Dilla University

Collage of Engineering & Technology

School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS I & II

Lecturer: Samuel T.
Mobile No: 0916-18-56-56
Email:[email protected]
 General objective/Competency
• Knowledge of designing products, usage, and repairing of machines
tools and machineries.

• Testing and inspection of products.

• To determine compliance/ stiffness of products with specifications.

• To identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.

• To design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret

data.

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 Learning Outcomes
• Analyze the stress-strain relationship in various structural members subjected to single and
combined loadings; axial load, torsion, bending and shear load.

• Design for dimension and strength of structural members subjected to various external loads,
determine their deformation, and select the suitable material for a specific engineering application.

• Analyze the stress and strain transformation at a point in two dimensions and determine the
principal stresses/strains and their orientation.

• Understanding the different method of energy method and its application on deflection
solving

• Apply different methods to solve for the deflection of statically indeterminate beam and the
reactions, shear force and bending moment of statically indeterminate beams.

• Analyzing a beam of different shape (curved) and a beam with symmetric and non – symmetrical
cross sections

• Apply different theories and technics to analyze the effect of torsion on Non-circular and thin-
walled section.

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 Part I

Strength of Materials I

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 Outlines

• Introduction

• Stress and Strain -Axial Loading

• Torsion

• Pure Bending

• Transformations of Stress and Strain

• Design of Beams and Shaft for Strength

• Deflections of Beams

• Columns 5
 Introduction
Concept of Elasticity and Plasticity

• Strength of Material is its ability to withstand and applied load

without failure.

• Elasticity: Property of material by which it return to its original shape

and size after removing the applied load , is called elasticity. And
material itself is said to elastic.

• Plasticity: Characteristics of material by which it undergoes inelastic

strains (Permanent Deformation) beyond the elastic limit, known as
plasticity. This property is useful for pressing and forging.

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 Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded member is
normal to a section cut perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal stress.

• Units: Usually N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2, MN/m2, GN/m2 or N/cm2

• Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa

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 Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if the concentrated
loads on the end sections of two-force members are applied at the
section centroids. This is referred to as centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded, then the resultant of the

stress distribution in a section must yield an axial force and a moment.

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 Shearing Stress
• Shear stresses are produced by equal and opposite parallel forces not in
line.

• The forces tend to make one part of the material slide over the other part.

• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and are called
shearing forces.

• The corresponding average shear stress is,

Single Shear
Double Shear 9
 Shear Strain
• It is defined as deformation per unit length.

• It is the ratio of change in length to original length.

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 Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact or
bearing surfaces of the members they connect.

• The resultant of the force distribution on the surface is equal and

opposite to the force exerted on the pin.

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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 Cont’d….
• In some of the ductile materials like low carbon steels, as the material
reaches the yield strength it starts yielding continuously even though
there is no increment in external load/stress. This flat curve in stress
strain diagram is referred as perfectly plastic region.

• After the stress in the specimen reaches a maximum value, called

ultimate strength, upon further stretching, the diameter of the
specimen starts decreasing fast due to local instability and this
phenomenon is called necking.

• The load required for further elongation of the material in the necking
region decreases with decrease in diameter and the stress value at
which the material fails is called the breaking strength. 13
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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 Hooke’s Law
• States that providing the limit of proportionality of a material is not
exceeded, the stress is directly proportional to the strain produced.

• If a graph of stress and strain is plotted as load is gradually applied,

the first portion of the graph will be a straight line.

• The slope of this line is the constant of proportionality called modulus

of Elasticity, E or Young’s Modulus.

• It is a measure of the stiffness of a material.

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 Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
• If the strain disappears when the stress is removed, the material is said
to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return to zero after the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave plastically.

• Elastic limit is different from YIELD STRESS, in which, its value is

less than that of yield stress.

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 Ultimate Strength
• The strength of a material is a measure of the stress that it can take
when in use.

• The ultimate strength is the measured stress at failure but this is not
normally used for design because safety factors are required.

• The normal way to define a safety factor is :

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Deformations Under Axial Loading

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 Problems
• A circular hollow tube made of steel is used to support a compressive
load of 500kN. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are 90mm
and 130mm respectively and its length is 1000mm. Due to
compressive load, the contraction of the rod is 0.5mm. Determine the
compressive stress and strain in the post.

