechanism of hormone action – peptide and
steroid hormones, membrane receptors and signal transduction.
Hormones and diseases, neuroendocrine regulation. Invertebrate
hormones.

29
29-06-2025 UNIT 05 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit VI

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

• Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development – Production of gametes, cell surface

molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, types of fertilization and mechanism of fertilization,
embryo sac development and zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, fate
maps – presumptive organ forming areas, gastrulation and formation of germ layers and
embryogenesis. Parthenogensis.

• Morphogenesis and organogenesis – Ectodermal, Mesodermal and Endodermal derivatives,

formation of primary organ rudiments, involvement of genes in the development process.
Organogenesis with reference to brain, eye, heart and kidney in amphibians, birds and mammals.
Post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis (frog and insect).

• Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and senescence. Stem cells – properties,
types and applications. • Human Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human
Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) – Intra Uterine
Insemination (IUI), In vitro fertilization (IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types,
Cryopreservation of gametes, Birth control methods.

• Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and senescence. Stem cells – properties,
types and applications. • Human Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human
Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) – Intra Uterine
Insemination (IUI), In vitro fertilization (IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types,
Cryopreservation of gametes, Birth control methods.

• Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs – MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation,
activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors. • Humoral and cell-mediated
immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like
receptors, cellmediated effector functions, inflammation.

• Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, acquired immune-deficiencies. • Vaccines and immunization

schedule. • Immune responses to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.
 Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development – Production of 150 MARKS
30 gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals,
04-07-2025 types of fertilization and mechanism of fertilization, embryo sac
development and zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation,
embryonic fields, fate maps – presumptive organ forming areas,
gastrulation and formation of germ layers and embryogenesis.
Parthenogensis.
31 Morphogenesis and organogenesis – Ectodermal, Mesodermal and
09-07-2025 Endodermal derivatives, formation of primary organ rudiments,
involvement of genes in the development process. Organogenesis
with reference to brain, eye, heart and kidney in amphibians, birds
and mammals. Post embryonic development- larval formation,
metamorphosis (frog and insect).
32 Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and
14-07-2025 senescence. Stem cells – properties, types and applications. Human
Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human
Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive
technology (ART) – Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI), In vitro
fertilization (IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types,
Cryopreservation of gametes, Birth control methods.
33 Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and
19-07-2025 senescence. Stem cells – properties, types and applications. Human
Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human
Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive
technology (ART) – Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI), In vitro
fertilization (IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types,
Cryopreservation of gametes, Birth control methods.
34 Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs – MHC molecules, antigen
24-07-2025 processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T
cells, B and T cell receptors. Humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the
complement system, Toll-like receptors, cellmediated effector
functions, inflammation.
35 Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, acquired immune-deficiencies.
29-07-2025 Vaccines and immunization schedule. Immune responses to
bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.
36
03-08-2025 UNIT 06 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit VII

ENVIRONMENT, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

• The Environment – Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic and abiotic interactions.
Habitat and Niche – Concept of habitat and niche, niche width and overlap, fundamental and
realized niche, resource partitioning, character displacement.

• Population Ecology – Characteristics of a population, population growth curves, population

regulation, life history strategies (r and K selection), concept of metapopulation – demes and
dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. Species Interactions – Types of
interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.

• Community Ecology – Nature of communities, community structure and attributes, levels of species
diversity and its measurement, edges and ecotones. Ecological Succession – Types, mechanisms,
changes involved in succession, concept of climax. • Ecosystem Ecology – Ecosystem structure,
ecosystem function, energy flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P), primary production and decomposition,
structure and function of some Indian ecosystems – terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh
water, marine, eustarine).

• Biogeography – Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island biogeography, biogeographical zones of

India. • Biodiversity – Definition, types, Hotspots, Flagship species, Keystone species, Biodiversity
concerns. Biodiversity conservation – In situ and ex situ conservation, concept of protected areas,
National parks, sanctuaries, Red data book, Gene bank, threatened and endangered species. Salient
features of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Threats to survival and
conservation strategies for Elephant, Tiger, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, White Rumped Vulture and
Gangetic Dolphin.

• Environmental issues – Pollution – definition, types, sources, effects. Global warming, climate
change, glacial melting and rising sea levels, floods, drought and desertification, creating buffer
zones, sustainable development, carbon sequestration, carbon sink, carbon foot print, carbon credit,
carbon trading and carbon budget. Environmental Exploitation – Exploitation and depletion of
natural resources. Urbanisation, deforestation, habitat loss, remote sensing and GIS in conservation.

