ELECTROSTATICS

Lect: Muhammad Idrees Mahar

SUM ACADEMY
LARKANA
Electrostatics: Point Charge (q):
 It is study about electric charges at rest.  Whose size is small as
compared to separation
Electric Charge (q): between them.
 Fundamental property of matter through which one body  Whose electric field exist.
exerts electric force on an other body. Test Charge (𝐪𝟎 ):
 Charge may be +Ve or –Ve.  Small and conventionally
always positive.
 Proton has +Ve charge while electron has –Ve charge.
 Used to determine the
 Magnitude of charge on electron or proton→ 𝐞=1.6× 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟗 C. strength of electric field
 Excess of electrons in body is said to be –Vely charged. of point charge.
 Its E.F ≈ 0.
 Deficiency of electrons in body is said to be +Vely charged.
 Same (like) charges → repel while opposite (unlike) charges → attract.
 Charge is a scalar quantity. S.I unit of charge is coulomb (C).
 Charge is conserved property → Net charge of universe is zero.
 Charge is quantized → q = ne → n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….
q = total charge on body, n = number of electrons or protons
e = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪 → charge on electron or proton
One Coulomb (1C):
 From coulomb's law → 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐 = 𝟏 𝐂 If 𝐫 = 𝟏 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 F = 9× 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐍 → 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐮𝐦.
 From current → 𝐪 = 𝟏 𝐂 𝐈𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 "𝐈“ = 1 amp and time “t” = 1 sec → 1 C = 1A× 1s.
 q = 1 C if n = 6.25× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 electrons or protons in a body.

