TOURISM, CULTURE AND

RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENTS DEPARTMENT

ARCHAEOLOGY

POLICY NOTE
2024 – 2025

DEMAND No.29

THANGAM THENNARASU
Minister for Finance and
Human Resources Management

©
Government of Tamil Nadu
2024
 INDEX

SL.No. Contents Page

No.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives of the 1-2
Department
1.2 Administrative Structure 2-3
1.3 Path breaking discoveries 3-5
1.4 Conservation of Protected 5-7
Monuments
1.5 Newly notified Monuments 7-8
and Archaeological ites

1.6 Funds for regular 8-9

maintenance of Protected
Monuments
1.7 Conservation and 9-10
Restoration of old Forts and
Palaces
1.8 Development of Tamili 10-11
inscriptions and Jaina
sculptures tourist spots

1.9 Project for preservation and 11-12

documentation of
unprotected sculptures and
inscriptions

1.10 Archaeological Excavations 12-18

I
1.10.1 Archaeological explorations 18-19
and excavations - 2023
1.10.2 Keeladi Excavations Season- 19-20
9/2023
1.10.2.1 Kondagai Excavations 20
Season-4/2023

1.10.3 Gangaikondacholapuram – 20-22

Season 3 /2023

1.10.4 Vembakottai Excavations – 22-23

2022& 2023
1.10.5 Thulukkarpatti Excavation - 23-24
2022 & 2023

1.10.6 Kilnamandi Excavation 2022- 24-25

2023
1.10.7 Porpanaikottai Excavation 25-27
2022-2023
1.10.8 Boodhinatham Excavation 27-28
2022-2023
1.10.9 Pattaraiperumbudur 28-29
Excavation (2022-2023)

1.11 Archaeological Explorations 29-31

and Excavations during 2024

1.12 New Sites identified for 31

excavations during 2024

II
1.12.1 Tirumalapuram – Tenkasi 31-32
District
1.12.2 Chennanoor – Krishnagiri 32-33
District
1.12.3 Kongalnagaram - Tiruppur 33-34
District
1.12.4 Marungur - Cuddalore 34-35
District
1.13 Neolithic Sites Survey 35-36
1.14 Explorations in the Porunai 36-37
(Tamirabarani) River valley
1.15 Offshore Reconnaissance 37-40
Survey of a Sangam Age
Korkai Port
1.16 Archaeological Explorations / 40-42
Excavations outside the
State
1.17 Scientific Studies 42-45
1.18 Archaeological Site Museums 45-46
1.19 Keeladi Museum at 46-48
Sivagangai District
1.20 Keeladi Open Air Site 48-49
Museum at Sivagangai
District

III
1.21 Porunai Museum at 49-50
Tirunelveli District
1.22 Gangaikondacholapuram 50
Museum at Ariyalur District

1.23 Development of Madurai 51

Thirumalai Nayak Mahal Site
Museum
1.24 Upgradation of Site 51-52
Museums
1.25 Epigraphy 52-54
1.26 Tamil Nadu Institute of 54-57
Archaeology and Museology

1.27 Rock Art in Tamil Nadu 58-60

1.28 Documentation and 60-61
Digitization of Graffiti and
Tamiḻi (Tamiḻ-Brāhmī)
Inscribed Potsherds of Tamil
Nadu Exploring the cultural
link between Indus Script
and Graffiti Marks
1.29 Archaeological and Historical 61-62
Atlas of Tamil Nadu
1.30 Government Oriental 62-64
Manuscripts Library and
Research Centre
1.31 State Manuscript Mission 64-65
1.32 Manuscripts Resource Centre 65-66

IV
1.33 Important activities 2023- 66-69
2024
1.34 Conclusion 69-71

Annexure 72-75

Photographs I-XXXII

V
 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

POLICY NOTE

2024-2025

1. Introduction

The principle of archaeology is the study of

the human past that deepens our understanding
of the world in a more meaningful and resourceful
manner. The study of the human past means the
study of human behavioural and cognitive
systems within given socio-politico-cultural
contexts that transformed humanity through time
and space. The term archaeology is derived from
the Greek words archaeos meaning ‘ancient’ and
logos meaning ‘study, discussion, reason, or
science’.

1.1. Objectives of the Department

The Department of Archaeology was

established in 1961 with the following objectives:-

 To identify, conserve and preserve

ancient and historical monuments.

 To conduct systematic archaeological

explorations and excavations in
1
 historically and archaeologically
important sites throughout the State.

 Documenting stone and copper plate

inscriptions by copying, deciphering
and publishing them.

 Establishing Site Museums.

1.2. Administrative Structure

The Department is headed by the

Commissioner of Archaeology and is assisted by
Joint Director (Technical), Deputy Directors,
(Technical), Regional Assistant Directors,
Executive Engineer, Assistant Executive
Engineers, Junior Engineers, Deputy Director
(Admin.), Assistant Directors (Admin.),
Archaeological Officers and other officers.

2
1.3. Path breaking discoveries

The carbon samples collected in association

with Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi) inscribed potsherds
from the Keeladi excavations have been
scientifically dated to the 6th century BCE
(conventional AMS C14 date 580 BCE and
calibrated AMS C14 date 679 BCE). This discovery
revises the timeline of Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi)
script, pushing its origins back to the 6th century
BCE, a century earlier than the previously
established 5th century BCE. This finding
3
highlights the advanced literacy levels of the
Tamils during this era. The subsequent
conventional AMS C14 date of 610 BCE (calibrated
AMS C14685 BCE) further consolidated the
Keeladi findings.

The Keeladi findings provide conclusive

evidence that the second urbanization was
present in Tamil Nadu in the 6th century BCE,
paralleling the developments in the Gangetic
Valley.

Additional significant discoveries come from

carbon-dated paddy samples recovered from an
urn burial at Sivagalai near Adichanallur. These
samples analysed by the Beta Analytical
Laboratory in Miami, Florida, date back to 1155
BCE. It scientifically confirms that the Porunai
(Tamiraparani) river civilization is 3200 years old.
This crucial information was announced by the
Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in the
Legislative Assembly on September 9, 2021.

Excavations at Mayiladumparai in Krishnagiri

district have yielded two important Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dates of 1615 BCE and
2172 BCE, providing valuable insights into the
4
introduction of iron and the transition from the
late Neolithic phase to the Iron Age. These dates
from Mayiladumparai confirm the existence of the
Iron Age in the beginning of third millennium BCE
and indicate a preceding Neolithic phase in
Tamil Nadu.

1.4. Conservation of Protected Monuments

India possesses a rich, vast, and diverse

cultural heritage, exemplified by an extensive
collection of monuments scattered across the
country. Tamil Nadu, in particular, prominently
displays its historical and cultural richness
throught out her history. Visitors frequently travel
to Tamil Nadu to admire its magnificent art and
architectural heritage. The art forms found in the
region's historical monuments showcase the
elegance and skill of ancient sculptors. The
vimanas and gopuras of the temples exhibit the
distinct characteristics of ancient architecture. The
state also boasts cave temples (both cut-in and
cut-out temples), monolithic temples, forts,
ponds, structural temples, choultries, and
mandapas, which encompass both secular and
religious.

5
 However, these temples and other historical
structures are vulnerable to damage from various
natural calamities and human activities.
Consequently, there is a pressing need for their
proper protection and conservation to preserve
this invaluable cultural heritage.

Conservation and restoration work carried

out by experts following scientific conservation
methods and archaeological principles in ancient
heritage sites and archaeological sites are unique.

The Government of Tamil Nadu has enacted

the "Tamil Nadu Ancient Monuments and
Historical and Archaeological Sites and Remains
Act, 1966 (Tamil Nadu Act 25 of 1966) and Rules,
1971" to protect, preserve and reconstruct the
historical monuments in the State. According to
the above law and rules, "ancient historical
monument" means any construction or symbol,
which has historical, archaeological or artistic
significance and is more than a hundred years
old. It refers to a mound, graveyard, a cave, rock
sculpture, an inscription, a monolithic monument.

So far, the Government of Tamil Nadu has

declared 105 historical monuments and
6
3 archaeological sites totalling 108 monuments as
"Protected historical monuments". Out of the
above 108 historical monuments and
archaeological sites, Madurai Tirumalai Nayak
Mahal, Ramanathapuram Ramalinga Vilasam
Palace, Thanjavur Maratha Palace, Manora
Memorial Pillar at Sarabendrarajapattinam in
Thanjavur District, Danish Fort and the
Governor's Bungalow at Tarangambadi in
Mayiladuthurai District are important tourist
attractions and places that continue to attract
tourists.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has

so far declared 411 monuments in the State. It
preserves a total of 251 historical monuments and
160 archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu.

1.5. Newly notified Monuments and

Archaeological Sites

Recently, Cave Temple at Paraikulam

Virudhunagar District, Cave Temple at
Muvaraivenran, Sivakasi Taluk of Virudhunagar
District, Cave Temple at Kalaiyarkuruchi
(M.Pudupatti) in Virudhunagar District, Cave
Temple at Sevalpatti, Vembakottai Taluk,

7
Virudhunagar District and Early Pandya period
Andhichi Rock Cave Temple at Padhinalamperi,
Tirunelveli District have been declared as
historical monuments.

Burial grounds and habitation sites found in

Kondagai and Agaram villages in Tiruppuvanam
Taluk, Sivagangai District; Iron Age Graveyard at
Sivagalai Village, Eral Taluk, Thoothukudi District
and Habitation mound and Megalithic burial site at
Kodumanal in Perundurai Taluk, Erode district are
the new sites included in the list of protected
archaeological sites.

Accordingly, a preliminary notification has been

issued to declare the Cave Temple at Anaiyur in
Sankarankovil Taluk of Tenkasi District as
protected historical monuments. Further, 60
historical monuments have been identified by the
Department of Archaeology for being declared as
"protected monuments and sites".

1.6. Funds for regular maintenance of

Protected Monuments

A sum of Rs. 2 crore is being provided

annually by the Government of Tamil Nadu as
recurring expenditure for the maintenance of
8
protected monuments and archaeological sites.
Accordingly, the above historical monuments and
excavation sites have been selected on a priority
basis and the works are being carried out.

1.7. Conservation and Restoration of old

Forts and Palaces

Heritage tourism will be given a boost by

restoring and renovating old forts and palaces
while retaining their originality. In this regard, the
following three protected monuments are being
taken up for conservation and restoration work.
These works are being executed by the Public
Works Department:-

S. Name of the Estimated

No Monument Cost
(Rs. in crore)
1 Sarjah Madi at 9.43
Thanjavur
2 Danish Fort at 3.77
Tarangambadi,
Mayiladuthurai
3 Tirumalai Nayak Mahal 3.73
at Madurai
TOTAL 16.93

9
 The renovation of the 17th century Maratha
period mural paintings at the Maratha Durbar Hall
in Thanjavur palace premises is being carried out
by the Public Works Department at a total cost of
Rs. 6.95 crores and the works are in progress.

The renovation of the Governor's Bungalow

at Sathangudi village in Tarangambadi Taluk of
Mayiladuthurai District as per archaeological
principles is being carried out by the Public Works
Department at a total cost of Rs.4.46 crore and
the works are in progress.

Restoration of the compound wall of the

Danish Fort at Tarangambadi in Mayiladuthurai
District is being carried out by the Public Works
Department at the cost of Rs.0.63 crore and the
works had been completed.

1.8. Development of Tamili inscriptions and

Jaina sculptures tourist spots

 Neganurpatti Tamili inscription in

Villupuram District

 Thondur Tamili inscription in Villupuram

District
10
  Mudalaikulam Tamili inscriptions and
Jain beds in Madurai District

 Arittapatti Tamili inscriptions in Madurai

District

 Jain sculptures at Anandamangalam in

Chengalpattu District

were developed as tourist attractions and

infrastructure and basic amenities.

1.9. Project for preservation and

documentation of unprotected
sculptures and inscriptions

To preserve the various archaeological

treasures such as loose sculptures and
inscriptions found in different parts of the State in
the same place or in a safe place, a sum of
Rs.3,22,05,547/- has been sanctioned for the
implementation of this project and a sum of
Rs.1,38,45,547/- as non-recurring grant is
sanctioned for the financial year 2022-2023 for
the procurement of 3D scanners, computers and
accessories. All the procurements had been made
and put in use. During 2023-2024, four

11
unprotected sculptures were conserved with
proper protection measures on the same place.

1.10. Archaeological Excavations

Archaeological excavations are regarded as a

critical scientific method for reconstructing a
nation’s cultural history. While ancient literature
and epigraphic records typically reflect the
administrative and social lives of the elite,
excavations reveal insights into the lives of
common people. Additionally, biological samples
obtained through these excavations provide
valuable information on the palaeo-environment,
subsistence patterns and lifestyle changes over
time. The metallurgical samples provide great
insight on the technological advancement of the
past.

In India, the excavations carried out in the

respective sites uncovered the Palaeolithic,
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Iron Age, Early Historic and
Historic settlements. Though the history of
Tamil Nadu can be traced from Pre-historic period
with the discovery of stone tools as accidental
findings, it was those proper and systematic
excavations in various sites by different agencies

12
that lifted the curtain for understanding our
cultural past.

When we talk about Archaeology, it is our

duty to remember the dedicated works of great
pioneers, especially in the area of excavations.
The work meticulously carried out by both Foreign
and Indian Archaeologists, who shaped the field,
are to be recorded and recognized at this
juncture. The scholars such as Alexander
Cunningham the Father of Archaoeology and
Tvl. Robert Bruce Foote, Lord Curzon, Sir John
Marshall, Sir Mortimer Wheeler,
Raymond Allchin, V.D.Krishnaswamy, A. Ghosh,
M.N. Deshpande, B.K. Thapar, S.R. Rao, B.B. Lal,
H.D. Sankalia, V.N. Misra, R.S. Bisht, K. Rajan
and many other Indian scholars have done
significant work in the field of excavation.

The Archaeological Survey of India as the

central body regulates the various activities in the
field of Archaeology while at the State level, the
State Governments Archaeology Departments,
Universities and other private organizations carry
out excavations in their respective domain.

13
 In Tamil Nadu, the Archaeological Survey of
India, Chennai and Tiruchirappalli circles; State
Department of Archaeology; University of Madras;
Tamil University, Thanjavur; Pondicherry
University and Sharma Centre for Heritage
Education have undertaken excavations over the
years and contributed significantly to the
development of archaeology in the State.

The excavations are conducted at

archaeologically and historically important sites
with the help of archaeological sources obtained
through well-planned extensive and intensive
explorations by the Department. It has so far
excavated 40 ancient sites and unearthed
significant artefacts of different periods. The
excavations carried out at Keeladi, Kodumanal,
Sivagalai, Vembakkottai, Porpanaikkottai,
Kilnamandi, Perumbalai, Mayiladumparai,
Parikulam, Tiruttangal, Mangudi, Modur,
Kovalanpottal, Anaimalai, Pallavamedu,
Boluvampatti, Perur, Panayakulam,
Kurumbanmedu, Kannanur, Tirukkovilur,
Vasavasamudram, Poompuhar, Thondi, Korkai,
Alagankulam, Pattaraiperumbudhur, Karur, and
Gangaikondacholapuram are some of the
14
important sites dating back from Pre-historic to
that of Historic period. They have yielded
excellent artefacts confirming the location of the
ancient capitals, trade centers and their
relationship between South India and North India
and between Tamil Nadu and the Roman Empire.

Important Archaeological Excavaions

The archaeological excavation at Adichanallur

Parambu complex is the first ever archaeological
research undertaken in Indian history. This
excavation unearthed many materials that are
now considered the oldest archaeological artefacts
in the country.

Dr. Fedor Jagor of Berlin, an ethnologist and

explorer, determined to clear the Adichanallur
parambu, dig trenches and excavate the ancient
treasures, he believed that artefacts were buried
there.He set sail for India and after along journey
via sea, overland on train and other modes, he
arrived at Adichanallur and undertook his dig. He
took the artefacts unearthed here with him back
to Germany, and displayed them at the Berlin
Museum.

15
 Then, Louis Lapicque of Paris, France did field
research here in 1903-04 and added to the corpus
of knowledge about Adichanallur.

Alexander Rea undertook extensive

archaeological excavation in 1903-1904 in
Adichanallur Parambu. Working carefully and
diligently, Rea placed trenches in the mound, and
retrieved countless artefacts, similar to those
found by Jagor. Based on the wealth of material
and artefacts discovered and the treasure of
objects, he determined that the burial mound
must belong to an ancient past. The artefacts
discovered and excavated by Alexander Rea are
currently displayed in the Government Museum at
Egmore in Chennai and are specially accessible to
the public for viewing.

Arikamedu

The ancient city of Poduke Emporium,

referenced in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,
attracted significant archaeological attention. In
1941, French archaeologist G. Jouveau Dubreuil
first excavated the site. In the summer of 1945,
Sir Mortimer Wheeler conducted a more scientific

16
excavation, revealing a city layout with structures
like warehouses, ring wells, and tanks.

In 1949, French archaeologist Jean Marie

Casal extended the excavation to nearby sites
such as Suttukeny and Kottaimedu.His work
established that trade between the Mediterranean
and Arikamedu continued beyond 200 AD.Later,
in 1994-95, Prof. Vimala Bagley and her team
undertook extensive excavations.

The findings, including Arretine ware, red

tableware, Mediterranean pottery sherds such as
amphora fragments, beads, and metallic objects,
confirmed that Poduke or Arikamedu had robust
trade relations with Rome.

Poompuhar

Poompuhar, once the thriving port city known

as Kaveri Poompattinam, served as the capital of
the early Chola kings in Tamil Nadu. It is
mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
During the 1960’s and 1970’s,
Thiru K.V. Soundararajan of the Archaeological
Survey of India conducted research here on
February 25, 1991 and then by the Tamil Nadu

17
State Archaeology Department and the National
Institute of Oceanography conducted an
underwater survey, revealing a row of structures
in shallow waters about 200 to 300 meter from
the seashore.

1.10.1. Archaeological Explorations and

Excavations – 2023

During the year 2023, the following eight

excavations have been carried out

Sl. Excavation Site District Details

No
1 Keeladi and its
9th
Cluster site Sivagangai
Season
Kondagai

2 Gangaikonda 3rd
Ariyalur
cholapuram Season

3 Vembakkottai Virudhunagar 2nd

Season

4 Thulukkarpatti Tirunelveli 2nd

Season

5 Kilnamandi Tiruvannamalai 1st

Season

6 Porpanaikkottai Pudukkottai 1st

Season

18
 7 Boodhinatham Dharmapuri 1st
Season

8 Pattaraiperumbudur Tiruvallur 3rd

Season

1.10.2. Keeladi Excavations Season-9/2023

The ninth season of Keeladi excavations were

carried out in fourteen quadrants and 804
antiquities were unearthed including gold
ornaments, ivory dice, beautifully portrayed
terracotta animal figurines, gamesmen, spindle
whorls, crystal quartz weighing unit, glass beads,
bangle fragments, copper coins, copper needles,
bone points and iron nails.

In a trench, 3 to 6 cm thickness a floor made

by the mixture of clay and lime has been found at
about 35 cm depth. Further excavations revealed
a cluster of potsherds spread compactly about two
feet deep below this floor including black-and-red
ware, red slipped ware, and red ware potsherds.

Apart from these, the excavations revealed

perforated potsherds, decorated potsherds, russet
coated painted potsherds, and rouletted potsherds

19
were also disinterred. From the preliminary
analysis of these potsherds over two hundred
graffiti marked potsherds, where the symbols
includes fish, ladder, and geometric symbols were
also identified.

1.10.2.1. Kondagai Excavations Season-

4/2023

In Kondagai, 24 urn burials were unearthed.

Over 110 black-and-red ware and red slipped
ware grave-goods were unearthed from within the
burial urns alongside human skeletal remains. The
artefacts include carnelian beads, iron knives,
chisels, rings, etc. For the first time ever, a ring
made of ivory has been found from an urn burial.

1.10.3. Gangaikondacholapuram – Season

3/2023

Gangaikondacholapuram lies in the

Udaiyarpalayam Taluk of Ariyalur District. It was
established as the capital of the Cholas by the
Emperor Rajendra Chola -I (1012-1044 CE), the
celebrated son and successor of the Emperor
Rajaraja Chola -I (985-1014 CE). The excavation
site Maligaimedu, the palace mound lies 2 km
southwest of the famous Gangaikonda
20
choleeswarar temple and about 2 km south-east
of Utkottai village. Earlier explorations and
excavations were conducted in 1980, 1984, 1991,
1996 and 2009 in and around Gangaikonda
cholapuram. So far, a massive brick structure and
a good number of antiquities along with bricks
and roof- tiles have been found in Maligaimedu.
Many bricks and roof tiles kindled the interest to
go for further excavation at this site in 2021,
2022 and 2023 to expose the extension of the
possible foundation of the palace remains.

Along with the brick structures, roofing tiles

and potsherds also were found. Antiquities such
as iron objects, copper objects, copper coins, a
silver coin, a gold bracelet, ivory objects, glass
beads and fragments of bangles, hopscotch,
terracotta objects and Chinese ceramics such as
celadon and porcelain also were collected. It is
obvious that these findings establish Chinese
contacts during the 11th century CE. During this
season, totally 685 antiquities were collected. In
Utkottai, a granite pillar was measuring 7 meter
in length and 72 cm in width was unearthed. This
pillar consists of four Grantha scripts reading
“sha-th-ri-ya”. At Guruvalapar koil exposed with
21
17 courses of terracotta ring well. The
excavations revealed considerable evidence to
understand the nature of construction activities,
the plan of the palace and other political and
cultural activities that flourished at the site.

1.10.4.Vembakkottai Excavations – Season-

2/ 2022 & 2023

Vembakkottai is a village located on the

northern bank of the Vaippar River in
Vembakkottai Taluk in the Virudhunager district.
It lies on the Sivakasi–Kalugumalai road at a
distance about 15 km from Sivakasi and 23 km
south of Kalugumalai.

The excavation carried out in the mound

locally called as Mettukadu or Uchimedu and it
reveals continuous habitation deposit right from
medieval times. Two phases of excavation with 34
trenches have been laid and more than 7800
antiquities were recovered from the site.
Antiquities like semi-precious stone beads made
of carnelian, agate, amethyst and crystal have
been collected. More number of glass beads in
various colours, shell bangles, glass bangles,
terracotta beads, spindle whorls, terracotta

22
gamesmen, smoking pipes, terracotta pendants,
toy objects, terracotta figurines, terracotta
weighing units, terracotta balls, terracotta seals,
terracotta hopscotches, terracotta earlobes,
terracotta wheels, rubbing stones, iron objects
and copper objects were unearthed. Apart from
terracotta objects, iron objects, copper objects
and eight copper coins were collected from the
trenches. More numbers of decorated and plain
shell bangles were collected in different trenches.
Apart from bangles, shell cores, unfinished shell
bangles and shell debitageswere collected. The
collection of large number of shell objects
indicates that, this site might have survived with
a shell industry.

1.10.5. Thulukkarpatti Excavation - Season-

2/2022 & 2023

Thulukkarpatti, Radhapuram taluk of

Tirunelveli district lies about 45 km from district
headquarters. So far, 3138 antiquities have been
recovered from both seasons of the excavation.
Antiquities such as one gold ring, silver punch
marked coin, ivory object, beads of glass,
terracotta, carnelian, soapstone, agate, amethyst,
quartz and steatite, nails, daggers, knives, rings,
23
spearheads and chisels, antimony rod, bangle
fragment, and terracotta objects like hopscotches,
balls, beads, burnishing tools, gamesmen, spindle
whorls, TC figurines and toy wheels were
recovered. So far, 12 Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi)
fragmentary inscribed potsherds were identified in
both seasons. A remarkable finding, nearly 4800
graffiti-bearing potsherds were unearthed.

1.10.6.Kilnamandi Excavation – Season -

1/2022-2023

Kilnamandi is a small village located in

Vandavasi Taluk of Tiruvannamalai district in
Tamil Nadu. There are more than 50 graves
covering 55 acres of barren land.

The burial ground and a nearby habitation

site were excavated in this season. A total
number of 12 graves in the burial ground and 10
trenches in the habitation mound were excavated.
A total number of 21 sarcophagi were exposed in
the burials in which only six of them are still
intact; the others have collapsed. These
sarcophaguses are of red ware, handmade, and
mostly have an oblong tub shape with legs that
range in number from 6 to 12. More than 30

24
graffiti-bearing pot sherds and 43 antiquities were
found in the burial ground. Besides, 45 graffiti-
bearing potsherds and 46 antiquities were found
in the habitation site.

A small hillock located 500 meters towards

the northern side of the graveyard contains more
than 30 stone axe polishing grooves. In an
excavated trenches, about 500 dolerite flakes and
over 15 stone axe rough outs were collected from
the cairn heap.

1.10.7. Porpanaikkottai Excavation - Season

-1/ 2022-2023

Porpanaikkottai is located at a distance of

about 10 km from the Pudukottai town. The
discovery of Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi) inscribed
potsherds and a memorial stone inscription dates
back to the 2nd century CE suggested that the
settlement was in existence since Sangam Age.
The memorial stone was dedicated to a person
named Kanang Kumaran, who was martyred while
saving the lives of the cattle.

The excavation was carried in the Palace area

in which 14 trenches were laid and one trench
was laid inside the moat of the Palace.
25
Furthermore, seven trenches were laid outside of
the fortification wall to study about the
architecture of the brick structure and its
construction methods.

This excavation had yielded 533 antiquities

such as hop-scotches, spouts, glass bangles,
terracotta lamps, spindle whorls, coins, carnelian
beads, rubbing stones, bone tool points and a
gold nose stud with six petals. The other
important findings of the excavation were graffiti
and Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi) inscribed potsherds
and circular brick structures.

Fort Bastion / Watch Tower

The bastion is a structure projecting outward

from the fortification wall where the guard’s
surveillance the fort area. The outer fort wall of
the Porpanaikottai has a circumference of
2.5 kilometers. The fort wall brick structure is
constructed above the 5-meter mud ridge with
1 meter width around the entire Porpanaikottai
fort. Around 32 bastions were identified during
the Remote Sensing and LIDAR survey around the
fort wall. A bastion wall with 13 coarse of brick
structure was found in a trench.The fort wall
26
bastion is made of broken bricks. The height and
width of the fort wall is 100 cm. The length and
breadth of a complete bastion is 450 cm and 260
cm.

Circular Brick Structure

Brick structures in Tamil Nadu are generally

witnessed from the early historic to historic time
period. A circular brick structure was identified at
the depth of 38 cm. The brick structure had three
courses in it, starting from the north-west and
extending to the south-east. The diameter of the
circular brick structure is 230 cm. In addition to
these, a brick channel was found at the depth of
57cm in the north-east with a length of 255 cm.

1.10.8. Boodhinatham Excavation - Season -

1/2022-2023

Boodhinatham is a small hamlet situated of

Pennagaram of Dharmapuri district. The entire
habitation area is not in the form of a mound or a
flat surface rather it has natural variations in
elevation.

Totally 23 trenches in which 19 trenches

were laid in habitation area and 5 trenches in the

27
burial ground. A thin layer of Neolithic associates
is observed from the lower level of the trenches
which is less disturbed for cultivation. A floor level
obtained with multiple postholes in a trench
records strong evidence of ephemeral signs of the
site. This place is used for a seasonal short lived
habitation or as camp site possibly for
domestication and agricultural.

The potteries evidence of the site is rich in

red ware and red slipped ware compared to that
of black-and-red ware. Coarser variety pottery is
yielded more in number. The antiquities obtained
from the site are mostly of terracotta and the
identification of few celt tools in dolerite material
at the lower most level of the trenches indicate
the Neolithic influence.

1.10.9. Pattaraiperumbudur Excavation -

Season -3 / 2022-2023

Pattaraiperumpudur is a small village lies

about 12 km from the taluk headquarters
Tiruvallur. The excavations were conducted in two
seasons in the years 2015-2016 and 2017-2018.
The excavation at the site encountered nearly
1404 antiquities. It includes stone tools, copper

28
objects, iron objects, glass objects like beads and
bangles; bone points, bone beads, paste beads,
semiprecious stone beads, pieces of shell bangles,
ivory objects, terracotta objects etc. Among them,
a bulk of them belonged to the category of stone
tools.

The excavation at Pattaraiperumbudur has

revealed many interesting and significant aspects
pertaining to the Stone Age to early historical
period. The antiquities, pottery collection and the
structural activity like brick lined well shows the
site as a very important settlement in the region.

1.11. Archaeological Explorations and

Excavations during 2024

During the year 2023, large-scale

archaeological explorations / excavations and
underwater explorations / excavations are to be
conducted in the following archaeologically and
historically important sites with an overall budget
allocation of Rs. 5 crores. This is one of the
highest budget allocations ever witnessed in any
state of India.

During 2024-2025, eight archaeological

excavation proposals have been sent for placing
29
before the Standing Committee of the Central
Advisory Board of Archaeology (CABA) for its
approval. Permissions for all sites have been
received and the excavations commenced by the
Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu through
Video Conference on 18.06.2024. The excavation
works are also commenced in other sites on the
same day. In 2024, the excavations commenced
in the following eight sites namely:

S.No. Excavation District Details

Site
1 Keeladi and its
Sivagangai 10th
Cluster
Season
Kondagai
2 Vembakkottai Virudhunagar 3rd
Season
3 Kilnamandi Tiruvannamalai 2nd
Season
4 Porpanaikkottai Pudukottai 2nd
Season
5 Tirumalapuram Tenkasi 1st
Season
6 Chennanoor Krishnagiri 1st
Season
7 Kongalnagaram Tiruppur 1st
Season

30
 8 Marungur Cuddalore 1st
Season

1.12. New Sites identified for excavations

during 2024

1.12.1.Tirumalapuram – Tenkasi District

Tirumalapuram, Sivagiri Taluk, Tenkasi

District is about 6 km west of Ullar village and
10 km north-west of Vasudevanallur, 51 km north
of district headquarters Tenkasi. The Megalithic
burial ground is located 5.7 km northwest of the
present Tirumalapuram village.

The Megalithic burial ground is spread over

an area of approximately 25 acres. The burials
had the remains of bones, urns and offering
goods such as bronze bowl, iron implements like
spears, swords, bows, arrow heads and offering
pots.

A significant quantity of ceramics was

collected from the site and the pottery type
includes black-and-red ware, red slipped ware,
black ware, white-painted black-and-red ware and
white-painted black ware. This site gives us
immense evidence of megalithic burials and Iron

31
Age settlement in this region and systematic
exploration and excavation can lead us to
discover prehistoric and Iron Age sites in and
around this locality and will help us to understand
the cultural chronology of this region.

1.12.2. Chennanoor – Krishnagiri District

Chennanoor is a small hamlet situated about

50km south-east of Krishnagiri and 14 km north
of Uttangarai taluk of Krishnagiri district. The
huge habitation mound at Chennanoor covering
an area of more than 50 acres of land located at
foot hill of the hill range locally named as
Chennanoor guddai. It yielded mostly fine and
coarse black-and-red ware, black ware, red
slipped ware and red ware. The highest point of
the mound can be traced from the north-west
part of the hill range. The deposit at this point
might be 2.5 m thick cultural deposit. The site
yielded antiquities like terracotta hopscotches,
spindle whorls and votive lamps. Three rock
shelters were noticed with paintings in white
ochre.

Considering the invaluable artefacts and

antique features at the site clearly establish that
32
major Microlithic and Neolithic cultural
characteristic underneath the surface could bring
out through the archaeological excavation.
The main aim of the excavation is to identify the
earliest inhabitant of the region with a pattern of
incessant settlement.

1.12.3. Kongalnagaram - Tiruppur District

Kongalnagaram village is located 25 km east

of Pollachi on the Pollachi-Dharapuram road in
Kongalnagarm Panchayat, Udumalaipettai taluk of
Tiruppur district in Tamil Nadu. The habitation site
covering 20 acres of land lies 1km away from the
present Kongalnagaram village and the burial site
consists mostly of cairn circles entombing cist
burial located in and around the Kongalnagaram
village.

The famous ancient trade route called Konga

peruvazhi connecting the Chera capital Vanji in
Kerala and Karur at the confluences of
Amaravathi with Kaveri passes through
Kongalnagaram. The explorations conducted at
habitation-cum-burial site Kongalnagaram yielded
graffiti and Tamili (Tamil Brahmi) inscribed
potsherds besides a large number of russet
33
coated ware and black-and-red ware reflecting its
cultural potentiality. It is a highly potential site to
trace the origin of script in the region and to
study its cultural sequence and stratigraphical
distribution.

1.12.4. Marungur - Cuddalore District

Marungur is a small village situated about

12 km away from Taluk headquarter Panruti and
32 km towards west from District headquarters
Cuddalore.

On the eastern side of the Marungur tank,

there is a cultural mound spread over an area of
about 4 acres. Light grey rouletted wares, black-
and-red potsherds have been collected at the
centre of the mound. In the western lower part of
the mound, a brick-structure area has emerged.
Bricks measuring 7 x 21 x 42 cm have been used
for this construction. A large number of black-
and-red ware potteries are found on the banks of
the pond near the brick structure exposed area.

Two Tamili (Tamil-Brahmi) inscribed

potsherds were collected from the surface. One
was inscribed with "a-ma-na" and the other as "a-
ta". These inscribed potsherds could be dated on
palaeographic ground to 2- 3rd century BCE. Four
more graffiti bearing sherds were collected in the
34
exploration. The above cultural material and the
associated graves with urn burials suggest that
this site might have inhabited by people belonging
to the Iron Age culture.

The Marungur site proposes an imminent

settlement associated from the occurrence of Iron
Age and Early historic period at surface level with
black-and-red ware and red ware potteries, Tamili
inscribed potsherds and graffiti sherds.

1.13. Neolithic Sites Survey

To identify Neolithic sites in Tamil Nadu, the

Department of Archaeology, in collaboration with
the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education, is
conducting explorations and scientific
investigations along the Eastern Ghats in the
districts of Vellore, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri,
Tiruvannamalai, and Salem. Preliminary work
involved collecting information about site settings,
geo-coordinates, and their geographical,
geological, and geomorphological contexts.

Upon gathering this preliminary information,

the second phase of the project was conducted in
the districts of Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, and
Tiruvannamalai by a team of experts. These field
studies encompassed both archaeological and
35
geological/geomorphological aspects. During the
field survey, Celt manufacturing sites were
identified, and grinding groove sites were
re-examined. Several samples were collected for
further study. Currently, artefacts and rock
samples are being analyzed with the assistance of
the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
(IGCAR).

1.14. