ARCHITECTURE

-​ Art, Science or Profession of planning, designing and constructing buildings in their

totality taking into account their environment in accordance with the principles Utility,
Strength and Beauty.

Vitruvian Principles of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

●​ Utilitas "Utility "/ "Usefulness"
●​ Firmitas: "Strength" / "Durability"
●​ Venustas: "Beauty"

Architect
-​ the only professional mandated by law (RA 9266) to practice architecture in the
philippines.
-​ the only professional academically and professionally trained to perform architectural
services.
-​ plans and designs buildings taking into account their environment and according to the
principles of utility, strength and beauty. an "architect" advocates fair and sustainable
development in terms of space, forms and historical context.

Client to Architect to Engineer’s Relationship

Building Materials
●​ Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)
-​ Thickness: 4’ (100mm) & 6” (150mm)
-​ Dimensions: 200mm x 400mm
●​ Deformed Reinforced Steel Bar (DRSB)
-​ Lengths: 6m, 7.5m, 9m & 12m
●​ Coco Lumber
-​ Lengths: 8’, 10’ &12’
-​ Dimensions: 2”x2”, 2”x3”, 2”x4”, 2”x6”, 2”x8”
​
Board Feet Formula:
= Thickness (inch) x Width (inch) x Length (foot)
​ ​ ​ 12
●​ Plywood & Plyboard
-​ Type: Ordinary Grade & Marine Grade
-​ Dimensions: 4’ (1.2m) x 8’ (2.4m)
●​ Angle Bar
-​ Length: 20’ (6m)
-​ Dimension: ¾” x ¾”, 1”x1”, 1-½”x1-½”, 3”x3”
-​ Thickness: 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 3.5mm - 11mm
●​ Cee Purlins
-​ Length: 20’ (6m)
-​ Dimension: 2”x3”, 2”x4” - 2’’x7”
-​ Thickness: 1mm, 1.2mm, 1.35mm, 1.5mm & 1.88mm
●​ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
-​ Length: 10’ (3m)
-​ Diameter:2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, & 8 (plumbing)
-​ Thickness: sch 20, sch40 & sch60
●​ Galvanize Iron (G.I) Pipe
-​ Length: 20’ (6m)
-​ Diameter: ½” - 3”
-​ Thickness: sch 20, sch40 & sch60
●​ Porcelain Tile
-​ usually contains notable levels of quartz and feldspar mixed in.
-​ a special kaolin clay mixture is used, which is finer and purer than most ceramic
clay.
-​ fired at temperatures ranging from 2,200 to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.
-​ Water Absorption: 0.5% or less
●​ Ceramic Tile
-​ uses a coarser clay with a smaller ratio of fine kaolin clay.
-​ fired at lower temperatures, generally no more than 1,650 degrees Fahrenheit.
-​ Water Absorption: >0.5%
Major Parts of the Building
●​ Superstructure
-​ The above ground portion of the building.
●​ Substructure
-​ Habitable below ground portion of the building
●​ Foundation
-​ Components of the building that transfers the load into the soil/ground/earth.
 3 Types of Substructures
●​ Slab on Grade
-​ most economical under many circumstances esp. where the water table
lies near the surface of the ground
●​ Crawl Space
-​ often used under a floor structure of wood or steel, and gives much better
access to underfloor piping and wiring than a slab on grade
●​ Basement
-​ provide usable space for building occupants

Site Preparations
●​ SITE INVESTIGATION
-​ Establish property line, Vegetation, Access, Topography
●​ SOIL INVESTIGATION
-​ Type of soil, Water saturation
●​ SITE LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
-​ Topography
●​ TEMPORARY WATER AND ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
-​ Masonry works, Sanitation
●​ MATERIALS STORAGE
-​ Protection from rain and direct sunlight exposure
●​ SITE OFFICE ACCOMMODATION
-​ For stay in construction workers, Storage for construction documents &
coordination meeting

Early Stages of the Construction

●​ Site Layout
-​ Secure Government permits.
-​ Relocate the boundaries.
-​ Clear the site from any obstacles (Cutting trees-DENR)
-​ Establish temporary electricity & water.
-​ Provide temporary fence for security.
-​ Determine setbacks
-​ Establish the initial reference lines of the building
●​ Excavation
-​ The digging and removal of earth (soil) from its natural position producing cavity
of such removal.
Types of Excavation
●​ Minor excavation
-​ Construction having independent column footing (CF) and concrete hollow block
wall footing (WF), where the digging of the soil for extends to a depth ranging
from 1.0m to 1.8m for CF and 50m to.70m for the WF
●​ Major excavation
-​ Construction that requires wide excavation or total extraction.
-​ When the area of the construction site is big enough to accommodate multiple
activities.
-​ The use of heavy equipment and having a depth of 2.4m and above.

Foundation
-​ Components of the building that transfers the load (live & dead) to the earth/ground/soil

Types of Foundation
●​ Shallow foundation
-​ a foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and
transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.
○​ Column footing
-​ a square block of concrete, with or without steel reinforcing, that
accepts the concentrated load placed on it from above by a
building column and spreads this load across an area of soil large
enough that the allowable bearing stress of the soil is not
exceeded.
○​ Wall Footing
-​ a continuous strip of concrete that serves the same function for a
load bearing wall.

❖​ Footings cannot legally extend beyond a property line, even for a building built
tightly against it. If the outer toe of the footing were simply cut off at the property
line, the footing would not be symmetrically loaded by the column or wall and
would tend to rotate and fail
❖​ To minimize settlement, footings are usually placed on undisturbed soil.
❖​ Under some circumstances, footings may be constructed over engineered fill,
which is earth that has been deposited under the supervision of a soils engineer.
●​ Deep foundation
-​ a foundation system that extends down through unsuitable soil to transfer
building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum well below the
superstructure.
●​ Caissons
-​ a hollow foundation system, impervious to water, which is fabricated, sunk
into the ground and emptied of soil and water to allow construction work
within.
-​ similar to a column footing in that it spreads the load from a column over a
large enough area of soil that the allowable stress in the soil is not
exceeded.
-​ constructed by drilling (by using auger bit/drills) or hand-digging a hole,
belling (flaring) the hole out at the bottom as necessary to achieve the
required bearing area, and filling the hole with concrete.

●​ Piles
-​ any vertical structural member of concrete, steel or timber used in series
as a foundation on types of soil with poor or uneven bearing capacity
-​ it transmits building loads deep into the ground or to bedrock, or functions
as an earth retaining structure; vertically loaded piles are generally called
bearing or foundation pile.
MASONRY
-​ any construction in laid bricks, blocks or stone. Building with units of various natural or
manufactured products such as stone, brick, or concrete block, usually with the use of
mortar as a bonding agent.
●​ Mortar and grout structurally bind masonry units together, whereas concrete is usually
itself a structural material.
Mortar
-​ coarse cement consisting of a binder, fine aggregate and water used for bedding and
jointing of masonry work and filing
Grout
-​ a liquid mixture of cement and water used for filling cracks, joints and voids in masonry
and concrete construction, and for cementing components in place or a soft flowing
slurry of cement, sand and water injected into voids in unstable ground to provide
support and reinforcement
Masonry anchorage and reinforcing
-​ Masonry construction has not always required the inclusion of metal components.
-​ Contemporary masonry walls require ties between the inner and outer wythes, which are
then anchored to the structural frame. Many design professionals use the term "wall tie"
and "anchor" interchangeably: in practice "ties" are of a lighter gauge material than
anchors. Both ties and anchors transfer load to structural framing or other structural
members.
-​ Anchors and ties with flexible components may accommodate limited differential
movement between the structural frame and the masonry wall by allowing for in plane
movement.
Wythe
-​ A continuous vertical section of a masonry wall one unit in thickness.
Composite Masonry Walls
-​ For an optimum balance between appearance and economy, solid masonry walls of
more than one wythe may be constructed as composite masonry walls, with an outer
wythe of stone or face brick and a backup wythe of hollow concrete masonry.
Masonry Cavity Walls
-​ Every masonry wall is porous to some degree. Some water will find its way through even
new masonry if the wall is wetted for a sustained period
-​ Older masonry walls and walls that are imperfectly constructed will allow even more
water to pass. A cavity wall prevents water from reaching the interior of the building by
interposing a hollow space between the outside and inside wythes of the wall.
Masonry Loadbearing Walls
-​ Walls constructed of brick, stone, or concrete masonry can be used to support roof and
structures of wood light framing, heavy timber framing, steel, site cast concrete, Precast
conerete, or masonry vaulting.
Reinforced Masonry Walls
-​ Loadbearing masonry walls may be built with or without reinforcing. Unreinforced
masonry walls, however, cannot carry such high compressive stresses as reinforced
walls, and they have little ability to resist tension forces
Concrete
-​ a mixture of sand, aggregate, cement and water, often including admixtures, which sels
to form a hard, versatile building material, mainly used for its structural properties.
-​ Concrete is a durable material that can be used to construct buildings that are
long-lasting and suitable for adaptation and reuse, thereby reducing the environmental
impacts of building demolition and new construction.