• Environmental Management – Environmental Summits – Conventions, Climate change conventions,

Environmental laws and Acts. E-wastes and its eradication. Clean energy sources – solar, wind, hydel,
biofuel, hydrogen as fuel. Effluent Management – Hazardous and biomedical waste management.
Emission standards – BS6, AQI, WQI. Clean potable water – Desalination, rain water harvesting,
conserving water bodies.

The Environment – Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic 100 marks

37 and abiotic interactions. Habitat and Niche – Concept of habitat and
08-08-2025 niche, niche width and overlap, fundamental and realized niche,
resource partitioning, character displacement.
38 Population Ecology – Characteristics of a population, population
13-08-2025 growth curves, population regulation, life history strategies (r and K
selection), concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal,
interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. Species
Interactions – Types of interactions, interspecific competition,
herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.
38 Community Ecology – Nature of communities, community structure
18-08-2025 and attributes, levels of species diversity and its measurement,
edges and ecotones. Ecological Succession – Types, mechanisms,
changes involved in succession, concept of climax. Ecosystem
Ecology – Ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, energy flow and
mineral cycling (C,N,P), primary production and decomposition,
structure and function of some Indian ecosystems – terrestrial
(forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).
40 Biogeography – Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island
23-08-2025 biogeography, biogeographical zones of India. Biodiversity –
 Definition, types, Hotspots, Flagship species, Keystone species,
Biodiversity concerns. Biodiversity conservation – In situ and ex situ
conservation, concept of protected areas, National parks,
sanctuaries, Red data book, Gene bank, threatened and endangered
species. Salient features of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and
Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Threats to survival and conservation
strategies for Elephant, Tiger, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, White Rumped
Vulture and Gangetic Dolphin.
41 Environmental issues – Pollution – definition, types, sources, effects.
28-08-2025 Global warming, climate change, glacial melting and rising sea levels,
floods, drought and desertification, creating buffer zones,
sustainable development, carbon sequestration, carbon sink, carbon
foot print, carbon credit, carbon trading and carbon budget.
Environmental Exploitation – Exploitation and depletion of natural
resources. Urbanisation, deforestation, habitat loss, remote sensing
and GIS in conservation.
42 Environmental Management – Environmental Summits –
02-09-2025 Conventions, Climate change conventions, Environmental laws and
Acts. E-wastes and its eradication. Clean energy sources – solar,
wind, hydel, biofuel, hydrogen as fuel. Effluent Management –
Hazardous and biomedical waste management. Emission standards –
BS6, AQI, WQI. Clean potable water – Desalination, rain water
harvesting, conserving water bodies.
43
07-09-2025 UNIT 07 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit VIII

EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

• Emergence of evolutionary thoughts – Lamarck, Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation,

struggle, fitness and natural selection, Spontaneity of mutations, the evolutionary synthesis. • Origin
of cells and unicellular evolution – Origin of basic biological molecules, Abiotic synthesis of organic
monomers and polymers, Concept of Oparin and Haldane, Urey-Miller Experiment, The first cell,
Evolution of prokaryotes, Origin of eukaryotic cells.

• Paleontology and Evolutionary History – The evolutionary time scale, Major events in the
evolutionary time scale, Stages in primate evolution. Evolution of Man. Human racial diversity. •
Molecular Evolution – Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks,
Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification, Protein and nucleotide sequence
analysis, origin of new genes and proteins, Gene duplication and divergence.

• Adaptive radiation, Isolating mechanisms, Speciation, Allopatric and Sympatric, Convergent

evolution, Sexual selection, Co-evolution. • Brain, Behaviour and Evolution – Approaches and
methods in the study of behaviour, Proximate and ultimate causation, Altruism and evolution-Group
selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism.

• Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal, Biological clocks. • Development of
behaviour, Social communication, Social dominance, Use of space and territoriality, Mating systems,
Parental investment and Reproductive success, Parental care, Aggressive behaviour, Habitat selection
and optimality in foraging, Migration, orientation and navigation, Domestication and behavioural
changes.

