Faculty of Dentistry
Dental Laboratory
materials - Part II
Dr. Abdulkareem Al Haj Ibrahim
BDS, MClinDent in Prosthodontics
Dental
waxes
Waxes: a low molecular weight ester of fatty acids with
monohydrate alcohol derived from natural and synthetic
components such as petroleum derivatives that softens to a
plastic state at a relatively low temperature.
Dental waxes: a mixture of two or more waxes with additives, It is
utilized in dentistry in a variety of ways.
Classification
according to
use
Processing Impression
Pattern wax
wax wax
Classification
according to
use
Processing Impression
Pattern wax
wax wax
Inlay Casting Base plate
Pattern wax
Used to form the general predetermined size and contour of
artificial dental restoration, which is to be constructed of a more
durable material.
Inlay pattern wax
• Forms
- Sticks pallets, tins
- Red, blue, green or purple
• Consistencies
- Hard, medium, soft, regular
• Application
- indirect and direct technique
- Inlay, onlay, crowns, and bridges
Inlay pattern wax
The pattern is waxed and embedded in an appropriate
investment material to form a mold with channel or sprue leading
from the outer surface of the investment mold to the pattern.
The wax is subsequently eliminated by heating & softening and
the mold is further conditioned to receive the molten metal
casting alloy.
Investment Materials
Investing: the process of covering or enveloping, wholly or in
part, an object such as denture, tooth, wax form, crown, etc. with
a suitable investment material before processing, soldering or
casting.
Investment Materials
Dental casting investment: A material consisting primarily of silica
and a bonding agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum (for
use in lower casting temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for
used in higher casting temperatures).
Casting wax
• Application
- Used for the metal framework
- complete and partial dentures
• Forms
- sheets and preformed shapes
Base plate wax
• Application
- It is mainly used in the techniques
of dentures construction (complete
and partial dentures)
• Forms
- sheets
Base plate wax
Classification
according to
use
Processing Impression
Pattern wax
wax wax
Boxing Utility Sticky Carding
Boxing wax
Utility wax
Sticky wax
Carding wax
Classification
according to
use
Processing Impression
Pattern wax
wax wax
Bite
Corrective
registration
Impression waxes
Bite registration wax
Corrective wax
Metals in
dentistry
Metal: A chemical substance that is a
good electrical and thermal
conductor, when is polished is a
good reflector of light.
Features
1. Shine
2. Some metals are resistant to
corrosion
3. Thermal conductor
4. Electrical conductor
5. Strength and rigidity
6. Ductile and malleable
Metals used in dentistry
Noble metals:
• Gold, palladium, platinum
• High resistivity to corrosion
Non-Noble metals:
• Titanium, nickel, copper, silver, zinc
• Provide rigidity and abrasion resistance of dental alloys.
Alloys
• Alloys: these are unions of two or more metallic elements
• Pure metals are rarely used in dentistry because they are
weaker than they are when mixed with other metals.
Classification of The Dental Alloys
• High noble alloys (precious metals): at least 60% noble. 40%
of which is gold. The remaining 40% is base metal
• Noble alloys (semiprecious metals): at least 25% noble (no
gold requirements). 75% base metal
• Non-Noble alloys (non-precious metals): Less than 25% noble
Changes in the metal structures
• lackluster: loss of gloss or sheen in an alloy or metal surface
• Pigmentation: partial impairment on the metal surface, or
color change.
• Corrosion: actual deterioration on a metal surface
Dental
ceramics
The term dental ceramics is used to describe materials including
porcelain and glass-ceramic materials that are employed in the
construction of tooth crowns, restorative components of teeth
and prosthetic teeth.
• Porcelain: tooth-colored dental ceramic materials that are
composed of feldspar, quartz, kaolin, and some pigments
• Ceramics: materials composed of metallic and non-metallic
oxide compounds
Dental ceramics has three basic requirements
Function (strength and biocompatibility)
Form (ability to form complex shapes)
Esthetics (color, translucency)
Classification
Three main groups:
1. Mostly glass ceramics
Have glass matrix with very few
2. Particle-filled glass crystalline and particles.
Zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide
3. Polycrystalline matrix with fillers.
Generally:
• The more esthetic the ceramic, the more glass it contains.
• The polycrystalline types are stronger
Uses of ceramics in dentistry
Crowns
Bridges
Uses of ceramics in dentistry
Inlays & Onlays
Veneers
Types of dental restorations
Porcelain fused to
Full metal All ceramic
metal restorations
restorations restorations
(PFM)