Cement + water = Cement paste / grout

Cement + water + sand = Cement mortar
Cement + water + sand coarse aggregate = Concrete

Cast in place concrete

-​ Cast in place concrete includes concrete mixture placement.
-​ Finishing and curing for Architectural, structural and specialty placed concrete.
-​ The concrete mixture generally includes aggregate, cement and additives
Formworks
-​ casing, mold shuttering;
-​ concreting molds of boarding, sheet material or specialized construction to give
temporary support for in-site concrete while it hardens.
-​ concrete when first mixed is a fluid and therefore to form any concrete member the wet
concrete must be placed in a suitable mold to retain its shape, size and position as it
sets.
Handling and placing concrete
-​ Freshly mixed concrete is not a liquid but a slurry
-​ a semis table mixture of solids suspended in liquid.
-​ If it is vibrated excessively, moved horizontally for long distances in the forms, or
dropped through constrained spaces, it is likely to segregate, which means that the
Coarse aggregate works its way to the bottom of the form and the water and cement
paste rise to the top. The result is concrete of non uniform & generally unsatisfactory
properties
-​ Segregation is prevented by depositing the concrete, fresh from the mixer, as close to its
final position as possible.
Curing concrete
-​ Because concrete cures by hydration, the chemical bonding of the water and cement,
and not by simple drying, it is essential that it be kept moist until its required strength
achieved
-​ The curing reaction takes place over a very long period of time, but concrete is
commonly designed on the basis of the strength that it reaches after 28 days
WOOD CONSTRUCTION

Wood
-​ a fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between
the pitch and the bark.
-​ defined as the lignified water conducting, strengthening and storage tissues of branches,
stem and roots of trees.
-​ Technically, wood is known as Xylem

❖​ Wood is perhaps the best loved of all the materials that we use for building. It delights
the eye with its endlessly varied colors and grain patterns. It invites the hand to feel its
subtle warmth and varied textures. When it is fresh from the saw, its fragrance enchants.
We treasure its natural, organic qualities and take pleasure in its genuineness. Even as it
ages, bleached by the sun, eroded by rain, worn by the passage of feet and the rubbing
of hands, we find beauty in its transformations of color and texture.

Wood is the most common material because of the following properties:

1.​ Strong material
2.​ Availability
3.​ Light weight
4.​ Ease of use
5.​ Very good aesthetic properties

The Advantages of Wood as a Building Material:

1.​ In proportion to weight, wood is stronger than most materials.
2.​ Wood is easily worked with tools, it can be fabricated into many shapes, sizes and
designs.
3.​ Wood is excellent non conductor of heat. It has soecial value in making dwellings,
warm in winter and cool in summer.
4.​ The grains and appearance is conducive to artistic and architectural design, adding
beauty and attraction to furniture and interior finishes
5.​ It is abundant in many shapes, sizes and forms and is a renewable resource.
 6.​ The use of timber connectors in wide trusses and spans, towers and general
construction permits the use of small wood members.
7.​ Wood does not deteriorate in value if properly handled and protected
8.​ It is not readily affected by changing values.
9.​ It has prompt resale value.
10.​With proper treatment neither heat, cold nor climate changes may seriously affect
the wood

Physical Properties of Wood

Strength is the general term used in reference to the ability of wood to resist stresses and strain.
Different wood varies materially in the following manner.
●​ Wood is resistant to compression along the fibers.
●​ Stiffness of the ability to resist bending in floor joists and beams supporting heavy
load.
●​ Strength in tension or the ability to resist in the lengthwise stresses.
●​ Shearing strength or the ability of the fibers to resist rupture along or across the
grain.
1.​ Moisture
-​ an important factor in the strength of wood, for unstruction purposes majority
prefer almost dry or very less moisture content for stability.

2.​ Weight
-​ Also an important consideration. Heavy woods are generally strong, light wood
are usually weak

3.​ Hardness
-​ expressed as resistance to indention or to the saw or axe across the grain. This
feature is important in several methods of utilization such as flooring material,
furniture, framing or molding.

4.​ Cleavability
-​ the resistance of wood to cleavage along the grains. The line of least resistance
in cleavage is along the radius because the wood rays are in this direction.

5.​ Flexibility and Toughness

-​ moisture content of wood influences flexibility to a considerable degree.
-​ Toughness refers to the combined strength, shock resistance and pliability of
wood