Coulomb's Law:
In 1784 using torsion balance by Charles Augustin de Coulomb.
Statement:
Coulomb's law states that, “The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly
proportional to the magnitude of product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance (r) between them.
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
F∝
𝐫𝟐
𝐪 𝐪
F= 𝐤 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝐫
k = coulomb’s constant:
Its value depends upon medium between charges and system of units.
For free space (vacuum) or air: Between electron and proton
𝟏 𝟗 𝐍𝐦𝟐 𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐 in hydrogen atom
k= = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 F= 𝟐 𝑭
𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 𝐂 𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 𝐫 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
−𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟗
(𝛜𝐨 ) → permittivity of free space = 8.85× 𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝐍𝐦𝟐
Coulomb’s force in dielectric medium: More about coulomb’s law:
Electric force decreases due to dielectric  𝐅 between two charges is independent of
material placed between the charges by the nature and presence of other charges.
value of that dielectric constant ( 𝛜𝐫 ) of
material. Then, Coulomb’s law holds for point charges at rest.
𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐 Dielectric In C.G.S the unit of charge is stat coulomb or
F= medium esu (electro static unit) → 1C = 3× 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒆𝒔𝒖
𝟒𝛑𝛜 𝐫 𝟐
𝛜 = 𝛜𝐨 𝛜𝐫 → Total permittivity. In C.G.S system the constant k = 1
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
𝛜𝐫 =
𝛜
→ Relative permittivity → unitless. F=
𝐫𝟐
𝛜𝐨
Charge and distance variation:
𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐 If original force is 𝑭𝒐 and Magnitude of:
F=
𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 𝛜𝐫 𝐫 𝟐  Each charge is doubled → 𝑭 = 𝟒𝑭𝒐
𝐅𝐯𝐚𝐜  Each charge is quadrupled → 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟔𝑭𝒐
𝐅𝐦𝐞𝐝 =  Each charge is quartered → 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒐 /16
𝛜𝐫
Coulomb’s Law obeys:  Distance is doubled → 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒐 /4
 Invers square law → 𝟐
𝟏  Distance is quadrupled → 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒐 /16
𝒓
 Newton’s 3 law of motion.
rd  Distance is quartered → 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟔𝑭𝒐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭𝟐𝟏  Each Q doubled and r halved → 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟔𝑭𝒐
 Its range is infinity.  Each Q halved and r doubled → 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒐 /16
MCQs:
1) Which of the following can not be the charge on body?
a) 3.2× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂 b) 4.8× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂 c) 6.4× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂 d) 8.2× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂
2) Two spheres of charge 20 C 𝐚𝐧𝐝 − 𝟖𝟎𝐂 respectively. What will be new charge on each when
they touched and separated apart.
a) 50 C, -50 C b) 30 C, -30 C c) -30 C, -30 C d) 20 C, -80 C
3) Two point charges are separated by distance of 4m. The force between them is 4N. What is the
force between these charges when the distance between them is 1m.
a) 16 N b) 64 N c) 32 N d) 1N
4) Two small identical spheres having charges 10𝝁𝑪 and -90 𝝁𝑪 attracts each other with a force F
newton. If they are kept in contact and then separated at the same distance, the new force
between them will be.
𝐅 𝟏𝟔
a) b) F c) 16 F d) 9 F
𝟔 𝟗
5) A positive point charge A is placed on a line between two charges B as positive and C as a
negative. The force of charge B on A is 3N and of C on A is 4N. Total force on A is:
a) 5 N b) 7 N c) 1 N d) 12 N
Electric field Electric field lines (Electric lines of
 It is a region or space around a charge body in
which another charge experiences an electric force. force):
Electric field intensity (E): Field lines are paths on which charges move.
 It is the strength of electric field. OR Field lines are imaginary but field is real.
 It is the force per unit positive test charge.
Field lines never cross each other due to
𝑭
E= q radial direction.
𝒒𝒐 𝒒𝒐
𝐪𝐪𝐨 r Field lines never cross metal also.
-: As F = 𝒌 𝟐 No field lines originate or terminate in space
𝒓
𝒒 𝟏 𝒒 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒄: surrounding the charge.
E=𝒌 𝟐= → 𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒅: =
𝒓 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝒐 𝒓𝟐 𝛜𝐫 The concept of field lines and electric field
 “E” is represented by electric field lines. was given by M. Faraday.
 Closer the field lines, stronger the field intensity.
 S.I unit of electric field intensity is N/C or Volt/m
 It is a vector quantity.
Direction of “E”:
 Radially outward from positive charge.
 Radially inward from negative charge.
 Field lines sink in –Ve charge and initiate from +Ve.
MCQs:
“E” B/W zero
1) The electric field intensity at 20 cm distance “E” B/W Zero
from 4 𝛍𝐂 charge is:
a) 9× 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝐍/𝐂 b) 4.5× 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝐍/𝐂
c) 9× 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐍/𝐂 d) 4.5× 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐍/𝐂
2) Two point charges 4 𝛍𝐂 and 9 𝛍𝐂 are placed “E” B/W not zero “E” B/W not zero
10cm apart. Find zero location field due to
these charges along their line joining.
a) 4 cm from 4 𝛍𝐂 b) 4 cm from 9 𝛍𝐂
c) 6 cm from 4 𝛍𝐂 d) 3 cm from 9 𝛍𝐂
For equal like and unlike charges
𝐝
For unequal and similar For unequal and unlike X=𝟐
charges charges + +
E=0

𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐝) 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐝) X= ∞ d X= ∞

𝐱= 𝐱= − +
𝐛𝐢𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐢𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞
+𝟏 −𝟏
𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐡𝐞
Electric Flux (Φ):
 It is the number of electric field lines passing through any cross-
sectional area.
OR 𝛉 = 𝟎𝟎

 It is the dot (scalar) product of electric field intensity (𝐄) and

vector area (𝐀). Note:
Φ = 𝐄. 𝐀 Direction of vector area (A)
Φ = 𝐄 𝐀𝐂𝐨𝐬𝛉 is perpendicular to plane.
 Flux may be positive, negative or zero, depends upon angle
between 𝐄 and 𝐀. If
→ 𝟎𝟎 < 𝛉 < 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐎𝐑 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 < 𝛉 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 → Φ = + 𝐕𝐞
→ 𝟗𝟎𝟎 < 𝛉 < 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 → Φ = − 𝐕𝐞
→ 𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 between 𝐄 and 𝐀 (Perpendicular) 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 → Φ = 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨
 If 𝛉 = 𝟎𝟎 between 𝐄 and 𝐀 (Parallel) → Φ → 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦
 If 𝛉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 between 𝐄 and 𝐀 → Φ → 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦
𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
 Flux is scalar quantity.
𝐍.𝐦𝟐
 S.I unit of flux is = 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭. 𝐦
𝐂
Gauss’s Law:
According to this law “Total flux through closed
𝟏
(Gaussian) surface is equal to times magnitude of total
𝜺𝟎
charge (Q) enclosed in that surface.
𝟏
Φ= ×𝑸
𝜺𝟎
Flux through closed surface:
1) Independent of size and shape of surface.
2) Only depends upon magnitude of total charge enclosed
and 𝜺𝟎 .
Flux density:
It is flux per unit area.
𝐅𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐄𝐀
Flux density = = =𝐄
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀
Flux density shows the intensity of filed in a given area.
Its S.I unit is same as that of electric field intensity.
 Applications of Gauss’s Law
1) Electric field intensity(E) due to hallow and uniformly charged sphere:
At point (P) outside the sphere At point (P) on the sphere At point (P) inside the sphere

