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 foundations of
MULTICULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY

MultiCult_TitleP.indd 1 7/21/15 3:10 PM

 foundations of
MULTICULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY
RESEARCH TO INFORM
EFFECTIVE PRACTICE

TIMOTHY B. SMITH and JOSEPH E. TRIMBLE

American Psychological Association • Washington, DC

MultiCult_TitleP.indd 2 7/21/15 3:10 PM

Copyright © 2016 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except
as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the
process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by To order
American Psychological Association APA Order Department
750 First Street, NE P.O. Box 92984
Washington, DC 20002 Washington, DC 20090-2984
www.apa.org Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510
Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123
Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books
E-mail: [email protected]

In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from
American Psychological Association
3 Henrietta Street
Covent Garden, London
WC2E 8LU England

Typeset in Goudy by Circle Graphics, Inc., Columbia, MD

Printer: Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN

Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC

The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the authors, and such
opinions and statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American
Psychological Association.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Smith, Timothy B.
Foundations of multicultural psychology : research to inform effective practice /
Timothy B. Smith and Joseph E. Trimble.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4338-2057-1 — ISBN 1-4338-2057-9 1. Multiculturalism—Psychological
aspects. 2. Clinical psychology. 3. Counseling psychology. I. Trimble, Joseph E. II. Title.
HM1271.S6295 2016
305.8—dc23
2015011087

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record is available from the British Library.

Printed in the United States of America

First Edition

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14733-000
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments...................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1. Introduction: Multiculturalism in Psychology
and Mental Health Services.............................................. 3

I. Synthesis of Multicultural Research

on Therapist Characteristics .............................................................. 19
Chapter 2. Multicultural Education/Training and Experience:
A Meta-Analysis of Surveys and Outcome Studies........ 21
Chapter 3. Therapist Multicultural Competence: A Meta-Analysis
of Client Experiences in Treatment.................................... 49

II. Synthesis of Research on the Experiences of People

of Color With Mental Health Services ............................................ 65
Chapter 4. Mental Health Service Utilization Across Race:
A Meta-Analysis of Surveys and Archival Studies......... 67

v
Chapter 5. Participation of Clients of Color in Mental
Health Services: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment
Attendance and Treatment Completion/Attrition........ 95
Chapter 6. Matching Clients With Therapists on the
Basis of Race or Ethnicity: A Meta-Analysis
of Clients’ Level of Participation in Treatment............ 115
Chapter 7. Culturally Adapted Mental Health Services:
An Updated Meta-Analysis of Client Outcomes......... 129
Chapter 8. Acculturation Level and Perceptions of Mental
Health Services Among People of Color:
A Meta-Analysis........................................................... 145

III. Synthesis of Research on the Experiences

and Well-Being of People of Color ............................................... 165
Chapter 9. The Association of Received Racism With
the Well-Being of People of Color:
A Meta-Analytic Review.............................................. 167
Chapter 10. Ethnic Identity and Well-Being of People of Color:
An Updated Meta-Analysis.......................................... 181

IV. Foundations for the Future ............................................................ 207

Chapter 11. Philosophical Considerations for the Foundation
of Multicultural Psychology.......................................... 209
Chapter 12. Firming up the Foundation for an Evidenced-Based
Multicultural Psychology.............................................. 235
Appendix: General Methods of the Meta-Analyses (Chapters 2–10)......... 249
References................................................................................................. 253
Index......................................................................................................... 297
About the Authors................................................................................... 307

vi       contents
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the late 19th century, Lone Man (isna la wican), a Lakota spiritual
leader, is thought to have said, “I have seen that in any great undertaking it
is not enough for a man to depend upon himself.” The conceptualization,
preparation, and writing of this book depended on the research conducted
by hundreds of scholars from a variety of academic disciplines whose work
we synthesized. This book also depended on the monumental efforts of
many students who searched for the research and coded the manuscripts.
Several friends and colleagues provided thoughtful guidance, criticism,
and commentary along the way. We express our profound gratitude to all
those kindred spirits and others who guided us without our awareness.
To paraphrase Lone Man, we could not have completed this undertaking
without them.
Cindy Smith and Molly Trimble shared the ebb and flow of our frustra-
tions and enthusiasm for the book from the moment we decided to embark
on our venture. Their loving spiritual encouragement and wisdom enable us
in all ways.

vii
 We acknowledge the imperfections of this book, including the long
delays between the data analyses and the publication of this volume. Our
aim to conduct multiple meta-analyses proved overly ambitious, given per-
sonal circumstances and other professional obligations. We now depend on
our colleagues to use what we have offered to continue to improve the field,
the great undertaking of infusing multiculturalism in the mental health
professions.

viii       acknowledgments

 foundations of
MULTICULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY

MultiCult_TitleP.indd 1 7/21/15 3:10 PM

 1
INTRODUCTION:
MULTICULTURALISM IN PSYCHOLOGY
AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES

Recognizing that all behavior is learned and displayed in a cultural con-

text makes possible accurate assessment, meaningful understanding, and
appropriate intervention relative to that cultural context. Interpreting
behavior out of context is likely to result in misattribution.
—Paul Pedersen (2008, p. 15)

Imagine the work of a mental health professional who accepts a new

position in a close-knit community with cultural lifestyles very different from
mainstream society. The therapist was born and raised far from that commu-
nity but had been successful elsewhere. Although the therapist uses the same
approach and techniques that had previously worked well, most clients fail to
return after the first or second session. The few clients who remain in therapy
seem to understand the therapist’s intentions and respond to treatment, but
reluctantly, the therapist begins to face the fact that the approaches taken in
therapy do not align with the experiences and worldviews of most of the new
clients. The clients perceive situations in ways unanticipated by the therapist.
The clients’ explanations about emotional events seem peculiar to the thera-
pist, who realizes that trying to interpret the clients’ behavior, feelings, and
thoughts often results in misattributions. Desiring to better understand local
lifeways and thoughtways and to acquire the skills necessary to implement
that understanding, the therapist searches for evidenced-based guidelines

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14733-001
Foundations of Multicultural Psychology: Research to Inform Effective Practice, by T. B. Smith and J. E. Trimble
Copyright © 2016 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.

3
and resources in the professional mental health literature (G. C. N. Hall &
Yee, 2014). Where to begin?

MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING:

AN OVERVIEW

Multicultural psychology and counseling is an emerging discipline with

the potential to inform therapists of cultural considerations relevant to mental
health (Paniagua & Yamada, 2013). It is based on the premise that the ethical
provision of mental health services should include an accurate accounting of
clients’ cultural lifeways and thoughtways (Leong, Comas-Díaz, Hall, McLoyd,
& Trimble, 2014; Pedersen, 1999). As an emerging discipline, it has developed
guidelines for therapists seeking to be more effective in their work (American
Psychological Association [APA], 2003; G. C. N. Hall & Yee, 2014; Leong
et al., 2014; D. W. Sue & Sue, 2013), and it has become increasingly influential
across the mental health professions, most recently in the revised standards for
psychology graduate programs and internships (APA, 2014). Although excep-
tions persist, multicultural perspectives are becoming increasingly normative
among mental health professionals.
But to what extent are the tenets and guidelines for practice that have
arisen from multicultural perspectives based on research evidence? Psychologists
and other mental health professionals understand the benefits of using data to
inform practice and policy (APA 2005 Presidential Task Force on Evidence-
Based Practice, 2006), but to what extent has that occurred? A solid research
foundation is essential to the credibility and long-term effectiveness of multi-
cultural guidelines for practitioners.
A primary purpose of this volume is to summarize research data to inform
mental health practices relevant to client race and ethnicity, two delimited
aspects of multiculturalism. Using meta-analytic methods to summarize data
in Chapters 2 to 10, the book addresses questions that are fundamental to the
discipline. For instance, how large are racial discrepancies in mental health
service utilization and client retention, and what factors predict those racial
discrepancies? To what degree are perceptions of racism and ethnic iden-
tity associated with psychological well-being? To what extent can therapists’
training in multicultural issues and their level of multicultural competence
benefit diverse clients? These are among the key questions relevant not only
to the therapist described at the beginning of this chapter but also to every
therapist who works in a multicultural world.
Practitioners improve the effectiveness of their work when they under-
stand and apply research data (APA 2005 Presidential Task Force on Evidence-
Based Practice, 2006; G. C. N. Hall & Yee, 2014). The meta-analyses in