Emergence of evolutionary thoughts – Lamarck, Darwin–concepts of 100 marks

44 variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection,
12-09-2025 Spontaneity of mutations, the evolutionary synthesis. Origin of cells
and unicellular evolution – Origin of basic biological molecules,
Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers, Concept of
Oparin and Haldane, Urey-Miller Experiment, The first cell, Evolution
of prokaryotes, Origin of eukaryotic cells.
45 Paleontology and Evolutionary History – The evolutionary time scale,
17-09-2025 Major events in the evolutionary time scale, Stages in primate
evolution. Evolution of Man. Human racial diversity. Molecular
Evolution – Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and
molecular clocks, Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and
identification, Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis, origin of
new genes and proteins, Gene duplication and divergence.
46 Adaptive radiation, Isolating mechanisms, Speciation, Allopatric and
22-09-2025 Sympatric, Convergent evolution, Sexual selection, Co-evolution.
Brain, Behaviour and Evolution – Approaches and methods in the
study of behaviour, Proximate and ultimate causation, Altruism and
evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism.
47 Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal,
27-09-2025 Biological clocks. Development of behaviour, Social communication,
Social dominance, Use of space and territoriality, Mating systems,
Parental investment and Reproductive success, Parental care,
Aggressive behaviour, Habitat selection and optimality in foraging,
Migration, orientation and navigation, Domestication and
behavioural changes.
48
02-10-2025 UNIT 08 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit IX

BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY

• Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. • Stabilizing interactions – Van der Waals,
electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions etc. • Principles of biophysical chemistry –
pH, buffer reaction kinetics, thermodynamics and colligative properties.

• Composition, structure and functions of biomolecules – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic

acids and Vitamins. 43 • Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, couples reaction, group
transfer, biological energy transducers.

• Principle of catalysis, enzyme classification and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulators, mechanism of
enzyme action, isozymes, coenzymes and cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and inhibition. Metabolism of
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.

Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. Stabilizing 150 marks

49 interactions – Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding,
 07-10-2025 hydrophobic interactions etc. Principles of biophysical chemistry –
pH, buffer reaction kinetics, thermodynamics and colligative
properties.
50 Composition, structure and functions of biomolecules –
12-10-2025 Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Vitamins. 43
Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, couples
reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers.
51 Principle of catalysis, enzyme classification and enzyme kinetics,
17-10-2025 enzyme regulators, mechanism of enzyme action, isozymes,
coenzymes and cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and inhibition.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.
52
22-10-2025 UNIT 09 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit X

BIOSTATISTICS

• Collection of Data – Primary data and Secondary data, Methods of collecting Primary data and
Sources of Secondary data, Concept of Statistical Population and Sample, Census and Sampling
Methods. Variable – Discrete and Continuous.

• Classification of Data – Types of classification, Characteristics of Frequency Distribution. •

Presentation of Data – Tabulation – Parts and types of tables. Diagrams – One dimensional diagrams
– Bar diagram, Two-dimensional diagrams – Pie Chart. Graphs – Histogram, Frequency Polygon,
Frequency Curve, Ogives.

• Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central Tendency – Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode
(Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete and continuous data). • Measures of
Dispersion – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation (Properties and
Computation for unclassified, discrete and continuous data).

• Correlation – types, methods for measuring correlation and computation of Karl Pearson’s
coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation. • Simple Regression – Regression coefficients,
Regression equations (including computation), Regression lines.

• Probability – Addition and Multiplication rule, Permutation and Combination. Probability

distributions – Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Properties of Normal distribution. •
Inferential Statistics – Hypothesis testing – Null and alternative hypothesis, Levels of Significance,
Degrees of freedom, errors. Parametric and Non parametric tests – Steps in hypothesis testing.

• Student’s ‘t’ test – Population and Sample Means, Means of Independent samples, Means of
Dependent samples. • Chi square test for predicted expected values and goodness of fit for pre fixed
ratio. • F-test and ANOVA – One way and Two way analysis.