R= radius
of sphere

r= distance r >R
Φ=𝐄𝐀 Surface charge density
Φ=𝐄𝐀 Area of sphere 𝒒 𝐪
=𝑬
𝐪 A = 𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐀 𝜺𝟎 𝛔= Inside sphere q = 0
= 𝐄 × 𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐀
𝛆𝟎 Hence,
𝐪 𝝈 S.I unit→ C/𝒎𝟐 Φ=0
𝐄= 𝑬=
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫 𝟐 𝜺𝟎 E=0
2) Electric filed intensity due to infinity, thin 3) Electric filed intensity between two
and uniformly charge sheet: opposite, infinity, thin and uniformly
equal charge sheet:

𝝈 E = 𝑬+ + 𝑬_ Note:
𝑬= → when sheet is charged at both sides. 𝝈 𝝈
𝟐𝜺𝟎
𝑬= + Electric field between the
𝟐𝜺𝟎 𝟐𝜺𝟎 plates is uniform and strong
𝝈 𝝈 but at the ends of plates
𝑬= → when sheet is charged at one side. 𝑬=
𝜺𝟎
𝜺𝟎 filed is non-uniform and
weaker.
Electric Potential (V): Potential difference (∆V):
 It is work done per unit test charge to move  It is work done between two points per unit
it against the direction of electric field. test charge to move it against the direction of
𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 electric field. 𝒒+
V= 𝒐
𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 ∆𝐖
𝐖
∆V =
𝐪𝐨
V=
𝐪𝐨 ∆𝐖 = 𝐪∆V
 Electric
potential can also be defined as the
dot product of electric field intensity (𝐄) Electric potential energy = 𝐪∆V
and radial (𝐫 → displacement) vector. Also,
V= 𝐄. 𝐫 Kinetic energy = 𝐪∆V = eV
 Electric potential is taken as positive for +Ve
V = E r cos θ OR
charge and –Ve for negative charge.
𝐤𝐪 𝟏 𝐪 𝐕𝐯𝐚𝐜:
V= = → 𝐕𝐦𝐞𝐝: =
𝐫 𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 𝐫 𝛜𝐫
P.E increases P.E decreases
Electric Potential (V): + -
 Is a scalar quantity. P.E decreases P.E increases
𝟏𝐉
𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞 1 volt =
 Its S.I unit is = 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭 𝟏𝐂
𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛
 Potential gradient (Electric field intensity): Absolute Potential (V):
 It is change in potential with respect to change  It is work done per unit test charge to
in distance. move it from infinite distance to a point
∆𝑽 near the point charge.
E=−
∆𝒓  At infinite distance,
 It is a vector quantity.
W = 0, V = 0.
 Its direction and S.I unit are same as that of 𝐄 Equipotential Surface:
 In general, it is represented as:  It is the surface having equal potential at
𝐕 all points.
E= -: d = distance and V = Potential
𝐝 e.g. Surface around charge.
Electron volt (eV): Surface of conductor etc.
 It is amount of energy required by an electron  No need of external work (W= 0) to move
to move through potential difference of 1volt. charge on such surfaces.
 It is smallest unit of energy.  Electric field lines and these surfaces are at
 Specially used in Atomic Physics. 𝟗𝟎𝟎 .
1eV = 1.6× 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱 Note:
1J = 6.25× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 eV Electric potential
 1 electron volt = 1 proton volt. of earth is zero
 If charges are of equal magnitude:
Case−𝐈: At mid point of given figure: At center (intersection of diagonals) of each
given figure:
E≠0
- + V= 0
V= 0 E≠0
E= 0