4       foundations of multicultural psychology

Chapters 2 through 10 of this book contain interpretations useful for prac-
titioners, students, and researchers. Practitioners and students need not be
experts in meta-analytic methods to understand the implications of the find-
ings, summarized at the end of each chapter. This book emphasizes research
findings, but that should benefit, not deter, mental health professionals seek-
ing answers. One need not be a researcher to benefit from research. The divide
between practitioners and researchers can be bridged. This book attempts to
construct a foundation for that bridge, but the reality is that research and
practice necessarily inform one another and have been doing so for decades.

Brief Historical Overview of Multiculturalism in Mental Health Services

Topics of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, religion and spirituality, sex-

ual orientation, and so forth were rarely covered in social science theories
and research until the second half of the 20th century. Mental health prac­
titioners and scholars often presumed that theories and research findings
could be applied to everyone, so they sought to establish “universal validity”
(Dawson, 1971, p. 291). Although they acknowledged that different cultures
exist around the world, most concerned themselves almost exclusively with
the majority population in their own narrow segment of the global society.
And they often reasoned that cultural influences were insufficiently strong to
merit serious consideration, let alone merit the time required to gain in-depth
familiarity and proficiency across cultures. Culture was seen as a nuance, with
the substance of theories and research presumed universal, enduring across
circumstances.
The rise of multicultural psychology and counseling in North America
came following the expansion of civil rights to historically oppressed popula-
tions and paralleled the diversification of the population in the final decades
of the last century. Mental health professionals began to realize that although
much of human experience is universal (e.g., we desire companionship and
grieve at its loss), interpretations of experience are informed by circumstances,
values, and worldviews that differ from culture to culture. “It is by no means
self-evident that a concept embodied in a theory that has its origins within a
particular culture can necessarily be operationalized into a conceptual equiva-
lent in a different culture” (Jahoda, 1979, p. 143). For instance, child rearing
is universally essential to human survival irrespective of culture, but child-
rearing practices differ dramatically from one culture to another (Whiting,
1963). Psychology that had ignored cultural differences was “guilty of suggestio
falsi [because] textbooks and articles commonly implied universality without
seeking to provide any grounds for their implicit claims” (Jahoda, 1988, p. 93).
Multiple factors influence emotional well-being and mental health, and the
field gradually began to account for those contextual variables.

introduction      5
 Inclusion of multicultural perspectives began to spread during the 1970s
when increased numbers of women and individuals from diverse backgrounds
received graduate degrees in the mental health professions and joined together
to form professional associations on multicultural issues. In 1972, for example, a
group of psychologists from different countries convened in Hong Kong to criti-
cally examine and discuss culture’s influence on the human experience (Lonner,
2000). The meeting led to the founding of the International Association for
Cross-Cultural Psychology. Two years earlier, the well-established and distin-
guished Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology was launched (Berry, Poortinga,
Segall, & Dasen, 1992). Many other organizations with an emphasis on multi­
cultural issues also established research journals because mainstream public­ations
did not represent those considerations. In 1974 the first issue of the Journal of
Black Psychology appeared. In 1978, the White Cloud Journal of American Indian/
Alaska Native Mental Health was founded (and was renamed American Indian
and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, the Journal of the National Center in
1987). The Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences and the Asian American Journal
of Psychology were first published in 1979. With publication outlets available,
opportunities for scholarship broadened.
During the 1980s and 1990s, the amount of research focusing on multi­
cultural issues increased markedly. Professional conferences such as the Winter
Roundtable at Teachers College, Columbia University, strengthened networks
and collaborations. Scholarly books began to appear with regularity. The APA
began publishing a series of annotated bibliographies to help cohere the accu­
mulated research findings. The series’ topics include African Americans (Evans
& Whitfield, 1988; Keita & Petersen, 1996), Hispanic/Latino(a) Americans
(Olmedo & Walker, 1990), Asian Americans (Leong & Whitfield, 1992), and
North American Indians (Trimble & Bagwell, 1995). By the end of the 1990s
APA’s Division 45 journal Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
had appeared (previously titled Cultural Diversity and Mental Health), and
three APA divisions sponsored the first National Multicultural Conference
and Summit. It had taken several decades, but multicultural perspectives had
achieved professional recognition (D. W. Sue, Bingham, Porché-Burke, &
Vasquez, 1999).

Brief Overview of Contemporary Contexts

Infusion of multiculturalism into mental health practices, training pro-

grams, and policies is underway. Mental health professionals increasingly
understand “that all behavior is learned and displayed in a cultural context”
and that accounting for clients’ cultures “makes possible accurate assessment,
meaningful understanding, and appropriate intervention relative to that cul-
tural context” (Pedersen, 2008, p. 15). Over the past 4 decades mental health

6       foundations of multicultural psychology

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 of whom there are probably more than a thousand. We are increasing
in numbers, and in gifts and blessings. New branches of the Church are
rising in many places, and great additions made to the old ones.
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the last eighteen months, and still we numbered at our conference, two
weeks ago, nearly sixteen hundred members, and between one and two
hundred officers; all these within one hour's journey of Manchester.

There has been a general time of pruning; we have cut off upwards of
one hundred members from this conference in a few months; this
causes the young and tender branches to grow with double vigor.

Thursday, 28.

Copy of a Letter of Attorney from Joseph Smith, "Sole Trustee in Trust

for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," to Reuben
McBride, of Kirtland, Ohio.

Know all men by these presents, that I, Joseph Smith, of Nauvoo,

Hancock county, and State of Illinois, "sole trustee in trust for the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," have made, constituted
and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint,
Reuben McBride, of Kirtland, Lake county, and state of Ohio, my true
and lawful attorney for me and in my name, and for my use as "sole
trustee in trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," to
ask, demand, sue for, recover, and receive all such sum or sums of
money, debts, goods, wares, and other demands which are or shall be
due, owing, payable, or belonging to me, as trustee in trust as
aforesaid, by any manner or means whatsoever; also, to dispose of in
my name, to grant, bargain, sell, release, and confirm all or any part of
my real estate as trustee in trust as aforesaid, in and about Kirtland,
Lake county, and state of Ohio, and throughout any of the northern and
eastern states, and to receive all such sum or sums of money accruing
therefrom, for me and for my use as sole trustee in trust for the Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and to take up the power of
attorney which I gave to Oliver Granger, and all the papers and
obligations of every description specified therein, or in his possession
by virtue thereof, and to settle the same in my name, for me and for my
 use as above described; and I, as trustee in trust as aforesaid, hereby
give and grant unto the said Reuben McBride, my attorney, full power
and authority in and about the premises, to have, use, and take all
lawful ways and means in my name for the purposes aforesaid, and
upon the receipt of any such debts, dues, or sums of money (as the
case may be), acquittances, or other sufficient discharges, for me and
in my name as aforesaid Trustee, to make and give, and generally to do
all other acts and things in the law whatsoever needful and necessary
to be done, in the before mentioned places, for me and in my name as
aforesaid Trustee, to do, execute, and perform, as fully and to all
intents and purposes, as I might or could do, if personally present.
Hereby ratifying all and whatsoever my said attorney shall, in the
place above specified, by virtue hereof.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 28th day
of October, 1841.