6.​ Durability
-​ as applied to wood, means the ability to resist decay or simply the length of Its
life under given condition.
Classification of Wood
The wood that are classified as good lumber used in building construction are those that grows
larger by the addition of a new layer on the outer surface each year identified by botanists as
Oxogens.
1.​ Mode of growth
a.​ Exogenous are those outward growing trees which are the most preferred for
lumbering.
b.​ Endogenous are the inside growing trees. This kind of tree is less preferred for
lumbering because of the center core of its log which is soft and brittle in
character
2.​ Density
-​ refers to the quality of the mass and volume of therwood such as:
a.​ Softwood known also as conifers or evergreen
b.​ Hardwood which are generally deciduous and has a broad leaves
3.​ Leaves
-​ the characteristics of the tree when it comes to its leaves are:
a.​ needle shaped
b.​ broad shaped
4.​ Shades or Color
a.​ White
b.​ Yellow
c.​ Orange
d.​ Red
e.​ Brown
f.​ Black
5.​ Grain
a.​ Straight grain
b.​ Cross grain
c.​ Fine grain
d.​ Coarse grain
6.​ Nature of the surface when sewed:
a.​ Plain
b.​ Grained
c.​ Figured or marked
Softwoods and Hardwoods
Softwood
-​ come from coniferous trees and hardwoods from broad leafed trees.
-​ some coniferous trees may actually be harder than woods from some broad leafed trees.
-​ have a relatively simple microstrulfure, consisting mainly of large longitudinal cells
(tracheids) together with a small percentage of radial cells (rays), whose function is the
storage and radial transfer of nutrients
-​ Most of the lumber used today for building framing comes from softwoods, which are
comparatively plentiful and inexpensive. For the furniture and interior finish details
hardwoods are often chosen.
Hardwood
-​ are more complex in structure, with a much larger percentage of rays and two different
types of longitudinal cells: small-diameter fibers and large diameter vessels or
pores, which transport the sap of the tree (When cut into lumber, softwoods generally
have a coarse and relatively uninteresting grain structure, while many hardwoods show
beautiful patterns of rays and vessels

Wood light frame construction

-​ the first uniquely American building system
-​ developed in the first half of the 19th century when builders recognized that the closely
spaced vertical members used to infill the walls of a heavy timber building frame were
themselves sufficiently strong that the heavy posts of the frame could be eliminated.
-​ easily and swiftly constructed with a minimal investment in tools
-​ has its deficiencies: If ignited, it burns rapidly; if exposed to dampness, it decays. It
expands and contracts by significant amounts in response to changes in humidity,
sometimes causing chronic difficulties with cracking plaster, sticking doors, and buckling
floors.
Balloon framing
-​ A wooden building frame having studs that rise the full height of the frame from the
sill plate to the roof plate, with joists nailed to the studs and supported by sills or by
ribbons let into the studs.
-​ a form of timber frame construction in which vertical studs rise from sole plate to header
plate through two or more stories; intermediate floors are carried on wall plates nailed to
the inside face of the studs.

Platform framing
-​ western framing; a form of multi-storey timber frame construction in which single-storey
stud walls bear on the floor or platform constructed at the level Below.
-​ A wooden building frame having studs only one story high, regardless of the stories
built, each story resting on the top plates of the story below or on the sill plates of the
foundation wall.
-​ Also called western frame
Wood floor system
-​ The platform structure of the building suspended by post/column, walls and beams
Considerations:
1.​ Live load
-​ movable loads imposed on the structure.
2.​ Dead load
-​ refers to static load, such as the weight of the construction materials
3.​ Sizing and spacing of the structural members
-​ Its strength and capability to carry the load at a certain spacing
4.​ Span of the supports
-​ distance between post/columns or supporting walls.

Wood floor system

Joist
-​ any series of small parallel "beams" for supporting a floor.
Draft stop
-​ a piece of lumber used to dress up the edge of the joist
Tail joist/piece
-​ a relatively short joist supported by a header or joist at one end and a wall at the
other end
Trimmer
-​ a joist supporting one end of header at the edge of an opening in a floor.
Header
-​ a framing member crossing and supporting the ends of joist to transfer the weight
to parallel joist
Wood Wall System
Wood ceiling system
-​ the upper horizontal construction or surface in an interior space usually suspended.
-​ The ceiling surface is an important functional component of a room. It helps control the
diffusion of light and sound about the room.
-​ It may play a role in preventing the passage of sound vertically between the rooms
above and below, and horizontally between rooms on either side of a partition.

Suspended ceiling
-​ A ceiling suspended from an overhead floer or roof structure to provide space for pipes,
ductwork lighting fixtures, or other service equipment.
-​ Suspended ceilings can be made of almost any material; the ones most widely used are
gypsum board, plaster, and various proprietary panels and tiles composed of
incombustible materials.

Wood roof system

-​ the top of a building which provide shelter against the elements.

Wood truss system

-​ a structural element consisting of a number of members pin-jointed at their ends to form
a beam which resists loads by means of triangulation
Roof considerations
-​ Initial and life cycle cost
-​ Reliability
-​ Structural capacity
-​ Fire resistance
-​ Environmental conditions (wind speed, location & weather)
-​ Building height
-​ Future access
-​ Thermal performance
-​ Building code