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Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Data Structures 3e (Gaddis and Muganda)
Chapter 6 A First Look at Classes

6.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) One or more objects may be created from a(n):

A) field
B) class
C) method
D) instance
Answer: B

2) Class objects normally have ________ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive
variables do not.
A) fields
B) instances
C) methods
D) relationships
Answer: C

3) In the cookie cutter metaphor, think of the ________ as a cookie cutter and ________ as the cookies.
A) object; classes
B) class; objects
C) class; fields
D) attribute; methods
Answer: B

4) Which of the following are classes from the Java API?

A) Scanner
B) Random
C) PrintWriter
D) All of the above
Answer: D

5) When you are working with a ________, you are using a storage location that holds a piece of data.
A) primitive variable
B) reference variable
C) numeric literal
D) binary number
Answer: A

6) What is stored by a reference variable?

A) A binary encoded decimal
B) A memory address
C) An object
D) A string
Answer: B

1
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
7) Most programming languages that are in use today are:
A) procedural
B) logic
C) object-oriented
D) functional
Answer: C

8) Java allows you to create objects of this class in the same way you would create primitive variables.
A) Random
B) String
C) PrintWriter
D) Scanner
Answer: B

9) A UML diagram does not contain:

A) the class name
B) the method names
C) the field names
D) object names
Answer: D

10) Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is protected from code outside the
object, is accomplished in Java by:
A) using the public access specifier on the class methods
B) using the private access specifier on the class methods
C) using the private access specifier on the class definition
D) using the private access specifier on the class fields
Answer: D

11) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Sphere

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
private double z;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Circle class.
D) z is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

2
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
12) You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields:
A) in order to avoid having stale data
B) because it is redundant
C) because it should be defined in another class
D) in order to keep it current
Answer: A

13) What does the following UML diagram entry mean?

+ setHeight(h : double) : void

A) this is a public attribute named Height and is a double data type
B) this is a private method with no parameters and returns a double data type
C) this is a private attribute named Height and is a double data type
D) this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value
Answer: D

14) Methods that operate on an object's fields are called:

A) instance variables
B) instance methods
C) public methods
D) private methods
Answer: B

15) The scope of a private instance field is:

A) the instance methods of the same class
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the method in which they are defined
Answer: A

16) A constructor:
A) always accepts two arguments
B) has return type of void
C) has the same name as the class
D) always has an access specifier of private
Answer: C

17) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, "Hello, World"?
A) String str = "Hello, World";
B) string str = "Hello, World";
C) String str = new "Hello, World";
D) str = "Hello, World";
Answer: A

3
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
18) Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as:
A) they have different return types
B) they have different parameter lists
C) they have different return types, but the same parameter list
D) you cannot have two methods with the same name
Answer: B

19) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}
public int getOrderAmount()
{
return orderAmount;
}
public int getOrderDisc()
{
return orderDisc;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int ordNum = 1234;
double ordAmount = 580.00;
double discountPer = .1;
Order order;
double finalAmount = order.getOrderAmount() —
order.getOrderAmount() * order.getOrderDisc();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) There is no value because the constructor has an error.
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: D

4
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
20) A class specifies the ________ and ________ that a particular type of object has.
A) relationships; methods
B) fields; object names
C) fields; methods
D) relationships; object names
Answer: C

21) This refers to the combining of data and code into a single object.
A) Data hiding
B) Abstraction
C) Object
D) Encapsulation
Answer: D

22) Another term for an object of a class is:

A) access specifier
B) instance
C) member
D) method
Answer: B

23) In your textbook the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three sections. The
top section has the ________; the middle section holds ________; the bottom section holds ________.
A) class name; attributes or fields; methods
B) class name; object name; methods
C) object name; attributes or fields; methods
D) object name; methods; attributes or fields
Answer: A

24) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Circle

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class.
D) y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

25) It is common practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a class's:

A) methods private
B) fields private
C) fields public
D) fields and methods public
Answer: B

5
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of:
A) brackets, []
B) parentheses, ()
C) braces, {}
D) double quotes, ""
Answer: C

27) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is private:

A) *
B) #
C) -
D) +
Answer: C

28) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is public.