Joseph Smith, (L. S.)

Witness: John Taylor, John S. Fullmer.

Friday, 29.—Those of the Twelve Apostles who were in Nauvoo, met in

council.

Saturday, 30.—I attended the city council, and spoke against the council
remitting a fine assessed against John Eagle by a jury of twelve men,
considering that the jury might be as sensible men as any of the city
council, and I asked the council not to remit the fine.

Lyman Wight, Willard Richards, and Wilford Woodruff were elected

councilors, and Hiram Kimball and George W. Harris, Aldermen.

In obedience to an order from the mayor, I called out two companies of the
Nauvoo Legion, and removed a grog shop kept by Pulaski S. Cahoon,
which had been declared a nuisance by the city council.

Sunday, 31.—I was in council with the brethren at brother Hyrum's office.
Attended a council with the Twelve Apostles. Benjamin Winchester being
present, complained that he had been neglected and misrepresented by the
Elders, and manifested a contentious spirit. I gave him a severe reproof,
telling him of his folly and vanity, and showing him that the principles
which he suffered to control him would lead him to destruction. I counseled
him to change his course, govern his disposition, and quit his tale-bearing
and slandering his brethren.

I instructed the council on many principles pertaining to the gathering of the

nations, the wickedness and downfall of this generation, &c.

After having received the following minutes—"A conference was held at

Kirtland, Ohio, Oct. 2, 1841. Almon W. Babbitt, president, and William W.
Phelps, clerk. Resolved, that Thomas Burdick, Bishop of Kirtland, and his
counselors, be constituted a company to establish a press in Kirtland, and
publish a religious paper, entitled The Olive Leaf, and that the Saints
adjacent be solicited to carry the above resolution into effect"—my brother
Hyrum wrote to the brethren in Kirtland, of which the following is an
extract—

Excerpt of Hyrum Smith's Letter to the Saints in Kirtland—

Disapproving of Certain Plans for Building up Kirtland.

All the Saints that dwell in that land are commanded to come away, for
this is "Thus saith the Lord;" therefore pay out no moneys, nor
properties for houses, nor lands in that country, for if you do you will
lose them, for the time shall come, that you shall not possess them in
peace, but shall be scourged with a sore scourge; yet your children
may possess them, but not until many years shall pass away; and as to
the organization of that branch of the Church, it is not according to the
Spirit and will of God; and as to the designs of the leading members of
that branch relative to the printing press, and the ordaining of Elders,
and sending out Elders to beg for the poor, are not according to the
will of God; and in these things they shall not prosper, for they have
neglected the House of the Lord, the baptismal font, in this place,
wherein their dead may be redeemed, and the key of knowledge that
unfolds the dispensation of the fullness of times may be turned, and the
mysteries of God be unfolded, upon which their salvation, and the
 salvation of the world, and the redemption of their dead depends; for
"thus saith the Lord," there shall not be a general assembly for a
general conference assembled together until the House of the Lord and
the baptismal font shall be finished; and if we are not diligent the
Church shall be rejected, and their dead also, saith the Lord.
"Therefore, dear brethren, any proceedings of the Saints otherwise
than to put forth their hands with their might to do this work, is not
according to the will of God, and shall not prosper; therefore, tarry not
in any place whatever, but come forth unto this place from all the
world, until it is filled up, and polished, and sanctified according to my
word, saith the Lord. Come ye forth from the ends of the earth, that I
may hide you from mine indignation that shall scourge the wicked, and
then I will send forth and build up Kirtland, and it shall be polished
and refined according to my word; therefore your doings and your
organizations and designs in printing, or any of your councils, are not
of me, saith the Lord, even so. Amen."

Hyrum Smith,

Patriarch for the whole Church.

Monday, November 1.—I attended the city council, spoke and acted on
many local matters, and contended at great length against paying the owner
of a city nuisance, damages sustained by the removal of that nuisance.[1]

Sidney Rigdon resigned his seat in the city council, on account of ill health.

Tuesday, 2.—I executed letters today revoking the power of attorney given
to Almon W. Babbitt.

Saturday, 6.—Wilford Woodruff took the oath as a councilor in the city

council.

Sunday, 7.—Elder William O. Clark preached about two hours, reproving

the Saints for a lack of sanctity, and a want of holy living, enjoining
sanctity, solemnity, and temperance in the extreme, in the rigid sectarian
style.
I reproved him as Pharisaical and hypocritical and not
edifying the people; and showed the Saints what temperance, Reproof of
faith, virtue, charity, and truth were. I charged the Saints not William O.
Clark.
to follow the example of the adversary in accusing the
brethren, and said, "If you do not accuse each other, God will
not accuse you. If you have no accuser you will enter heaven, and if you
will follow the revelations and instructions which God gives you through
me, I will take you into heaven as my back load. If you will not accuse me,
I will not accuse you. If you will throw a cloak of charity over my sins, I
will over yours—for charity covereth a multitude of sins. What many
people call sin is not sin; I do many things to break down superstition, and I
will break it down;" I referred to the curse of Ham for laughing at Noah,
while in his wine, but doing no harm. Noah was a righteous man, and yet he
drank wine and became intoxicated; the Lord did not forsake him in
consequence thereof, for he retained all the power of his priesthood, and
when he was accused by Canaan, he cursed him by the priesthood which he
held, and the Lord had respect to his word, and the priesthood which he
held, notwithstanding he was drunk, and the curse remains upon the
posterity of Canaan until the present day.

In the p. m., I attended a council of the Elders at my council room, relative

to some affairs in which my brother William was interested.

Monday, 8.—At five o'clock p. m., I attended the dedication

of the baptismal font in the Lord's House. President Brigham Dedication of
Young was spokesman. the Baptismal
Font.
The baptismal font is situated in the center of the basement
room, under the main hall of the Temple; it is constructed of pine timber,
and put together of staves tongued and grooved, oval shaped, sixteen feet
long east and west, and twelve feet wide, seven feet high from the
foundation, the basin four feet deep, the moulding of the cap and base are
formed of beautiful carved work in antique style. The sides are finished
with panel work. A flight of stairs in the north and south sides lead up and
down into the basin, guarded by side railing.

The font stands upon twelve oxen, four on each side, and two at each end,
their heads, shoulders, and fore legs projecting out from under the font; they
are carved out of pine plank, glued together, and copied after the most
beautiful five-year-old steer that could be found in the country, and they are
an excellent striking likeness of the original; the horns were formed after
the most perfect horn that could be procured.

The oxen and ornamental mouldings of the font were carved by Elder Elijah
Fordham, from the city of New York, which occupied eight months of time.
The font was enclosed by a temporary frame building sided up with split
oak clapboards, with a roof of the same material, and was so low that the
timbers of the first story were laid above it. The water was supplied from a
well thirty feet deep in the east end of the basement.

This font was built for the baptisms for the dead until the Temple shall be
finished, when a more durable one will supply its place.

I received a letter from N. K. Whitney, stating that he had purchased $5,000

worth of goods for me; and that he should visit Kirtland before his return
home.

Up to this period a series of storms and earthquakes have desolated parts of

the two Sicilies.

A second English edition of the Saints' hymn book has been issued by Elder
Parley P. Pratt.

A great part of Vicksburg, Mississippi, has been consumed by fire.

Saturday, 13.—I attended the city council, and moved that the mayor and
recorder of the city receive each one hundred dollars per annum for their
services, which became a law.

I also presented a bill for "An ordinance concerning vagrants and disorderly
persons," which passed into an ordinance as follows—

An Ordinance Concerning Vagrants and Disorderly Persons.

Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Nauvoo, that all

vagrants, idle, or disorderly persons; persons found drunk in or about
 the streets; all suspicious persons; persons who have no fixed place of
residence, or visible means of support, or cannot give a good account
of themselves; persons guilty of profane and indecent language or
behavior; persons guilty of using indecent, impertinent, or unbecoming
language towards any city officer when in the discharge of his duty, or
of menacing, threatening or otherwise obstructing said officer, shall on
conviction thereof before the mayor or municipal court, be required to
enter into security for good behavior for a reasonable time, and
indemnify the corporation against any charge, and in case of refusal or
inability to give security, they shall be confined to labor for a time not
exceeding ninety days, or be fined in any sum not exceeding five
hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not exceeding six months or all, [i.
e. or both imprisonment and fine] at the discretion of said mayor or
court.

I also presented a bill for "An ordinance in relation to appeals," which

passed unanimously.

I also argued before the council the right of taxation, but that the expense of
the city did not require it at present.

Sunday, 14.—I preached to a large congregation at the Temple.

Nine of the Twelve Apostles met in council, to prepare an epistle to the

Saints in Europe.

Monday, 15.

An Epistle of the Twelve Apostles to the Saints Scattered Abroad in

England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man, and the Eastern
Continent, Greeting:

Beloved Brethren:—We rejoice and thank our Heavenly Father daily

in your behalf, that we hear of your faithfulness and diligence in the
great work unto which you have been called, by the Holy Spirit,
through the voice of the servants of the Most High, who have been,
and are now amongst you, for the purpose of instructing you in those
principles which are calculated to prepare the children of men for the
renovation of the earth, and the restitution of all things spoken by the
Prophets.

Several months have passed away, since we bid adieu to our brethren
and sisters on the islands of the sea, and passed over the great deep to
our homes, our kindred, the bosom of the Church, and the stakes of
Zion: but neither time nor distance can efface from our memories the
many expressions of kindness which we have heard from your lips and
experienced from your hands, which have so often ministered to our
necessities, while we were wandering in your midst, like our Master,
having no place to lay our heads, only as furnished by your liberality
and benevolence; and it is a subject of no small consolation to us that
we have this testimony of so many of you, that you are the disciples of
the Lord Jesus;[2] and we give you our warmest thanks, and our
blessing, that you have not only ministered unto us, but that you
continue to minister to our brethren who are still laboring amongst
you, for which an hundred fold shall be returned unto your bosoms.

After parting with the Saints in Liverpool, and sailing thirty days,
much of the time against head winds, with rough seas, which produced
much sea sickness among the brethren and sisters who accompanied
us, we arrived in the city of New York, where we were received by the
brethren with open hearts, and by whom we were entertained most
cordially some days, till we were rested from the fatigues of the ship:
we were then assisted on our journey, and taking different routes, and
visiting many of the churches in different states, we have all safely
arrived in this city.

In our travels in this land, we have discovered a growing interest

among the people generally, in the great work of the Lord. Prejudice is
giving way to intelligence; darkness to light; and multitudes are
making the important discovery that error is abroad in the earth, and
that the signs of the times proclaim some mighty revolution among the
nations. The cry is from all quarters, send us Elders to instruct us in the
principles of your religion, that we may know why it is that you are
had in derision by the multitude, more than other professors are. Teach
us of your principles and your doctrines, and if we find them true we
will embrace them.

The Saints are growing in faith, and the intelligence of heaven is

flowing into their understanding, for the Spirit of the Lord is with
them, and the Holy Ghost is instructing them in things to come. The
spirit of union is increasing, and they are exerting themselves to come
up to the gathering of the faithful, to build up the waste places and
establish the stakes of Zion.

Since our arrival in this place there has been one special and one
general conference of the Church, and the Twelve have been called to
tarry at home for a season, and stand in their lot next to the First
Presidency, and assist in counseling the brethren, and in the settling of
immigrants, &c.; and the first great object before us, and the Saints
generally, is to help forward the completion of the Temple and the
Nauvoo House—buildings which are now in progress according to the
revelations, and which must be completed to secure the salvation of
the Church in the last days; for God requires of His Saints to build
Him a house wherein his servants may be instructed, and endowed
with power from on high, to prepare them to go forth among the
nations, and proclaim the fullness of the Gospel for the last time, and
bind up the law, and seal up the testimony, leaving this generation
without excuse, and the earth prepared for the judgments which will
follow. In this house all the ordinances will be made manifest, and
many things will be shown forth, which have been hid from generation
to generation.

The set time to favor the stakes of Zion is at hand, and soon the kings
and the queens, the princes and the nobles, the rich and the honorable
of the earth will come up hither to visit the Temple of our God, and to
inquire concerning His strange work; and as kings are to become
nursing fathers, and queens nursing mothers in the habitations of the
righteous, it is right to render honor to whom honor is due; and
therefore expedient that such, as well as the Saints, should have a
comfortable house for boarding and lodging when they come hither,
and it is according to the revelations that such a house should be built.
The foundations of this house, and also of the Temple, are laid; and the
walls of the basement stories of each nearly completed; and the
finishing of the whole is depending on the exertions of the Saints.
Every Saint on earth is equally interested in these things, and all are
under equal obligations to do all in their power to complete the
buildings by their faith, and by their prayers, with their thousands and
their mites, their gold and their silver, their copper and their zinc, their
goods and their labors, until the top stone is laid with shoutings, and
the place is prepared to be filled with the glory of the Highest; and if
there are those among you who have more than they need for the
gathering, and for assisting the destitute who desire to gather with
them, they cannot make a more acceptable offering unto the Lord, than
by appropriating towards the building of His Temple.

He that believeth shall not make haste, but let all the Saints who desire
to keep the commandments of heaven and work righteousness, come to
the place of gathering as soon as circumstances will permit. It is by
united efforts that great things are accomplished, and while the Saints
are scattered to the four winds, they cannot be united in action, if they
are in spirit; they cannot all build at one city, or lift at one stone of the
great Temple, though their hearts may all desire the same thing. We
would not press the subject of the gathering upon you, for we know
your hearts, and your means; and so far as means fail, let patience have
its perfect work in your souls, for in due time you shall be delivered, if
you faint not.

We are not altogether ignorant of the increase of difficulty among the

laboring classes in England since our departure through the stoppage
of factories and similar occurrences, and we would counsel those who
have, to impart unto those who have not, and cannot obtain;
remembering that he who giveth unto the poor lendeth unto the Lord,
and he shall receive in return four fold.

The idler shall not eat the bread of the laborer; neither must he starve
who would [labor] but cannot find employment. Inasmuch as ye desire
the fullness of the earth, let not the cries of the widow, the fatherless
and the beggar ascend to heaven, or salute your ears in vain, but follow
the example we have set before you, and give liberally of your
abundance, even if it be but a penny, and it shall be returned unto you.
Good measure pressed down and running over, shall the Lord return
into your store house.

Cultivate the spirit of patience, long-suffering, forbearance and charity

among yourselves, and ever be as unwilling to believe an evil report
about a brother or a sister as if it were about yourself, and as you
dislike to be accused, be slow to accuse the brethren, for the measure
you mete shall be measured to you again, and the Judge condemneth
no man who is not accused.

Keep all the commandments, nothing fearing, nothing doubting, for

this is virtue, this is wisdom, and the wise, the virtuous and the meek
shall inherit the earth and the fullness thereof. In all things follow the
counsel which you shall receive from the president and council who
are among you; and inasmuch as you uphold Elders Pratt, Richards
and Snow by the prayer of faith, you shall receive right counsel.

