WEEK 1 ●​ Focused on:

●​ Preventative treatment, consultation,

What is Clinical Psychology? development of outreach programs,
●​ Clinical Psychologists are individually vocational counseling, short-term therapy.
trained in assessment and diagnosis, ●​ Counseling psychology is a small field (the
intervention, or treatment, consultation, file of clinical is bigger with 4x as many
research, and the application of ethical and graduates from doctoral programs)
professional principles. ●​ Most counseling psychology programs are
●​ Clinical Psychologists work with a range of in the School of Education
individuals, from infants to the elderly. ●​ Counseling doctoral program acceptance
●​ They work in a large range of settings, rates are higher, greater focus on
including universities, hospitals, private minority/cross-cultural issues.
practice offices… ●​ Only 70 Ph.D programs are there for
●​ Little medical training, extensive training in counseling psych but there are 360 for
psychotherapy or talk therapy. clinical psych
●​ Focus on client autonomy and
collaboration with patients. Clinical Social Workers
●​ Only New Mexico and Louisiana allow Work to improve social functioning of individuals,
trained clinical psychologists to prescribe groups, or communities.
medication. ●​ In the past social workers focused on
external or social factors contributing to
Closely Related Mental Health Professions patients' difficulties, while the psychiatrist
Psychiatrists prescribed medication and the clinical
●​ A physician rooted in medicine psychologist tested them.
●​ Regards psychopathology as an “illness” ●​ Today social workers are more likely to
that is biologically based and its causes deal with psychological factors that play a
can be treated with medicine. role in individual and family difficulties
●​ Complete four years of medical school (more focus on familial factors).
(M.D), general medicine internship, 4-year ●​ Require only master's degree to practice
residency training in psychiatry. (2 years)
●​ Supervised work in clinical setting or ●​ More likely to engage in home visits,
outpatient facility (supervised by workplace visits–active role.
experience psychiatrist) ●​ The social work field is rapidly growing as
○​ May thus be better able to identify a result of them being low-cost alternatives
medical problems for to psychiatrists and psychologists.
psychological distress.
●​ Blurred lines between clinical psych and School Psychologist
psychiatrist. ●​ Work with students, educators and
●​ Specialization is slowly administrators to promote social and
declining–economic impact, competition emotional growth of school age children
from other specialties like clinical psych. and adolescents.
●​ Brief quarter-hour sessions of medication ●​ School psychologists are in high -demand,
management not long psychotherapy as they conduct assessment for special
sessions. educational needs.
●​ Prescription privileges are being allocated ●​ Workplace include schools, nursery
to other specialties as well and people no daycare, hospital, clinics…
longer rely on psychiatrists for advice on ●​ 60 APA programs for doctoral degrees.
medication treatment.
●​ More authoritarian and focus on Health and Rehabilitation Psychologist
medication prescription ●​ May have a doctorate and clinical but this
is not required. This field is new and is
Counselling Psychologist rapidly growing.
●​ Work with moderately maladjusted ●​ Through research and practice contribute
individuals and use assessment methods to the promotion of good health, involved
most commonly interviews with prevention and treatment of illness.
●​ Employed in educational settings but also ○​ Ex. Design prevention programs
employed in hospitals and mental health to help quit smoking, reduce
centers. weight
 ●​ Most likely to engage in consultation with ●​ Clinical psychologists have the ability to
different organizations. both consume and produce knowledge.
●​ Rehabilitation psychologists focus on
physical or cognitive disability. Research
○​ Help with adjustment to physical, ●​ Scientist-practitioner model was
social, psychological barriers. adapted–thinking like a scientist.
●​ Work at care facilities, medical centers, ●​ Clinical work is enhanced by knowledge of
rehabilitation facilities, hospitals… scientific methods and exposure to clinical
Psychiatric Nurses practice.
●​ Working alongside psychiatrists and ●​ Clinical psychologists have the ability to
psychologists. both consume and produce knowledge.