A) /
B) @
C) -
D) +
Answer: D

29) In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter:

A) the variable name followed by the data type
B) the variable name followed by a colon and the data type
C) the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type
D) the data type followed by the variable name
Answer: B

30) When an object is created, the attributes associated with the object are called:
A) instance fields
B) instance methods
C) fixed attributes
D) class instances
Answer: A

31) When an object is passed as an argument to a method, what is passed into the method's parameter
variable?
A) the class name
B) the object's memory address
C) the values for each field
D) the method names
Answer: B

6
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
32) A constructor is a method that:
A) returns an object of the class.
B) never receives any arguments.
C) with the name ClassName.constructor.
D) performs initialization or setup operations.
Answer: D

33) The scope of a public instance field is:

A) only the class in which it is defined
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the instance methods and methods outside the class
Answer: D

34) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, "Hello, world"?

(1) String str = new String("Hello, world");

(2) String str = "Hello, world";
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1 and 2
D) neither 1 or 2
Answer: C

35) Overloading means multiple methods in the same class:

A) have the same name, but different return types
B) have different names, but the same parameter list
C) have the same name, but different parameter lists
D) perform the same function
Answer: C

7
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
36) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}

public double finalOrderTotal()

{
return orderAmount - orderAmount *
orderDiscount;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Order order;
int orderNumber = 1234;
double orderAmt = 580.00;
double orderDisc = .1;
order = new Order(orderNumber, orderAmt, orderDisc);
double finalAmount = order.finalOrderTotal();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) 522.00
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: C

37) A class's responsibilities include:

A) the things a class is responsible for doing
B) the things a class is responsible for knowing
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C

8
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
38) Instance methods do not have this key word in their headers:
A) public
B) static
C) private
D) protected
Answer: B

39) Which of the following is NOT involved in finding the classes when developing an object-oriented
application?
A) Describe the problem domain.
B) Identify all the nouns.
C) Write the code.
D) Refine the list of nouns to include only those that are relevant to the problem.
Answer: C

40) This is a group of related classes.

A) archive
B) package
C) collection
D) attachment
Answer: B

41) Quite often you have to use this statement to make a group of classes available to a program.
A) import
B) use
C) link
D) assume
Answer: A

42) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

This is an example of
A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: B

9
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
43) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.*;

This is an example of:

A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: A

44) The following package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
A) java.java
B) java.default
C) java.util
D) java.lang
Answer: D

6.2 True/False Questions

1) An object can store data.

Answer: TRUE

2) A class in not an object, but a description of an object.

Answer: TRUE

3) An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed.

Answer: TRUE

4) A method that stores a value in a class's field or in some other way changes the value of a field is
known as a mutator method.
Answer: TRUE

5) Instance methods should be declared static.

Answer: FALSE

6) A constructor is a method that is automatically called when an object is created.

Answer: TRUE

7) Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or
parameter variable.
Answer: TRUE

8) The public access specifier for a field indicates that the attribute may not be accessed by statements
outside the class.
Answer: FALSE

9) A method that gets a value from a class's field but does not change it is known as a mutator method.
Answer: FALSE
10
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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10) Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers.
Answer: TRUE

11) The term "default constructor" is applied to the first constructor written by the author of a class.
Answer: FALSE

12) When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field
hides the local variable.
Answer: FALSE

13) The term "no-arg constructor" is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments.
Answer: TRUE

14) The java.lang package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
Answer: TRUE

11
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 HACKBERRY
Celtis occidentalis
Page 112

The hackberry grows wild in Massachusetts, but it is found rarely

and is generally mistaken for an elm. It grows commonly in lowland
woods in Western New York and the Middle States, and it can be
identified both in winter and summer by the white chambered pith,
which is found by cutting a stem of recent growth. The dried fruit,
which hangs on the stems through the winter, is also another means
of recognizing the tree,—this berry-like fruit can be seen in the
photograph which I took as late in the deciduous season as April
thirteenth. It is a round-headed tree with a short trunk and usually a
broad spread of branches, but in the basin of the Ohio River it grows
to be a tall and stately tree.
The wood is heavy and coarsely grained, and is used for fences
and for making cheap furniture.
The generic name, Celtis, is the ancient Greek name for the lotus
berry; and the specific name, occidentalis (belonging to the west),
designates its American origin.
 Chapter IX
THE BUTTONWOOD, THE TUPELO, AND THE
MULBERRIES
The Buttonwood, showing the hollow base of the leafstalk which
covers the bud until the leaf falls.
 Chapter IX
THE BUTTONWOOD, THE TUPELO, AND THE MULBERRIES

Families Platanaceæ, Cornaceæ, and Moracæ

T HERE is but one genus in the family Platanaceæ, and but one
species in the genus found growing in the Northeastern States,
the buttonwood, or sycamore.
A large tree, 80 to 100 feet high, with an
Buttonwood, irregular, picturesque outline. The bark breaks off
Sycamore, or in thin, brittle plates at the base of the trunk, and
Plane Tree
Platanus
higher up it is smooth, an olive green color, and
occidentalis covered with white blotches. The buds are
subpetiolar,—that is, they are covered over by the
base of the leafstalk through the summer, and concealed entirely
until the leaf drops off. The leaf-scar is in the shape of a ring around
the bud, with prominent bundle-scars; the arrangement of the leaf-
scars is alternate. Stipule scars are found on the stems in some
places. The buds are conical, smooth, and brown, and are covered
by one scale. The fruit hangs on the tree all winter,—a large, dry ball
made up of hundreds of seeds.
Like everything which has a definite individuality, the buttonwood
is a tree which people either like or dislike strongly. It is certainly
picturesque, and its subpetiolar buds alone make it unusually
interesting, whether one admires it or not from an æsthetic point of
view. These buds are entirely concealed through the summer by the
hollow bases of the leafstalks which fit over the buds like candle
extinguishers, and leave scars in circles after they have fallen.
Its bark has little expansive power, the tissue is rigid and cannot
stretch with the growing power from within, and it splits and is
thrown off easily. In connection with this, Dr. Holmes says in “The
Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table”:—
 BUTTONWOOD
Platanus occidentalis
Page 118
 TRUNK OF A BUTTONWOOD
Page 119

“The buttonwood throws off its bark in large flakes, which one
may find lying at its foot, pushed out, and at last pushed off, by that
tranquil movement from beneath, which is too slow to be seen, but
too powerful to be arrested. One finds them always, but one rarely
sees them fall. So it is our youth drops from us—scales off, sapless
and lifeless, and lays bare the tender and immature fresh growth of
old age.”
Bryant says in his poem, “To the Green River”:—

“Clear are its depths where its eddies play,

And dimples deepen and whirl away,
And the plane tree’s speckled arms o’ershoot
The swifter current that mines its root.”

Gray calls the buttonwood our largest tree, and Emerson alludes
to it as “the largest, grandest, and loftiest deciduous tree in
America;” while Gilpin says that “no tree forms a more pleasing
shade than the occidental plane.”
The wood takes a good polish and is used for making furniture, ox
yokes, and for the interior finish of houses.
The generic name, Platanus, comes from the Greek word for
broad, and has reference to the wide-spreading leaves and branches
of the tree. The specific name, occidentalis, was given to the
sycamore as distinctive from Platanus orientalis, the oriental plane
tree of Europe. The oriental plane is planted occasionally in this
country, and may be distinguished from our native species by its
broader head and by the fruit, which frequently hangs in clusters
instead of singly on the tree.
The Cornaceæ or dogwood family contains two New England
genera. Among many species of shrubs, two trees deserve especial
notice, the tupelo and the flowering dogwood.
 A medium-sized tree, with horizontal branches
Tupelo, and often with an excurrent trunk. Dark gray
Pepperidge, furrowed bark. Grayish brown twigs, with alternate
Sour Gum Tree
ridged leaf-scars and three bundle-scars at the top
Nyssa sylvatica
of the leaf-scar. Small, brown buds, with
overlapping, hairy scales. The fruit is a small, bluish black drupe,
ripe in the autumn.
The tupelo at all seasons is a striking tree, and is easily
distinguished even at a distance by its flat, rigid branches, growing
in horizontal layers from the main trunk. It varies much in shape,
according to its surroundings in youth. When it has grown up among
other trees in the woods it is erect and tall, and when it has stood by
itself in open ground it is low and broad, and almost always carries
its main trunk well into the top of the tree.
The wood is heavy, tough, and hard to work, and the fibres
intertwine so closely that it is very difficult to split. It is used in
making the hubs of wheels and ox yokes.
 TUPELO
Nyssa sylvatica
Page 120

The generic name, Nyssa, is the Greek name of a nymph, and was
given to the tupelo on account of its habit of growing in wet places,
on the borders of ponds, and in low, moist woods. The specific name
is frequently given to plants and trees, and comes from the Latin
word which means belonging to the woods.
It is found from Maine to Florida and westward, and stands the
winds from the sea well when it grows along the coast, apparently
losing little of its vigor.
A small tree or shrub, 12 to 40 feet high, with a
Flowering dark, rough bark. The recent shoots are gray and
Cornel, covered with down. The leaf-scars are small and
Flowering
opposite each other on the stem. The flower buds
Dogwood
Cornus florida are conspicuous.
The flowering cornel can be distinguished by its
flower buds alone in winter, if by nothing else. They are small and
round with long curving tips, and in shape they look something like
the paper torpedoes children play with on the Fourth of July. This is
the only native tree in our climate, besides the maple and ash, which
has opposite leaf-scars.
The confusion existing in some minds between the flowering
dogwood of the woods and the poison dogwood of the swamps
casts an undeserved shadow over the name of the former. If the
poison dogwood were always called poison sumac and the Cornus
florida, flowering cornel, this unfortunate confusion would soon end.
The wood is strong, hard, and close-grained, and takes polish
exceedingly well. It is used in turnery, for the handles of tools, and
occasionally for engravers’ blocks. The bark is bitter and is used as
an astringent and tonic, especially in the treatment of fevers. The
Indians made a scarlet dye from the bark of the roots.
 The generic name comes from the Latin cornus, a horn, and refers
to the hardness of the wood, and the specific name, florida
(abounding in blossoms), alludes to the remarkable white flowers of
this cornel, which open in June.
The flowering dogwood is found from Eastern Massachusetts to
Central Florida and westward, and grows under large trees in rich
woods.
The Moracæ are a small family with but one native representative
in the North, the red mulberry. The white mulberry from China has
been so widely cultivated and naturalized in the United States, that it
is seen more commonly than the native species.
 RED MULBERRY
Morus rubra
Page 123

A small tree, 15 to 60 feet high. The bark is

Red Mulberry rough, with long furrows. The twigs are a light
Morus rubra greenish brown and the leaf-scars are oval, hollow,
and alternate in arrangement. The bundle-scars
form a closed chain around the leaf-scar. A milky juice comes if the
stems are cut on warm days in winter. Very smooth buds.
The red mulberry is not particularly attractive in winter. In open
situations its branches are wide spreading without being graceful,
and it is broadly erect in shape without being stately. It grows to be
a much larger tree in the South than it does in the North.
The wood is soft and light, but very durable, and it is used for
fences and cooperage, and in the South for boat-building. The fruit
is edible, with an agreeable acid flavor.
The generic name, Morus, is probably derived from the Celtic word
mor, meaning black, in reference to the color of the fruit. The
specific name, rubra, is given to this species because the mulberries
are dark red instead of white, like those of Morus alba.
The red mulberry is found growing wild in Western Massachusetts,
south to Florida and westward. It is frequently planted in gardens for
its fruit.
A small tree, with a rough bark, small, round
White Mulberry brown buds, and small projecting alternate leaf-
Morus alba scars with clearly defined bundle-scars. The buds
are smaller and more rounded than those of the
red mulberry. It is easily distinguished from the red mulberry by its
more numerous and slender shoots.
Professor Charles S. Sargent says that no other tree furnishes
employment, directly and indirectly, to so large a number of the
human race, or has been so carefully studied from the cultural point
of view, and no other tree has given rise to such a voluminous
literature as the white mulberry.
WHITE MULBERRY
Morus alba
Page 124

It was introduced here from China about 1830, and it has been
widely cultivated and naturalized throughout the United States. The
Chinese were the first to cultivate the mulberry for feeding
silkworms, and they are said to have discovered the art of making
silk 2700 years b. c. According to Loudon the discovery is due to the
keen powers of observation of the Empress Si-ling-chi, who watched
the labors of silkworms on wild mulberry trees, and who first applied
their silk to use. It is interesting to associate the making of silk with
an empress who loved nature and used her eyes two thousand years
and more b. c. From China the art passed into Persia, India, Arabia,
and finally (350 b. c.) into Greece. In 1440 a. d. the white mulberry
was introduced into upper Italy, and during the reign of Charles VII.
the first white mulberry was planted in France. In 1609 the silkworm
was introduced into Great Britain by James I., and at the same time
he sent over mulberry trees and silkworms to America, and tried to
induce the colonists in Virginia to cultivate silkworms instead of
raising tobacco.
The wood has been used for making wine casks in Europe, and is
highly valued on account of the supposed violet flavor it gives to
white wines. The bark is used for making bast for mats, and linen
also has been made out of it. The fruit of the white mulberry is
insipid and tasteless.
 Chapter X
THE LOCUSTS, THE YELLOWWOOD, AND THE
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE
The Common Locust and the Honey Locust.
 Chapter X
THE LOCUSTS, THE YELLOWWOOD, AND THE KENTUCKY

COFFEE TREE

Family Leguminosæ

T HE Leguminosæ are a large order of plants including many

different genera,—from the little clover by the wayside to the
honey locust trees, 140 feet high. The trees of the different genera
are all distinguished by their pod-like fruit,—the name Leguminosæ
being given to this family on account of the leguminous or bean-like
pods which enclose the seeds.
They are interesting to study on account of the buds, which differ
in structure from the hidden buds of the locusts enclosed in the
stem, to the subpetiolar buds of the yellowwood, concealed under
the leafstalks through the summer, but conspicuous in winter after
they have fallen.
An irregular growing, slender tree, 70 to 80 feet
Common Locust high, with very rough, deeply furrowed, often
Robinia pseud- yellowish-looking bark. Slender twigs, with
acacia
inconspicuous thorns. Small, alternate triangular
leaf-scars, somewhat raised in the centre. The buds are superposed
between the thorns, and are entirely hidden by the leaf-scars. Fruit a
pea-shaped pod, four or five inches long.
The common locust is one of the few trees which is decidedly
more attractive in summer than in winter. The delicate texture and
tender green of the leaves and the pendulous racemes of white
fragrant flowers make the whole beauty of this tree, and in winter it
seems rough, straggling, and uncouth in its habit of growth, and
utterly devoid of either strength or grace. The common locust glories
in a wealth of summer sweetness and color, but in winter the
absence of poise and symmetry in its branches and its colorless
stems make it seem shapeless and dead.
The wood is heavy and strong, and durable when it is placed in
contact with the soil. It is used in ship-building and for posts. The
bark is a tonic used in homœopathic remedies.
 COMMON LOCUST TREES
Robinia pseud-acacia
Page 130

The name, Robinia, was given to this genus in honor of Jean

Robin, a French botanist, and the gardener of Henry IV. of France.
The specific name, pseud-acacia (false acacia), arose from the
supposition that this tree was a species of the Egyptian acacia from
its prickly branches and pinnate leaves, which are like those of that
tree. It was called “locust tree” by English missionaries who collected
it first and fancied that it was the tree that nourished John the
Baptist in the wilderness.
It was one of the first American trees to attract attention in
Europe, and it has been extensively cultivated there.
The locust is not a native of New England, but it grows wild south
of Pennsylvania and it is widely naturalized throughout the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains.
The clammy locust (Robinia viscosa) is a small tree or shrub easily
distinguished from the common locust by its stems and young
branches, which are clammy and sticky to the touch. It is a native of
the mountains of North Carolina, and it has been extensively
cultivated as far north as Eastern Massachusetts.
The specific name, viscosa, is from the Latin adjective meaning
full of birdlime, sticky, and refers to the peculiar clamminess of the
stems.
Robinia hispida, the rose acacia, is an ornamental shrub cultivated
in gardens and found growing wild from Virginia southward. The
specific name, hispida (bristly), refers to the long bristles on the
branches, leaves, and pods which distinguish this shrub from the
other species of the genus.
A large tree with a smooth dark bark, cracking in
Honey Locust thick lateral plates on old trees. Long, branching
Gleditsia
 triacanthos thorns growing in clusters out of the trunk and on
the branches. Smooth, shining brown twigs and
prominent U-shaped, alternate leaf-scars. There are no terminal
buds, and the lateral ones are superposed, inconspicuous, rounded,
and partly concealed in the stem. The fruit is a large, pea-like pod,
often hanging on the trees through the winter.
 HONEY LOCUST
Gleditsia triacanthos
Page 132

The honey locust is a beautiful tree with a large trunk and wide,
loosely spreading branches. It is particularly interesting in winter on
account of the apparent absence of buds along the stems. But for
the rich brown color of the stems they might be thought dead until a
cut with a knife in the stem over the leaf-scars shows the little
tender buds tucked away out of sight. It is interesting, too, to find
thorns which are long enough to have little thorns branching from
them. A straight thorn seems formidable enough even on a rose
stem, but a thorn some ten inches long with eight thorns branching
from it, each varying from half an inch to two inches long, and this
but one of a cluster of thorns, keeps the trunk of the honey locust
sacred from climbing boys and from browsing cattle. The honey
locust is more effective than a barbed wire for fencing. The fruit is in
the form of a flat, crooked reddish brown pod from seven to
eighteen inches long. These pods are often twisted, and are carried
easily by the wind over the top of the snow, and young locusts are
propagated in this way at a great distance from the parent tree.
Beer has been made by fermenting the inner pulp of fresh pods, but
it is more of an experiment than a customary practice.
The wood of the honey locust is hard, strong, and durable when it
is placed in contact with the soil; it is used for posts and rails and for
making the hubs of wheels.
The generic name, Gleditsia, was given to it in honor of Gleditsch,
a German botanist; and the specific name, triacanthos (three-
thorned), refers to the branching thorns.
The honey locust is not native in New England, although it is
found growing commonly. Young trees spring up from the seeds of
cultivated trees, and in this way it has spread and increased its
range. It is found growing wild from Pennsylvania south and west.
There are thornless varieties of this tree which are often cultivated.
 A small tree, 20 to 50 feet high, with a smooth
Yellowwood dark gray bark. The stems are smooth and brown,
Cladrastis lutea with light colored conspicuous leaf-scars in a circle
around the subpetiolar buds. The buds are brown
and very hairy, each scale being covered with soft brown hairs. Pod-
like fruit, about two inches long.
The clean, smooth bark of the yellowwood, its delicate branches
and rich brown stems make this tree attractive in winter, in spite of
the fact that, like the locust, its greatest beauty is in its sweet
pendulous flowers and bright green leaves. The yellowwood is one
of the few trees which have subpetiolar buds, and the prominent
leaf-scars encircling the bud show that the base of the leafstalk
covered it until the leaf fell off in the autumn.
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