Collection of Data – Primary data and Secondary data, Methods of 150 marks
53 collecting Primary data and Sources of Secondary data, Concept of
27-10-2025 Statistical Population and Sample, Census and Sampling Methods.
Variable – Discrete and Continuous.
54 Classification of Data – Types of classification, Characteristics of
01-11-2025 Frequency Distribution. Presentation of Data – Tabulation – Parts
and types of tables. Diagrams – One dimensional diagrams – Bar
 diagram, Two-dimensional diagrams – Pie Chart. Graphs –
Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve, Ogives.
55 Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central Tendency – Arithmetic
06-11-2025 Mean, Median and Mode (Properties and Computation for
unclassified, discrete and continuous data). Measures of Dispersion –
Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation
(Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete and
continuous data).
56 Correlation – types, methods for measuring correlation and
11-11-2025 computation of Karl Pearson’s coefficient and Spearman’s rank
correlation. Simple Regression – Regression coefficients, Regression
equations (including computation), Regression lines.
57 Probability – Addition and Multiplication rule, Permutation and
16-11-2025 Combination. Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson and
Normal distributions, Properties of Normal distribution. Inferential
Statistics – Hypothesis testing – Null and alternative hypothesis,
Levels of Significance, Degrees of freedom, errors. Parametric and
Non parametric tests – Steps in hypothesis testing.
58 Student’s ‘t’ test – Population and Sample Means, Means of
21-11-2025 Independent samples, Means of Dependent samples. Chi square test
for predicted expected values and goodness of fit for pre fixed ratio.
F-test and ANOVA – One way and Two way analysis.
59
26-11-2025 UNIT 10 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit XI

BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Recombinant DNA technology – Molecular tools, host cells, Isolation and purification of nucleic
acids, Cloning vectors, methods of gene transfer. Gene cloningstrategies,Blottingtechniques,
PCR,genelibraries,screeningstrategies. DNA sequencing methods, Protein sequencing methods,
methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, micro array
based techniques. Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD
and AFLP techniques. Human Genome project.

• Biotechnology in health care – Gene therapy, DNA in the diagnosis of genetic diseases. DNA finger
printing. Pharmaceutical Products of DNA Technology – Human protein replacements and
therapeutic agents for human diseases. Insulin, Recombinant vaccines, production of monoclonal
antibodies.

• Microbial Fermentation Technology – Production of low and high molecular weight

compounds.EnzymeTechnology – Commercial production of enzymes, immobilization of enzymes
and cells, therapeutic applications, Biosensors, Bioreactors.

• Animal cell culture methods and Applications, Transgenic animals. • Biodegradation and
Bioremediation. IPR, Patenting, Trade Mark, Copy rights. GMOs and GM foods–Pros and Cons.
Microbial warfare, Microbial weapons, bioterrorism.

Recombinant DNA technology – Molecular tools, host cells, Isolation 150 marks
60 and purification of nucleic acids, Cloning vectors, methods of gene
 01-12-2025 transfer. Gene cloningstrategies,Blottingtechniques,
PCR,genelibraries,screeningstrategies. DNA sequencing methods,
Protein sequencing methods, methods for analysis of gene
expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, micro
array based techniques. Isolation, separation and analysis of
carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
Human Genome project.
61 Biotechnology in health care – Gene therapy, DNA in the diagnosis of
06-12-2025 genetic diseases. DNA finger printing. Pharmaceutical Products of
DNA Technology – Human protein replacements and therapeutic
agents for human diseases. Insulin, Recombinant vaccines,
production of monoclonal antibodies.
62 Microbial Fermentation Technology – Production of low and high
11-12-2025 molecular weight compounds.EnzymeTechnology – Commercial
production of enzymes, immobilization of enzymes and cells,
therapeutic applications, Biosensors, Bioreactors.
63 Animal cell culture methods and Applications, Transgenic animals.
16-12-2025 Biodegradation and Bioremediation. IPR, Patenting, Trade Mark,
Copy rights. GMOs and GM foods–Pros and Cons. Microbial warfare,
Microbial weapons, bioterrorism.
64
21-12-2025 UNIT 11 FULL TEST 150 MARKS

Unit XII

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

• Histochemical and Immuno techniques – Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA,
RIA, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immune fluorescence microscopy, detection of
molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.

• Biophysical Method – Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR
and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular
analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance
methods.

• Radiolabeling techniques – Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes

normally used in Biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular
imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.

• Microscopic techniques – Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy,

resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission
microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture
methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.

Histochemical and Immuno techniques – Antibody generation, 150 marks

65 Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, immunoprecipitation, flow
26-12-2025 cytometry and immune fluorescence microscopy, detection of
molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH
and GISH.
66 Biophysical Method – Molecular analysis using UV/visible,
31-12-2025 fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy
 Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR,
Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass
spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods.
67 Radiolabeling techniques – Detection and measurement of different
types of radioisotopes normally used in Biology, incorporation of
radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of
radioactive material, safety guidelines.
68 Microscopic techniques – Visualization of cells and subcellular
components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different
microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission
microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-
etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM, image processing methods
in microscopy.
69

UNIT FULL TEST

00-00-0000 UNIT 1 and 2 150 MARKS

70
71 UNIT 3 and 4 150 MARKS
72 UNIT 5 and 6 150 MARKS
73 UNIT 7 and 8 150 MARKS
74 UNIT 9 and 10 150 MARKS
75 UNIT 11 and12 150 MARKS

❖ குறிப் பு :-

தேர்வு எண் 67 முேல் 75 வரர உள் ள முழு மாதிரி தேர்வு

பயிற் சிக்கான தேதி பின்னர் அறிவிக்கப் படும் .

ஆசிரியர்கள் கவனே்திற் கு :

✓ தேர்வு அறிவிப் ரப பபாறுே்து இந் ே அட்டவரணயானது

மாற் றங் களுக்கு உட்படும் .

✓ தேர்வு அட்டவரணயில் ஏதேனும் மாற் றங் கள் இருப் பின் நிர்வாகே்தின்

முடிவுகளுக்கு உட்பட்டது.

பயிற் சி கட்டண விதிமுரறகள் :

✓ ஆன்ரலன் Online Mode Test Batch க்கு குரறவான கட்டணம் என்போல்

பயிற் சி கட்டணே்ரே ஒரு ேவரணயாக மட்டுதம பெலுே்ே தவண்டும் .

✓ ோங் கள் பெலுே்திய பயிற் சிக் கட்டணம் எக்காரணம் பகாண்டும்

திருப் பிே்ேரபடமாட்டாது.

✓ உங் கள் பயிற் சி கட்டணம் இந் ே தேர்வு அட்டவரணக்கு மட்டுதம.

✓ நீ ங் கள் தவறு ஏதேனும் தேர்வு அட்டவரணக்கு மாறினாதலா அல் லது

இரடநிறுே்ேம் பெய் து திரும் பி வந் ோதலா மீண்டும் புதிோக பயிற் சி
கட்டணம் பெலுே்தி மட்டுதம தெர்ந்து பகாள் ள முடியும் .
✓ தமற் கண்ட இந் ே தேர்வு அட்டவரணரய பின்பற் றுபவர்கள் தவறு
தேர்வு அட்டவரணக்கு மாற இயலாது என்பரே நன்கு அறிந் து
பகாள் ளவும் .

✓ நீ ங் கள் தவறு ஏதேனும் தேர்வு அட்டவரணக்கு மாற விரும் பினால்

புதிய தேர்வு கால அட்டவரண பயிற் சி கட்டணே்ரே பெலுே்தி மட்டுதம
இரணய முடியும் .

✓ ஆசிரியர்கள் ஒரு தேர்வு எழுதினாலும் இரண்டு மூன்று தேர்வு

எழுதினாலும் பயிற் சி கட்டணம் குரறக்கப் பட மாட்டாது.

✓ ஆன்ரலன் மாதிரி தேர்வு பயிற் சி கட்டணம் Online Mode Test Batch

குரறவான கட்டணம் என்போல் அதிக கட்டண ெலுரக வழங் க
இயலாது.

✓ தமற் கண்ட தேர்வு பயிற் சி கால அட்டவரணயில் ஏதேனும் மாற் றங் கள்
இருப் பின் தேர்வு அறிவிப் புக்கு ேகுந் ேவாறு சீரரமப் பு கால பயிற் சி
அட்டவரண பதிதவற் றம் பெய் யப் படும் , அது நிர்வாகே்தின்
முடிவுகளுக்கு உட்பட்டது.

✓ ோங் கள் அரசுே் தேர்வில் பவற் றி பபற் ற பின் ேங் களது புரகப் படம்
நமது SSR-IAS EDUCATION - யால் பயன்படுே்திக் பகாள் ளப் படும் .