●​ They implement the therapeutic
recommendations. Consultation
●​ Have prescriptive privileges in all but a few ●​ Consultation can occur on a case by case
states. basis with another individual in the field or
for an organization looking for help in a
Activities of Clinical Psychologists particular domain (Ex. Drug addiction)
●​ Activities include psychotherapy, research, ●​ Clinical psychologist also serve as
diagnosis, teaching and administration. consultants for advertising agencies.
●​ A large number of control time to work for
Therapy or Intervention primary care services
●​ Client seats face-to-face across from the
therapist and therapy involves either one Administration
to one relationship or couples, family, child ●​ All clinical psychologists have to engage in
therapy. administrative duties like maintaining client
●​ Majority of therapists are women and not record and filling out reports.
men. ●​ Some are drafted by colleagues as a result
●​ Therapy involving specific skills is more of their skills to perform greater admin
useful to reduce problems. (ex. CBT duties.
therapy). ●​ Employment sites that are the biggest are:
(1) private practice, (2) universities and (3)
Diagnosis/Assessment medical schols.
●​ Used to better understand the individual so ●​ Other settings include:
that a more informed decision can be Psychiatrichospitals, outpatient facilities..
made m ●​ Clinical psychologist tend to engage in a
●​ Gathering information through testing so diversity of both private practice and
that a problem can be solved. research.

Teaching Research and the Scientific Tradition

●​ May teach graduate courses in specific ●​ Clinical psychology is based on research
areas-advanced psychopathology, tradition and the quest to acquire new
development psychopathology, testing, knowledge.
personality theory, or even do ●​ Typicaly, a clinical doctorate student
undergraduate testing. engages in assessment, research,
●​ Some clinicians may supervise doctoral diagnosis and therapeutic skill
students completing their degree development with an internship.
(supervision) ●​ Psychlogy programs offwr a two-year
●​ Phoenicians may also conduct workshops Master’s Program that some students
and seminars to teach skills to nurses aids pursue before doing the Ph.D.
probation officers and so on. ●​ Master level students are viewed as less
competent and can't practice
Clinical Supervision independently.
●​ A form of teaching, more one to one ●​ Rowing master's dield with 3x as many
teaching that is less formal. Masters than Ph.D’s being awarded
●​ Involves supervising students and interns;
people learn by doing under the guidance Coursework and Practicum Work
of a supervisor-trainee relationship.
 ●​ Students have to take series ofbasic test-first adult intelligence test; created in
courses that help found their basic 1939 and since them modified & adapted.
knowledge of human behavior. ●​ Rorschach-inkbot tests that attempted to
●​ Use scientist-practitioner model bring people to reveal their real-life
●​ During the advance years of graduate experiences by looking at ambigous
school students are exposed to practical stimuli. He published in this in his book
work, that involves applicatin of theories Psychodiagnostik
studied. ●​ Projective Techniques- designed go
allow a person to respond to ambiguous
WEEK 2: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW stimuli and reveal hidden emotions and
internal conflicts projected by the person
into the test
Historical Roots ●​ Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)-
requires an individual to make up stories
●​ Individuals that altered the field of clinical reflecting activities, thoughts and feelings
psychology and began viewing mental of the people in the pictures.
illness as treatable– Pinel, Tuke, Todd,
Dix World War II and Beyond (1940-Present)
●​ The development of clinical psychologist ●​ More complex tests began to develop.
slowly expanded in the fields of diagnosis, Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory
assessment, intervention, research, and ●​ (MMPI)- self-report; Wechsler Intelligence
professional matters. Scale for Children- Alternative to Stanford
Binet scale.