Case−𝐈𝐈: At mid point of given figure: V≠0

E= 0
+ +
V≠0

E= 0 E= 𝑬𝟐𝒙 + 𝑬𝟐𝒚
Case−𝐈𝐈𝐈: At any point of given figure:
𝒌𝒒 𝑬𝒚
E=
𝒓𝟐
V= 0 𝜽= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
+ 𝑬𝒙
𝒌𝒒
V=
𝒓
Example: MCQs:
Find the potential and electric field at point of The magnitude and direction of electric field
intersection of diagonals of figure shown below: that balance the gravitational force on a
Given length each diagonal = 40 cm. particle of mass 2 milligram having 4 𝝁𝑪
Ans: E = 0, V = 9× 𝟏𝟎𝟒 volt.
charge.
+3 a) 4.9 N/C parallel to gravitational field
-2𝛍𝐂
𝛍𝐂 b) 4.9 N/C antiparallel to gravitational field
c) 4.9 N/C perpendicular to gravitational field
d) 4.9 N/C in any direction

+3
-2𝛍𝐂
𝛍𝐂
Capacitor (Condenser):
 It is a device used to store electric charge or
electric P.E in the form of electric field.
 Simplest capacitor consists two parallel metallic
plates each of area “A” separated at a distance “d”
by vacuum or any dielectric constant as shown.
 The charge “q” stored by capacitor is directly
proportional to p.d “V” applied between the plates
of capacitor.
Note:
q∝𝐕 Capacitor allow AC  Capacitance is scalar quantity.
q = CV Capacitor block DC  Its S.I unit is “
𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛
=F (farad)”.
Capacitance of capacitor (C): 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭
𝟏𝐂
 It is ability of a capacitor to store electric charge or 1F= → 𝐋𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭
𝟏𝐕
electric energy. OR  Smaller units of capacitance used in
 It is ratio between charge stored and p.d “V”. daily life are:
𝐪 𝟏 𝐪 −𝟑 𝐅
C= -: V = → millifarad (mF) = 𝟏𝟎
𝐕 𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 𝐫 −𝟔 𝐅
→ microfarad (𝛍F) = 𝟏𝟎
C = 𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 r → for spherical capacitor −𝟗
𝟐 → nanofarda (nF) = 𝟏𝟎 𝐅
−𝟏𝟎 𝐂
-: 𝟒𝛑𝛜𝐨 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 → picofarad (pF) = 𝟏𝟎
−𝟏𝟐 𝐅
𝐍𝐦
 Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor:
 Itdepends upon:
1) Area of plates (A).
2) Dielectric constant between the plates (𝛜𝐫 )
3) Distance between the plates (d)
 In free space (vacuum) it is given as:
𝐀 𝛜𝐨
C=
𝐝
 Due to dielectric medium between plates, Circuit
capacitance of capacitor increases and is given as:  It is path for flow of charges or current.
𝐀 𝛜𝐨 𝛜𝐫 1) Open circuit
C=
𝐝
→ 𝑪𝐦𝐞𝐝: = 𝑪𝐯𝐚𝐜: 𝐫 𝛜  In which
 When dielectric is placed between plates of → 𝐈 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹 = ∞
capacitor, it become polarized due to which 2) Closed circuit:
capacitance increase by the value of  In which
that dielectric constant of the material used. → 𝐈 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹 ≠ 𝟎
 Combination of Capacitors:
Series Combination:
 End to end connection of capacitors.
 In which there is single path for flow of current.
 In this combination:
1) P.d “V” is different for each capacitor.
V = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏
2) Charge stored by each capacitor is same.
 Equivalent capacitance of combination for “n”
capacitors is given as:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ………+
𝑪𝒆 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝒏
 Total capacitance of combination decreases.
 Total capacitance of combination is smaller from
the smallest value of individuals.
 Total capacitance of combination for “n” identical
𝑪
capacitance of capacitors is given as.→ 𝑪𝒆 =
𝒏
Parallel Combination:
 In which there is several paths for flow of current.
 In this combination:
1) P.d “V” is same for each capacitor.
2) Charge stored by each capacitor is different.
𝐪 = 𝒒𝟏 + 𝒒𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒒𝒏
 Equivalent capacitance of combination for “n”
capacitors is given as:
𝑪𝒆 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝒏
 Total capacitance of combination increases.
 Total capacitance of combination is greater from
the greatest value of individuals.
 Total capacitance of combination for “n” identical
capacitance of capacitors is given as.
𝑪𝒆 = 𝐧 𝐂
Energy (U) stored by capacitor:
 Work done by voltage source to move the charge
from one plate to another is stored in the form of
electric potential energy in capacitor.
 When capacitor is not connected to voltage source.
𝐖𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝐕 = 𝟎
 When capacitor is connected to voltage source  If dielectric material (slab) is placed
𝐖𝟐 = 𝐪𝐕 between the plates of capacitor, the
 Averaged work done energy stored by capacitor decreases
𝐖𝟏 + 𝐖𝟐 𝟎 +𝐪 𝐕
𝐖= = 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝐪
U= 𝐄𝟐 𝛜𝐫 𝛜𝐨 𝐀𝐝
𝟐
𝟏 -: q= 𝐂 𝐕 or V =
U= 𝐪𝐕 𝐂
𝟐
Note:
𝟏
U= 𝐂 𝐕𝟐 For same voltage source Energy 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 =
energy stored will be = 𝐄 𝛜𝐫 𝛜𝐨
density 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝟐
𝟏 𝒒𝟐 maximum for parallel
U= combination.
𝟐 𝑪
Charging and Discharging of capacitor:
 When capacitor is connected with voltage source it will
be in charging process.
 When capacitor is not connected with voltage and circuit
is still closed then it will be in discharging process.
Time constant “t”:
 It is a time required by capacitor to store 63% (0.63)
times of equilibrium (100%) charge “𝐪𝐨 ”.
OR
 It is the product of resistance “R” of resistor and
capacitance “C” of capacitor connected in series with
each other and is known as capacitive-resistive circuit.
t = RC
 RC → S.I unit “ohm.farad = second”.
 RC → small, charging and discharging will be fast.
 RC → large, charging and discharging will be slow.
For charging of capacitor: MCQs:
𝐭
− A 1𝛍𝐅 capacitor of a TV is subjected to
q = 𝐪𝐨 (𝟏 − 𝐞 𝐑𝐂 )
4000 volt potential difference. The energy
For discharging of capacitor: stored by it is:
𝐭
− 𝐑𝐂 a) 16 J
q = 𝐪𝐨 𝐞
b) 8 J
Where,
c) 4 J
 q = charge present in capacitor
d) 2 J
 𝐪𝐨 = 100% of charge
 𝐞𝟏 = 2.718 exponential form