ஆன்ரலன் பயிற் சியில் இரணந் து பகாள் ளும் முரற

Step : 1 - தேர்வு பயிற் சி கால அட்டவரணரய (Schedule)ரய முழுவதும்

நான்றாக படிக்கவும் . தேர்வு கால அட்டவரணயில் அல் லது ெந் தேகம்
இருந் ோல் +91 9486622510 (or) +91 9489535485 இந் ே நம் பரில் வாட்ஸ் அப்
பெய் யவும் .

Step : 2 - தேர்வுக் கட்டணம் பெலுே்தும் மாணவர்கள் G-pay (or) Phone Pe (or)

Paytm மூலம் தேர்வு கட்டணம் பெலுே்தும் தபாது Screenshot ல் மாணவர்
பபயர் தேர்வு பயிற் சி பபயர் மாணவர் வாட்ஸ் அப் எண்ரண பதிவு
பெய் து கட்டணம் பெலுே்ே தவண்டும் .

Step : 3 - ஆன்ரலன் மாதிரிே் தேர்வு எழுதுவேற் கான பயிற் சி

கட்டணே்ரே வங் கியில் (அ) கூகுள் தப - யிதலா பெலுே்தி அேற் கான ரசீது
அல் லது ஆோரே்ரே (Screenshot) தேர்வு பயிற் சி வாட்ஸ் அப் எண்ணில்
அனுப் பி பதிவு பெய் ய தவண்டும் .

Step : 4 - பின்னர் அந் ே வாட்ஸ் அப் எண்ணில் இருந் து உங் களுக்கு

தெர்க்ரகக்கான Online Test Batch Joining ேகவல் 24 மணி தநரே்திற் குள்
அனுப் பப் படும் . அந் ே Online Test Batch ல் தபாதுமான ேகவல் கள் பதிவு
பெய் யப் படும் . நீ ங் கள் எவ் வாறு பயிற் சி மற் றும் தேர்ரவ அணுகும்
முரற பற் றிய ேகவல் கள் அரனே்தும் பதியப் படும் .
Step : 5 - உங் கள் Passport Size (புரகப் படம் ) மற் றும் ID Proof கட்டாயம்
ஆன்ரலன் பயிற் சி இரணயும் தபாது பதிவு பெய் ய தவண்டும் .
பயிற் சியில் இரணய கட்டாயம் புரகப் படம் அனுப் ப தவண்டும் .

Step : 6 - தேர்வு பயிற் சி கால அட்டவரண படி உங் களுக்கு வினாக்கள்

அனுப் பி ரவக்கப் படும் . தேர்வு எழுதி அனுப் பும் விதிமுரறகரள
பின்பற் றி தேர்வு பயிற் சியில் கலந் து பகாள் ளலாம் .

Step : 7 - நீ ங் கள் தேர்வு பயிற் சியில் இரணந் ே பின்னர் தேர்வு நடே்தும்

கண்காணிப் பாளர் உங் களுக்கு ஒரு பதிவு எண் (Enrollment Number)
வழங் குவார்.

Step : 8 - Test Batch க்கான கட்டணே்ரே பெலுே்திய பின் அேற் கான Payment
Receipt (or) Screenshot ரய Online Test Batch Incharge - +91 9486622510 (or) +91 9489535485
என்ற What's App நம் பர்களுக்கு முரறயாக அனுப் பி ேங் களுக்கான
Enrollment Number ஐ பபற் றுக் பகாள் ளவும் .

Step : 9 - முரறயாக Enrollment Number பபற் ற மாணவர்களுக்கு மட்டுதம

போடர்ந்து வரும் அடுே்ே அடுே்ே தேர்வுகளில் கட்டணெ் ெலுரக
வழங் கப் படும் .

Step : 10 - மாணவர்கள் Online Test Batch போடர்பான Registration & Enrollment

Number மற் றும் தவறு ஏதேனும் ெந் தேகங் கள் இருந் ோல் நம் அகாடமிரய
மட்டுதம அணுக தவண்டும் .

✓ அலுவலக எண் - +91 9489535485

✓ அலுவலக வாட்ஸ் அப் எண் - +91 9489535485

✓ மாதிரி தேர்வு பயிற் சி வாட்ஸ் அப் எண் :- +91 9486622510

✓ ஆன்ரலன் பயிற் சி போடர்பு எண் - +91 9486622510

✓ ஆன்ரலன் பயிற் சி வாட்ஸ் அப் எண் - +91 9486622510

✓ Enquiry Number 24×7 :- +91 9500978417