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 Problems
• Consider a rod ABC with aluminum part AB and steel part BC having
diameters 25mm and 50 mm respectively as shown figure. Determine
the deflections of points A and B.

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 Multiple Choose
1. What is tensile strain?
A. The ratio of change in length to the original length

B. The ratio of original length to the change in length

C. The ratio of tensile force to the change in length
D. The ratio of change in length to the tensile force applied

2. Find the strain of a brass rod of length 250mm which is subjected to a tensile load
of 50kN when the extension of rod is equal to 0.3mm?
A. 0.025
B. 0.0012
C. 0.0046
D. 0.0014
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 cont’d….
3. Find the elongation of a steel rod of 100mm length when it is subjected to a
tensile strain of 0.005?
A. 0.2mm
B. 0.3mm
C. 0.5mm
D. 0.1mm

4. Strain is defined as the ratio of

A. Change in volume to original volume
B. Change in length to original length
C. Change in cross-sectional area to original cross-sectional area
D. Any one of the above
E. None of the above
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 cont’d….
5. Hooke’s law holds good up to
A. Yield point

B. Limit of proportionality
C. Breaking point
D. Elastic limit

E. Plastic limit

6. Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of

A. Volumetric stress and volumetric strain

B. Lateral stress and lateral strain
C. Longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain

D. Shear stress to shear strain

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E. Longitudinal stress and lateral strain
 cont’d….
7. The unit of Young’s modulus is
A. mm/mm

B. Pa/cm
C. N/cm2
D. N.cm2

8. It equal and opposite forces applied to a body tend to elongate it. the stress so
produced is called
A. Internal resistance
B. Tensile stress
C. Compressive stress
D. Working stress
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 cont’d….
9. The materials having same elastic properties in all directions are called
A. Ideal materials

B. Uniform materials
C. Isotropic materials
D. Elastic materials

10. If the radius of wire stretched by a load is doubled, then its Young’s modulus will be
A. Doubled

B. Halved
C. Become four times
D. Remain unaffected

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 cont’d….
11. In a tensile test on mild steel specimen, the breaking stress as compared to ultimate
tensile stress is
A. More
B. Less
C. Same
D. More/less depending on composition

12. The property of a material by virtue of which a body returns to its original, shape
after removal of the load is called
A. Plasticity

B. Elasticity
C. Ductility
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D. Malleability
 cont’d….
13. Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of
A. Longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain

B. Longitudinal strain and lateral strain

C. Lateral stress and longitudinal stress
D. Lateral strain and longitudinal stress

14. The change in the unit volume of a material under tension with increase in its
Poisson’s ratio will.
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Remain same
D. Increase initially and then decrease
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 cont’d….
15. Which point on the stress strain curve occurs after the proportionality limit?
A. Upper yield point

B. Lower yield point

C. Elastic limit
D. Ultimate point

16. Where is the necking region?

A. The area between lower yield point and upper yield point

B. The area between the plastic limit and elastic limit

C. The area between the ultimate point and initial point
D. The area between the ultimate point and rupture

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 cont’d….
17. The stress which acts in a direction perpendicular to the area is called ___________
A. Shear stress

B. Normal stress
C. Thermal stress
D. None of the mentioned

18. If a bar of large length when held vertically and subjected to a load at its lower end,
its won-weight produces additional stress. The maximum stress will be ___________
A. At the lower cross-section
B. At the built-in upper cross-section
C. At the central cross-section
D. At every point of the bar
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 cont’d….
19. The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite forces
which are acting tangentially across the resisting section resulting the shearing of the
body across its section is called ____________
A. Bending stress
B. Compressive stress
C. Shear strain
D. Shear stress

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 cont’d….
20. Which of the following stresses are associated with the tightening of a nut on a bolt?
P. Crushing and shear stress in threads

Q. Bending stress due to the bending of bolt

R. Torsional shear stress due to frictional resistance between the nut and the bolt
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

A. P and Q
B. P and R
C. Only P
D. Only R

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