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08 - COE 100 Math For Engineers - Cramer's Rule

The document explains methods for solving linear simultaneous equations, focusing on the Substitution method, Elimination by addition, and Cramer's Rule. It details the use of determinants in Cramer's Rule for both 2x2 and 3x3 systems, providing examples and formulas for finding solutions. Additionally, it discusses conditions under which a solution may not exist, such as when the determinant is zero.

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32 views18 pages

08 - COE 100 Math For Engineers - Cramer's Rule

The document explains methods for solving linear simultaneous equations, focusing on the Substitution method, Elimination by addition, and Cramer's Rule. It details the use of determinants in Cramer's Rule for both 2x2 and 3x3 systems, providing examples and formulas for finding solutions. Additionally, it discusses conditions under which a solution may not exist, such as when the determinant is zero.

Uploaded by

kirayouru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Activity:

Find the solution using Substitution


method and Elimination by addition.

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8 = 0
Cramer's Rule
Gabriel Cramer was a Swiss mathematician (1704-
1752)
Introduction
 Cramer’s Rule is a method for solving linear
simultaneous equations. It makes use of
determinants and so a knowledge of these is
necessary before proceeding.

 Cramer’s Rule relies on determinants


Coefficient Matrices
 You can use determinants to solve a system of
linear equations.
 You use the coefficient matrix of the linear
system.
 Linear System Coeff Matrix
a1x+b1y=c1 𝑎1 𝑏1
a2x+b2y=c2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2 System
 Let D be the coefficient matrix
 Linear System Coeff Matrix
-
D = 𝑎1 𝑏1 = a1b2 – a2b1
a1x+b1y=c1
a2x+b2y=c2 𝑎2 𝑏2
+
If D  0, then the system has exactly one solution:
- 𝑎 𝑐 -
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑏1 = c1b2 – c2b1
1 1
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑎 = a1c2 – a2c1
𝑐2 𝑏2 2 𝑐2
and +
+

𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝐷 𝐷
Example - Applying Cramer’s Rule
on a System of Two Equations
Solve the system:
 8x+5y= 2

 2x-4y= -10
-
8 5
The coefficient matrix is: 8 5  and 𝐷= = (−32) − (10)
 2 − 4 2 −4
  = −42 +
-
- 8 2
So: 2 5 𝐷𝑦
𝑥=
𝐷𝑥
= −10 −4+ and 𝑦= = 2 −10+
𝐷 −42 𝐷 −42
2 5
𝐷𝑥 −10 −4 −8 − (−50) 42
𝑥= = = = = −1
𝐷 −42 −42 −42

8 2
𝐷𝑦 2 −10 −80 − 4 −84
𝑦= = = = =2
𝐷 −42 −42 −42

Solution: (-1,2)
Cramer’s Rule
on a System of Two Equations
 ax + by = e 2 x − 3 y = −16
 
cx + dy = f - 3x + 5 y = 14
a b 2 −3
D = D= = (2)(5) − (−3)(3) = 10 + 9 = 19
c d 3 5
+
-
e b − 16 − 3
Dx = Dx = = (−16)(5) − (−3)(14) = −80 + 42 = −38
f d 14 5
-+
2 − 16
a e Dy = = (2)(14) − (3)(−16) = 28 + 48 = 76
Dy = 3 14
c f Dx +− 38 Dy 76
x= = = −2 y = = =4
Dx Dy D 19 D 19
x= y=
D D
Find the solution using Cramer’s Rule

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8 = 0
Using Cramer’s Rule
to Solve a System of Three Equations
Consider the following set of linear equations

𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟑
Cramer’s Rule - 3 x 3
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟑
The formulae for the values of x, y and z are shown
below. Notice that all three have the same denominator.
𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐷𝑦 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝐷𝑧 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3
𝐷𝑥 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧= =
𝑥= = 𝑦= = 𝐷 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐷 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐷 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Example 1
Solve the system
3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2
Example 1
 Solve the system : 3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2

3 −2 1 3 −2
𝐷= 1 2 −2 1 2 = −23
1 1 −4 1 1
Example 1
 Solve the system : 3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2

9 −2 1 9 −2
𝐷𝑥 = −5 2 −2 −5 2
−2 1 −4 −2 1 = −23
Example 1
 Solve the system : 3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2

3 9 1 3 9
𝐷𝑦 = 1 −5 −2 1 −5 = 69
1 −2 −4 1 −2
Example 1

3 −2 9 3 −2
𝐷𝑧 = 1 2 −5 1 2 =0
1 1 −2 1 1

𝐷𝑥 −23
𝑥= = =1
𝐷 −23 The solution is
𝐷𝑦 69
𝑦= = = −3
𝐷 −23 (1, -3, 0)
𝐷𝑧 0
𝑧= = =0
𝐷 −23
Cramer’s Rule
 Not all systems have a definite solution. If the
determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero, a
solution cannot be found using Cramer’s Rule
because of division by zero.
 When the solution cannot be determined, one of
two conditions exists:
◼ The planes graphed by each equation are parallel
and there are no solutions.
◼ The three planes share one line (like three pages of
a book share the same spine) or represent the same
plane, in which case there are infinite solutions.
SW
Consider the following equations:

2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 36
−3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −31

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