Time constant In charging In discharging The capacitance of capacitor is when it is

connected in series with resistor of 10KΩ
First → t = RC q = 63% 𝐪𝐨 q = 37% 𝐪𝐨
whose time constant is 2 seconds.
Second → t = 2RC q = 86.5% 𝐪𝐨 q = 13.5% 𝐪𝐨 a) 5 𝛍𝐅
Third → t = 3RC q = 95% 𝐪𝐨 q = 5% 𝐪𝐨 b) 20 m𝐅
Fourth → t = 4RC q = 98.17% 𝐪𝐨 q = 1.83% 𝐪𝐨 c) 200 𝛍𝐅
Fifth → t = 5RC q = 99.3% 𝐪𝐨 q = 0.67% 𝐪𝐨 d) 5 m𝐅
t=∞ q = 𝐪𝐨 q=0
Example:
Find net capacitance of given network. Also
charge stored by each capacitor and P.d (V)
between plates of each capacitor. 𝐂𝟐
Ans:
𝑪𝒆 = 3 μF
𝐪𝟏 = 24 μC
𝐂𝟏
𝐪𝟐 = 6 μC 𝐂𝟑
𝐪𝟑 = 18 μC
𝐕𝟏 = 6 volt
𝐕𝟐 = 2 volt
𝐕𝟑 = 2 volt