The Beginnings (1850-1899) ●​ Clinical psychologists were viewed as
experts of psychodiagnosis- use of
●​ James Keen Cattell, a student of William interpretation of test scores as a basis of
Wundt believed that studying reaction time diagnosis and treatment.
differences would help to understand ●​ Different Approaches- objective
intelligence- mentla states. nomothetic approach (empirically tested
●​ Witmer founded the current model of rules) vs projective idiographic approach.
treatment by forming the first psychological (Focused more on the individual and
clinic and the journal called Psychological interpretations)
Clinic. ●​ Radical Behaviorism: only a work
●​ Initial emphasis focused on the youth behavior can be measured and
population of children and adolescents psychological trait measurement is not
who were unable to functionally adapt to useful. It brought the era of behavioral
society. assessment– behaviors were
●​ First DSM- appeared in 1952, focused
The Advancement of the Modern Era mostly on adult psychopathology and
(1900-1919) post-war symptoms.
●​ Binet and Simon developed the ●​ Structured Diagnostic Interviews:
Binet-Simon scale- measures intelligence. Standard list of questions that are used as
●​ Carl Jung develop testing methods around criteria to assess different disorders. est,
word-associations and 1910 brought the and unique because no interpretation of
arrival of the Kent-Rosanoff Free scores was needed.
Association Test.
●​ WWI brought the screening of individuals ●​ The roots of clinical psychology can be
entering the military, marking the traced to pioneering efforts in the late
movement away from children and youth 1700s and 1800s by William Tuke,
towards adult. Philippe Pinel, Eli Todd, Dorothea Dix, and
others to treat the mentally ill in a humane
Between the Wars (1920-1939) rather than punitive way.
●​ By the late 1920’s psychologist had ●​ The field of clinical psychology was
individual and group testing tools at their formally founded by Lightner Witmer, who
disposal. founded the first psychological clinic at the
●​ The field of intelligence was being University of Pennsylvania in 1896 and
expanded with work by Spearman, created the first professional journal
Thorndike, Thurstone, Wechsler-Believue devoted to clinical psychology in 1907.
 ●​ Early efforts to diagnose mental problems ■​ 1987—Salt Lake City, Utah: Seeking a
were quite rudimentary, but the work of model that deemphasized research and
Emil Kraepelin and others eventually led to placed greater emphasis in clinical skills
more sophisticated diagnostic
classification systems, culminating in the
The Doctorate of Psychology Degree (Psy.D.)
current edition of the Diagnostic and
■​ Emphasis on the development of clinical
Statistical Manual, which defines hundreds
competence, de-emphasis on research
of disorders according to specific
diagnostic criteria. competence.
●​ The assessment of intelligence has ■​ Dissertation is about professional subject
evolved from the earliest work of Alfred and not research contribution.
Binet, David Wechsler, and others to the ■​ Increasing experience in therapeutic
current editions of their tests, such as the practice (3rdyear divergence)
Stanford-Binet and the WAIS, WISC, and
WPPSI. Professional Schools
●​ Early attempts to assess personality were ■​ No affiliation with universities and they
primarily projective tests, such as the
have their own financial and organizational
Rorschach inkblot method and the
framework.
Thematic Apperception Test.
●​ Those tests were soon followed by ■​ Free standing or free for profit schools,
objective personality tests such as the mostly offer Psy.D. degrees.
MMPI, many of which have achieved high
levels of reliability and validity. Although Clinical Scientist-Model
psychotherapy is currently the dominant ■​ Scientific and clinical psychology is the
professional activity of clinical only acceptable form of clinical
psychologists, it was relatively uncommon psychology
until the 1940s and 1950s. ■​ Focused on building a science of clinical
●​ At that time, the psychodynamic approach
psychology, by integrating scientific
to therapy prevailed, but behaviorism and
principles into their work.
humanism rose to popularity in the
■​ Academy of Psychological Science
decades that followed. Currently, the
cognitive approach is the most popular (1995)—graduate programs and
single-school therapy approach, and the internships focused on empirical methods
number of distinct approaches in many of research.
ways, including a diversification of its –​ Main goals:
members and its graduate training options. ■​ Training—clinical
science research +
CHAPTER 3: CURRENT ISSUES IN CLINICAL scientific knowledge
PSYCHOLOGY
■​ Research and
Theory—advance
Models of Training in Clinical Psychology
clinical science research
and theory and
The Scientific-Practitioner Model
integration with other
■​ Boulder Model/Scientist-Practioner
sciences.
Model: Attempts to marry science and
■​ Application—broad
clinical practice and is the most popular
application to human
model to this day. Skilled practitioners that
problems
could produce own research and learn
■​ Dissemination—to
from others research.
foster distribution of
■​ In the past, training was not the focus of
knowledge to public in a
the field; clinical psychologists focused on
timely manner.
research.
■​ The model sought to aid students in
Combined Professional-Scientific Training
thinking like a scientist in whatever
Programs
activities they engaged in.
 ■​ Combined specialty in counseling, clinical ■​ 1-2 years of supervised clinical experience
and school psychology; assumes a share ■​ Must bass Examination for Professional
core knowledge based for all three areas. Practice in Psychology (EPPP);
■​ Graduates however may not develop a ■​ Must practice within the scope of the
specific sub-specialty as an expertise for knowledge and competence, training
an area.
■​ Better suited to the future practitioner Private Practice
than the future clinical research scientist. ■​ Clinical Psychology moving in the
direction of policies, legislation and
Professional Regulation greater emphasis on practice than on
research.
Certification ■​ A fee for private-practice service is now
■​ Certification and licensure can vary from the past, and managed health care now
state to state; but it is a weak form of dominates.
regulation in most instances.
■​ People can’t call them “psychologists” Prescription Privileges
unless they have been certified; attempts
to protect the public by restricting title Background
use. ■​ Argument that it will allow for autonomy of
■​ Does not prevent anyone from offering clinical psychologists as health service
psychological services to the public as ■​ providers
long as the non-certified people don’t use ■​ Help with continuous care from one
the same title. physician
■​ Argument of professional boundaries and
Licensing bridging the gap between psychology &
■​ Stronger than certification, provides the psychiatry.
title of “psychologist” but also defines
what specific activities are offered for the Pro Arguments for Prescription Privileges
public. ■​ Enable practitioners to provide a wider
■​ APA developed a model act for licensure variety of treatments to a wider number of
of psychologists. people.
■​ Applicants for licensure are required to ■​ Increase in efficiency and cost-effective of
take an exam (can be oral + written) care for patients who need psychological
■​ May require supervised experience treatment and medication.
beyond doctorate ■​ Provide clinical psychologists an
■​ Licensing boards are starting to become advantage in the marketplace (e.g. over
increasing picky about the requirements social workers)
and restrictions placed on those that ■​ May be more qualified to consider
qualify and those that can obtain psychopharmacological treatment due to
licensure. them spending longer sessions with
■​ Some argue that both licensing and clients.
certification are invalid measures of ■​ Better able to offer combined treatment
competence, others say that regulating (psychosocial + psychopharmacological).
licensing measures will ensure
competence. Con Arguments for Prescription Privileges
■​ Challenges include establishment of a ■​ De-emphasis on psychological forms of
national standard, deciding between oral treatment as medication is faster and
or written exams and licensing over the brings more money.
internet. ■​ May result in conflict between members of
the fields of psychology and psychiatry.
Requirements for Licensure ■​ May lead to more drug-company
■​ Masteral degree from APA accredited sponsored research.
program (e.g. clinical)
Technological Innovations

Telehealth
■​ Delivery and oversight of health services
using telecommunication technologies (ex:
websites, email, videoconferencing).
■​ Increased accessibility to services,
efficiency, reducing stigma.

Computer-Assisted Therapy
■​ Clients who don’t have access to mental
health professionals for face-to-face time
or embarrassment may choose to use this
method.
■​ If mental health services are accessible
through telephone, internet or
videoconferencing it could aid those that
have lack of accessibility, inconvenience
or fear treatment.
■​ Electronic health records can be
maintained and clinicians can view clients
Web-based homework’s.