Remember that those whom John saw on Mount Zion were such as
had come up through great tribulation; and do not imagine that you can
ever constitute a part of that number without sharing a part of their
trials. You must necessarily pass through perils and trials, and
temptations and afflictions by sea and land in your journeyings hither,
and if you cannot settle it in your hearts to endure unto the end as good
soldiers, you may as well remain where you are to be destroyed, as to
suffer all the privations and hardships you will be obliged to suffer
before the walls of Zion shall be built, no more to be thrown down,
and after all to turn away and be destroyed.

The ancient prophet has said, they shall wear out the Saints of the
Most High. This has already been fulfilled to some extent, for many
through the abundance of their persecutions have become exhausted,
and laid their bodies down to rest, to rise no more till the morn of the
first resurrection; and although the people of these states are at peace
with us, yet there are those who would gladly wear out and destroy the
weak in faith, through the influence of their foolish lies. When you
arrive on our shores, and while sailing up our rivers, you need not be
surprised if your ears are saluted by the false and filthy language of
wicked and designing men who are ever ready to speak evil of the
things they understand not, and who would gladly blast the character
of the Prophet of the Most High God, and all connected with him, with
their foul anathemas, beyond anything you ever thought of. We would
not dishearten you, neither would we have you ignorant of the worst
that awaits the righteous.

If the Saints are not prepared to rejoice and be glad when they hear the
name of the Prophet and their own name cast out as evil, as gluttonous,
wine-bibber, friend of publicans and sinners, Beelzebub, thief, robber
and murderer, they are not prepared for the gathering. The wheat and
tares must grow together till the harvest; at the harvest the wheat is
gathered together into the threshing floor, so with the Saints—the
stakes are the threshing floor. Here they will be threshed with all sorts
of difficulties, trials, afflictions and everything to mar their peace,
which they can imagine, and thousands which they cannot imagine,
but he that endures the threshing till all the chaff, superstition, folly
and unbelief are pounded out of him, and does not suffer himself to be
blown away as chaff by the foul blast of slander, but endures faithfully
to the end, shall be saved. If you are prepared for all these things; if
you choose rather to suffer afflictions with the people of God, than to
enjoy the pleasures of sin for a little moment, come up hither; come
direct to New Orleans, and up the Mississippi river, for the expense is
so much less, and the convenience of water navigation is so much
greater than it is by Montreal, New York or Philadelphia, that it is
wisdom for the Saints to make New Orleans their general established
port, and be sure to start at such times that they may arrive here during
the cold months, for the change from the cold climate of England to
this place in the hot season, is too great for the health of immigrants,
till there is more faith in the Church.

In this region of country there are thousands and millions of acres of

beautiful prairie unoccupied, which can be procured on reasonable
terms, and we will hail the time with joy when these unoccupied lands
shall be turned into fruitful fields, and the hands of those who are now
idle for want of employment shall be engaged in the cultivation of the
soil.

When the brethren arrive they will do well to call on some of the
Twelve, inasmuch as they desire counsel, for by so doing they may
escape the influence of designing men who have crept in unawares,
and would willingly subvert the truth by conniving to their own
advantage, if they have the opportunity.

The Church has commenced a new city twenty miles below this, and
one mile below Warsaw, called Warren, where many city lots and
farms in the vicinity can be had on reasonable terms; and it will be
wisdom for many of the brethren to stop at that place, for the
opportunity for erecting temporary buildings will be greater than at
this place, also the chance for providing food will be superior to those
who wish to labor for it.

Warsaw is at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, and one of the best
locations for mercantile purposes there is in this western country.

So far as the brethren have the means they will do well to come
prepared with a variety of mechanical tools according to their
professions, such as carpenters, joiners, cabinet-makers, hatters,
coopers, masons, printers, binders, tanners, curriers, &c., and all sorts
of manufactory and foundry implements convenient for transportation,
so that when they arrive they may be prepared to establish themselves
in business, and give employment to spinners, weavers, moulders,
smelters and journeymen of every description; for all sorts of
woollens, cottons, hardware, &c., will find a ready market in new
countries, and a great field is now open to the capitalists in this
vicinity, even though the capital be small, and we would urge the
importance of the immediate establishment of all kinds of
manufactories among us, as well for the best interests of the
individuals concerned, as for the Church generally.

Cities cannot be built without houses, houses cannot be built without

materials, or occupied without inhabitants, the inhabitants cannot exist
without food and clothing; food and clothing cannot be had without
planting, sowing, and manufacturing, so that Zion and her stores
cannot be built without means, without industry, without
manufacturing establishments unless the windows of heaven were
opened, and cities and their appendages were rained down among us.
But this we do not expect until the new Jerusalem descends, and that
will be some time hence; therefore it is necessary and according to
godliness and the plan of salvation in these last days, that the brethren
should see to all these things, and clothe and adorn themselves with the
labor of their own hands, build houses and inhabit them, plant
vineyards and eat the fruit thereof.

Brethren, pray for us and the First Presidency, the leader of the people,
even Joseph, that his life and health may be precious in the sight of
heaven, till he has finished the work which he has commenced: and for
the Elders of Israel, that every man may be faithful in his calling, the
whole household of faith, and all subjects of prayer.

Brethren, farewell; may the blessings of heaven and earth be

multiplied unto you in spirit and in body, in basket and in store, in the
field and in the shop, on the land and on the sea, in the house and by
the way, and in all situations and circumstances, until you shall stand
on Mount Zion, and enter the celestial city; in the name of Jesus
Christ. Amen.

Brigham Young,

Heber C. Kimball.

Orson Pratt,

William Smith,

Lyman Wight,

Wilford Woodruff,

John Taylor,
 Geo. A. Smith,

Willard Richards,

Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illinois, Nov. 15, 1841.

The greater part of the city of St. John's, New Brunswick, and a large
quantity of shipping, destroyed by fire.

Wednesday, 17.—Elders Brigham Young and Willard Richards went to La

Harpe.

Thursday, 18.

Minutes of a Meeting at Ramus, Illinois—Alanson Brown, et al.

Disfellowshiped.

Proceedings of a meeting of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

Saints, held at Ramus, November 18, 1841, opened by singing and
prayer by Elder Brigham Young. The object of the meeting was then
stated by the president, which was for the purpose of taking into
consideration the cases of Alanson Brown, James B. T. Page and
William H. Edwards, who stand indicted for larceny, &c.

After the evidence was brought forward, it was unanimously resolved,

that said persons be expelled from the Church. Appropriate remarks for
the occasion were then made by Elders Young, Richards, Savage,
Gurley, and others.

A charge was then preferred against Thomas S. Edwards for assault

and battery, with evidence that a warrant was issued for his
apprehension, and against William W. Edwards for being accessory to
the same. Unanimously resolved, that Thomas S. Edwards also be
expelled from the Church; and that the proceedings of this meeting be
published in the Times and Seasons.

Joel H. Johnson, President.

Joseph E. Johnson, Church Recorder.

Saturday, 20.—Seven of the Twelve Apostles met in council at the house of
President Young, on the subject of the Times and Seasons; they not being
satisfied with the manner in which Gustavus Hills had conducted the
editorial department since the death of Robert B. Thompson.

Sunday, 21.—My brother Hyrum and Elder John Taylor preached.

The Twelve met in council at President Young's, and at four

o'clock, repaired to the baptismal font in the basement of the Baptisms for
Temple. Elders Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball and John the Dead.
Taylor baptized about forty persons for the dead. Elder
Willard Richards, Wilford Woodruff and George A. Smith confirming.
These were the first baptisms for the dead in the font.

Monday, 22.—The following letter from Elder Orson Hyde, is from the
Millennial Star.

Elder Orson Hyde's Letter—His Prayer of Dedication on the Mount of

Olives.

Alexandria, Nov. 22, 1841.

Dear Brother Pratt:—A few minutes now offer for me to write, and I
improve them in writing to you.

I have only time to say that I have seen Jerusalem precisely according
to the vision which I had. I saw no one with me in the vision; and
although Elder Page was appointed to accompany me there, yet I
found myself there alone.

The Lord knows that I have had a hard time, and suffered much, but I
have great reason to thank Him that I enjoy good health at present, and
have a prospect before me of soon going to a civilized country, where I
shall see no more turbans or camels. The heat is most oppressive, and
has been all through Syria.

I have not time to tell you how many days I have been at sea, without
food, or how many snails I have eaten; but if I had had plenty of them,
I should have done very well. All this is contained in a former letter to
you written from Jaffa.

I have been at Cairo, on the Nile, because I could not get a passage
direct. Syria is in a dreadful state—a war of extermination is going on
between the Druses and Catholics. At the time I was at Beyroot, a
battle was fought in the mountains of Lebanon, near that place, and
about 800 killed. Robberies, thefts and murders are daily being
committed. It is no uncommon thing to find persons in the streets
without heads. An English officer, in going from St. Jean D'Acre to
Beyroot, found ten persons murdered in the street, and was himself
taken prisoner, but was rescued by the timely interference of the pasha.
The particulars of all these things are contained in a former letter.

An American traveler, by the name of Gager, who was a licensed

minister of the Congregational or Presbyterian church, left Jerusalem
in company with me. He was very unwell with the jaundice when we
left, and at Damietta, we had to perform six days quarantine before we
ascended the Nile. On our passage up, he was taken very ill with a
fever, and became helpless. I waited and tended upon him as well as
our circumstances would allow; and when we landed at Bulack, I got
four men to take him to the American consuls at Cairo, on a litter; I
also took all his baggage there, and assisted in putting him upon a
good bed—employed a good faithful Arabian nurse, and the English
doctor. After the physician had examined him, he told me that he was
very low with a typhus fever, and that it would be doubtful whether he
recovered. Under these circumstances I left him to obtain a passage to
this place. After I had gone on board a boat, and was just about
pushing off, a letter came from the doctor, stating that poor Mr. Gager
died in about two hours after I left him. He told me before we arrived
at Cairo that he was twenty-seven years of age, and his friends lived in
Norwich, Connecticut, near New London, I think. There are many
particulars concerning his death, which would be interesting to his
friends, but I have no time to write them now.

On Sunday morning, October 24, a good while before day, I arose

from sleep, and went out of the city as soon as the gates were opened,
crossed the brook Kedron, and went upon the Mount of Olives, and
there, in solemn silence, with pen, ink, and paper, just as I saw in the
vision, offered up the following prayer to Him who lives forever and
ever—

Prayer of Orson Hyde on the Mount of Olives.

"O Thou! who art from everlasting to everlasting, eternally and

unchangeably the same, even the God who rules in the heavens above,
and controls the destinies of men on the earth, wilt Thou not
condescend, through thine infinite goodness and royal favor, to listen
to the prayer of Thy servant which he this day offers up unto Thee in
the name of Thy holy child Jesus, upon this land, where the Son of
Righteousness set in blood, and thine Anointed One expired.

"Be pleased, O Lord, to forgive all the follies, weaknesses, vanities,

and sins of Thy servant, and strengthen him to resist all future
temptations. Give him prudence and discernment that he may avoid the
evil, and a heart to choose the good; give him fortitude to bear up
under trying and adverse circumstances, and grace to endure all things
for Thy name's sake, until the end shall come, when all the Saints shall
rest in peace."

Now, O Lord! Thy servant has been obedient to the heavenly vision
which Thou gavest him in his native land; and under the shadow of
Thine outstretched arm, he has safely arrived in this place to dedicate
and consecrate this land unto Thee, for the gathering together of
Judah's scattered remnants, according to the predictions of the holy
Prophets—for the building up of Jerusalem again after it has been
trodden down by the Gentiles so long, and for rearing a Temple in
honor of Thy name. Everlasting thanks be ascribed unto Thee, O
Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that Thou hast preserved Thy servant
from the dangers of the seas, and from the plague and pestilence which
have caused the land to mourn. The violence of man has also been
restrained, and Thy providential care by night and by day has been
exercised over Thine unworthy servant. Accept, therefore, O Lord, the
tribute of a grateful heart for all past favors, and be pleased to continue
Thy kindness and mercy towards a needy worm of the dust.
"O Thou, Who didst covenant with Abraham, Thy friend, and Who
didst renew that covenant with Isaac, and confirm the same with Jacob
with an oath, that Thou wouldst not only give them this land for an
everlasting inheritance, but that Thou wouldst also remember their
seed forever. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob have long since closed their
eyes in death, and made the grave their mansion. Their children are
scattered and dispersed abroad among the nations of the Gentiles like
sheep that have no shepherd, and are still looking forward for the
fulfillment of those promises which Thou didst make concerning them;
and even this land, which once poured forth nature's richest bounty,
and flowed, as it were, with milk and honey, has, to a certain extent,
been smitten with barrenness and sterility since it drank from
murderous hands the blood of Him who never sinned.

"Grant, therefore, O Lord, in the name of Thy well-beloved Son, Jesus

Christ, to remove the barrenness and sterility of this land, and let
springs of living water break forth to water its thirsty soil. Let the vine
and olive produce in their strength, and the fig-tree bloom and flourish.
Let the land become abundantly fruitful when possessed by its rightful
heirs; let it again flow with plenty to feed the returning prodigals who
come home with a spirit of grace and supplication; upon it let the
clouds distil virtue and richness, and let the fields smile with plenty.
Let the flocks and the herds greatly increase and multiply upon the
mountains and the hills; and let Thy great kindness conquer and
subdue the unbelief of Thy people. Do Thou take from them their
stony heart, and give them a heart of flesh; and may the Sun of Thy
favor dispel the cold mists of darkness which have beclouded their
atmosphere. Incline them to gather in upon this land according to Thy
word. Let them come like clouds and like doves to their windows. Let
the large ships of the nations bring them from the distant isles; and let
kings become their nursing fathers, and queens with motherly fondness
wipe the tear of sorrow from their eye.

"Thou, O Lord, did once move upon the heart of Cyrus to show favor
unto Jerusalem and her children. Do Thou now also be pleased to
inspire the hearts of kings and the powers of the earth to look with a
friendly eye towards this place, and with a desire to see Thy righteous
purposes executed in relation thereto. Let them know that it is Thy
good pleasure to restore the kingdom unto Israel—raise up Jerusalem
as its capital, and constitute her people a distinct nation and
government, with David Thy servant, even a descendant from the loins
of ancient David to be their king.

"Let that nation or that people who shall take an active part in behalf of
Abraham's children, and in the raising up of Jerusalem, find favor in
Thy sight. Let not their enemies prevail against them, neither let
pestilence or famine overcome them, but let the glory of Israel
overshadow them, and the power of the Highest protect them; while
that nation or kingdom that will not serve Thee in this glorious work
must perish, according to Thy word—Yea, those nations shall be
utterly wasted."

"Though Thy servant is now far from his home, and from the land
bedewed with his earliest tear, yet he remembers, O Lord, his friends
who are there, and family, whom for Thy sake he has left. Though
poverty and privation be our earthly lot, yet ah! do Thou richly endow
us with an inheritance where moth and rust do not corrupt, and where
thieves do not break through and steal.

"The hands that have fed, clothed, or shown favor unto the family of
Thy servant in his absence, or that shall hereafter do so, let them not
lose their reward, but let a special blessing rest upon them, and in Thy
kingdom let them have an inheritance when Thou shalt come to be
glorified in this society.

"Do Thou also look with favor upon all those through whose liberality
I have been enabled to come to this land; and in the day when Thou
shalt reward all people according to their works, let these also not be
passed by or forgotten, but in time let them be in readiness to enjoy the
glory of those mansions which Jesus has gone to prepare. Particularly
do Thou bless the stranger in Philadelphia, whom I never saw, but who
sent me gold, with a request that I should pray for him in Jerusalem.
Now, O Lord, let blessings come upon him from an unexpected
quarter, and let his basket be filled, and his storehouse abound with
plenty, and let not the good things of the earth be his only portion, but
let him be found among those to whom it shall be said, 'Thou hast been
faithful over a few things, and I will make thee ruler over many.'

"O my Father in heaven! I now ask Thee in the name of Jesus to

remember Zion, with all her Stakes, and with all her assemblies. She
has been grievously afflicted and smitten; she has mourned; she has
wept; her enemies have triumphed, and have said, 'Ah, where is thy
God?' Her Priests and Prophets have groaned in chains and fetters
within the gloomy walls of prisons, while many were slain, and now
sleep in the arms of death. How long, O Lord, shall iniquity triumph,
and sin go unpunished?

"Do Thou arise in the majesty of Thy strength, and make bare Thine
arm in behalf of Thy people. Redress their wrongs, and turn their
sorrow into joy. Pour the spirit of light and knowledge, grace and
wisdom, into the hearts of her Prophets, and clothe her Priests with
salvation. Let light and knowledge march forth through the empire of
darkness, and may the honest in heart flow to their standard, and join
in the march to go forth to meet the Bridegroom."

Let a peculiar blessing rest upon the Presidency of Thy Church, for at
them are the arrows of the enemy directed. Be Thou to them a sun and
a shield, their strong tower and hiding place; and in the time of distress
or danger be Thou near to deliver. Also the quorum of the Twelve, do
Thou be pleased to stand by them for Thou knowest the obstacles
which they have to encounter, the temptations to which they are
exposed, and the privations which they must suffer. Give us, [the
Twelve] therefore, strength according to our day, and help us to bear a
faithful testimony of Jesus and His Gospel, to finish with fidelity and
honor the work which Thou hast given us to do, and then give us a
place in Thy glorious kingdom. And let this blessing rest upon every
faithful officer and member in Thy Church. And all the glory and
honor will we ascribe unto God and the Lamb forever and ever. Amen.

On the top of Mount Olives I erected a pile of stones as a witness

according to ancient custom. On what was anciently called Mount
Zion, [Moriah?] where the Temple stood, I erected another, and used
the rod according to the prediction upon my head.
I have found many Jews who listened with intense interest. The idea of
the Jews being restored to Palestine is gaining ground in Europe
almost every day. Jerusalem is strongly fortified with many cannon
upon its walls. The wall is ten feet thick on the sides that would be
most exposed, and four or five feet where the descent from the wall is
almost perpendicular. The number of inhabitants within the walls is
about twenty thousand. About seven thousand of this number are Jews,
the balance being mostly Turks and Armenians. Many of the Jews who
are old go to this place to die, and many are coming from Europe into
this eastern world. The great wheel is unquestionably in motion, and
the word of the Almighty has declared that it shall roll.

I have not time to write particulars now, but suffice it to say that my
mission has been quite as prosperous as I could expect.

I am now about to go on board a fine ship for Trieste, and from thence
I intend to proceed to Regensburg and there publish our faith in the
German language. There are those who are ready and willing to assist
me.

I send you this letter by Captain Withers, an English gentleman, who

goes direct to England, on board the Oriental steamer. He has come
with me from Jerusalem. If I had money sufficient I should be almost
tempted to take passage on board of her to England, but this I cannot
do.

On receipt of this, I wish you to write to me immediately, and direct to

Regensburg, on the Danube, Bayern, or Bavaria. If you know anything
of my family tell me.

My best respects to yourself and your family, to Brothers Adams and

Snow, and to all the Saints in England.

May grace, mercy and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord
Jesus Christ, rest upon you all from this time, henceforth and for ever.
Amen.

Your brother in Christ,

 Orson Hyde.

Footnotes:

1. The circumstances of removing the nuisance here referred to, for which
damages were demanded, is related in an editorial note in the Times and
Seasons as follows: The "Mr. Kilbourn," referred to in the editorial, was
very bitter anti-Mormon, and became one of the Prophet's most deadly
enemies.

THE NUISANCE

"It is known to many of our patrons, that a certain young man very
injudiciously, and contrary to the remonstrances of his friends, and in
violation of the ordinances of this city, not long since erected a small
building, near the Temple square avowedly for the purpose of transacting
the business of the grocer. Said building was for a short time occupied for
that purpose; but so heavy did the from of public disapprobation rest upon
it, that it was finally vacated, and stood some time, a lonely wreck of folly.
In the meantime, the very sanctimonious and extremely unfortunate Mr.
Kilbourn of Montrose, threw out to the public, ungentlemanly and
slanderous imputations concerning the matter, saying that the Presidency of
the Church abetted and approbated the concern, etc., and the building
having become a monument for every fool to write upon and exhibit his
folly, to the annoyance of the citizens, the city council very judiciously
ordered the building removed as a nuisance. Some opposition to the
execution of this order was exhibited, and the authorities called out a few of
the military and demolished the building. The city authorities manifest a
determination to carry out strictly the temperance ordinances of the city, and
in this we wish them 'God speed.' We suppose, however, that Kilbourn and
his junto will bray worse than ever, and 'Mormonism' be adjudged by 'witch
law.' 'Take the accused, bind him head and foot, and cast him into the pool;
if he sinks and drowns he is innocent, if he floats take him out and hang him
or burn in with fire.' We say, let the poor fools judge till they themselves are
overtaken by judgment, and let they bray till they burst their wind chests."
(Times and Seasons, Vol. III, pp. 559-560).
2. "Whoso receiveth you receiveth me, and the same will clothe you and
give you money. And he who feeds you, or clothes you or gives you money,
shall in no wise lose his reward: and he who doeth not these things is not
my disciple; by this you may know my disciples." (Doc. & Cov., sec.
lxxxiv.)
 CHAPTER XXVII.
Official Denunciation of Thieves at Nauvoo
—The Moral Law of the Church—
Abandonment of Ramus as a Stake of Zion—
Baptism for the Dead, an Epistle.

Wednesday, 24.—Elder Joseph Fielding, who sailed from Liverpool, on the

Tyrean, with 204 Saints, arrived at Warsaw with his company; and Elders
Willard Richards and John Taylor went to meet them and to give such
counsel as their situation required.

Friday, 26.

Affidavit of Hyrum Smith—Denouncing Theft.

Whereas it hath been intimated to me by persons of credibility that

there are persons in the surrounding country, who profess to be
members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who have
been using their influence and endeavors to instil into the minds of
good and worthy citizens in the state of Illinois, and the adjoining
states, that the First Presidency, and others in authority and high
standing in said Church, do sanction and approbate the members of
said Church in stealing property from those persons who do not belong
to said Church, and thereby to induce persons to aid and abet them in
the act of stealing, and other evil practices; I therefore, hereby disavow
any sanction or approbation by me, of the crime of theft, or any other
evil practice, in any person or persons whatever, whereby either the
lives or property of our fellow men may be unlawfully taken or
molested; neither are such things sanctioned or approbated by the First
Presidency, or any other person in authority or good standing in said
Church, but such acts are altogether in violation of the rules, order, and
regulations of the Church, contrary to the teachings given in said
Church, and the laws of both God and man. I caution the unwary, who
 belong to the aforesaid Church, and all other persons, against being
duped or led into any act or scheme which may endanger their
character, lives, or property, or bring reproach upon the Church; and I
certify that I hold my person and property ready to support the laws of
the land, in the detection of any person or persons who may commit
any breach of the same. To which I subscribe my name, and testify,
this 26th day of November, 1841.

Hyrum Smith.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of November, 1841.

Ebenezer Robinson, J. P.

I attended city council and presented a bill for "an ordinance in relation to
Hawkers, Pedlars, Public Shows, and Exhibitions, in order to prevent any
immoral or obscene exhibition," which passed the council by unanimous
vote.

Sunday, 28.—I spent the day in the council with the Twelve
Apostles at the house of President Young, conversing with The Prophet's
them upon a variety of subjects. Brother Joseph Fielding was Estimate of the
Book of
present, having been absent four years on a mission to
Mormon.
England. I told the brethren that the Book of Mormon was the
most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our
religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than
by any other book.

Monday, 29.—I gave the following affidavit, and published it in the Times
and Seasons.

The Prophet's Denunciation of Thieves.

City Of Nauvoo, Illinois, November 29, A. D. 1841.

To The Public.
The occurrence of recent events makes it criminal for me to remain
longer silent. The tongue of the vile yet speaks, and sends forth the
poison of asps, the ears of the spoiler yet hear, and he puts forth his
hands to iniquity. It has been proclaimed upon the house top and in the
secret chamber, in the public walks and private circle, throughout the
length and breadth of this vast continent, that stealing by the Latter-day
Saints has received my approval; nay, that I have taught the doctrine,
encouraged them in plunder, and led on the van—than which nothing
is more foreign from my heart. I disfellowship the perpetrators of all
such abominations—they are devils and not Saints, totally unfit for the
society of Christians or men. It is true that some professing to be
Latter-day Saints have taught such vile heresies, but all are not Israel
that are of Israel; and I wish it to be distinctly understood in all coming
time, that the Church, over which I have the honor of presiding, will
ever set its brows like brass, and its face like steel, against all such
abominable acts of villainy and crime; and to this end I append my
affidavit of disavowal, taken this day before General Bennet, that there
may be no mistake hereafter as to my real sentiments, or those of the
leaders of the Church, in relation to this important matter.

State Of Illinois, Hancock County.

Before me, John C. Bennett, Mayor of the City of Nauvoo, personally

came Joseph Smith, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
day Saints (commonly called the Mormon Church), who being duly
sworn according to law, deposeth and saith, that he has never directly
or indirectly encouraged the purloining of property, or taught the
doctrine of stealing, or any other evil practice, and that all such vile
and unlawful acts will ever receive his unreserved and unqualified
disapproval, and the most vigorous opposition of the Church over
which he presides; and further this deponent saith not.

Joseph Smith,

President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Sworn to and subscribed before me, at my office, in the city of

Nauvoo, this 29th day of November, A. D. 1841.
 John C. Bennett,

L. S. Mayor of the City of Nauvoo.

Now it is to be hoped that none will hereafter be so reckless as to state

that I, or the Church to which I belong, approve of thieving—but that
all the friends of law and order will join in ferreting out thieves
wherever and whenever they may be found, and assist in bringing
them to that condign punishment which such infamous crimes so
richly merit.

Joseph Smith,

President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

A conference was held in New York City, Elder John E. Page

presiding; in which were represented New York City, 17 Conference in
Elders, 2 Priests, 1 Teacher, 2 Deacons, 179 members. Five New York.
branches were represented, including 5 Elders, 6 Priests, 3
Teachers, 3 Deacons, 149 members. 3 Elders, 2 Priests, 1 Teacher, were
ordained. There were present at the conference, 1 Apostle, 6 High Priests,
16 Elders, 3 Priests, 2 Teachers, 2 Deacons.

Tuesday, 30.—Attended a council of the Twelve Apostles at President

Brigham Young's home. President Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball,
Willard Richards, Orson Pratt, Lyman Wight, John Taylor, and Wilford
Woodruff were present.

It was voted that Ebenezer Robinson be solicited to give up the department

of printing the Times and Seasons to Elder Willard Richards.

Voted, that if Brother Robinson does not comply with this solicitation, Elder
Richards be instructed to procure a press and type, and publish a paper for
the Church.

Moved by Elder Young, and seconded by Elder Woodruff, that Lyman

Wight and John Taylor present these resolutions to Brother Robinson.
Wednesday, December 1.—In view of the proceedings of the meeting of the
Church at Ramus, on the 18th November, when certain individuals were cut
off from the Church for stealing, the Twelve issued the following epistle:

Warning of the Twelve Apostles Against Thieves.

We are glad that the perpetrators of the above crime have been caught
in their iniquitous practices; and we are only sorry that anybody should
be found who would bail them out of prison, for such individuals, if
the charges are true, ought to be made an example of, and not be
suffered to run at large.

We have been informed that some of them have been talking of

moving into this place, but we would here inform them that persons
whose conduct has exposed them to the just censure of an indignant
public, can have no fellowship amongst us, as we cannot, and will not
countenance rogues, thieves, and scoundrels knowingly; and, we
hereby warn them that the law will be as rigorously enforced against
them in this place as in any other, as we consider such characters a
curse to society, whose pestilential breath withers the morals, and
blasts the fame and reputation of any people among whom they may
sojourn. There is no person that is, and ought to be despised more than
the thief, by any respectable community; yet more especially ought
such persons to be abhorred who have taken upon them the name of
Christ, and thus with the pretext of religion, and garb of sanctity, cloak
their nefarious practices.

We have been told that some individual or individuals have, under

false pretenses, been wishing to palm their wicked and devilish
principles upon the authorities of the Church, stating that it was part
and parcel of the Gospel which God had revealed, and that it is one of
the mysteries which the initiated only are acquainted with. We know
not how to express our abhorrence at such an idea, and can only say
that it is engendered in hell, founded in falsehood, and is the offspring
of the devil; and it is at variance with every principle of righteousness
and truth, and will damn all that are connected with it, for all mysteries
are only such to the ignorant, and vanish as soon as men have
sufficient intelligence to comprehend them; and there are no mysteries
connected with godliness and our holy religion, but what are pure,
innocent, virtuous, just, and righteous. If this [the foregoing practice of
thieving] is a mystery, it is the "mystery of iniquity." We are at a loss to
know who could be vile enough to propagate such base and unfounded
statements, and we would say to the Church, beware of such men! Set
them down as the worst of scoundrels, and reject their foul
insinuations with the indignation and disgust that such unhallowed and
vile insinuations deserve; for such men are either avowed apostates, or
on the eve of apostasy, or have only taken the name of religion to cloak
their hypocrisy; we fear the latter, in some instances is the case, and
that Mississippi scoundrels[1] palm themselves upon us to cover their
guilt. We further call upon the Church to bring all such characters
before the authorities, that they may be tried, and dealt with according
to the law of God, and delivered up unto the laws of the land.

It is scarcely possible that any virtuous man could be made to believe

any such statements, however ignorant; yet lest through false pretenses
the innocent might be drawn into a snare, we would quote the
following from the Book of Doctrine and Covenants, section 42,
paragraph 84, 85, "And if any man or woman shall rob, he or she shall
be delivered up unto the law of the land. And if he or she shall steal, he
or she shall be delivered up unto the law of the land." Again, section
42, paragraph 20,[2] "Thou shalt not steal, and he that stealeth and will
not repent shall be cast out." The broad law of God is, "Thou shalt not
steal," and thieves, together with "liars and whoremongers," will
eventually be found without the city, with dogs and sorcerers. We need
only say that if we find such characters engaged in their nefarious
practices, whether in or out of the Church, we shall take them up, and
deal with them according to the law of God and man; and we wish the
Church to inform us of such delinquents, or the sin will lie at their own
door.

As there are gangs of robbers up and down this river, from whom we
have suffered much, having had many horses, cattle and other property
stolen, we purpose instituting a police for the protection of our
property, and the rigorous enforcement of the laws of our country; and
should any, who call themselves Latter-day Saints, be found in their
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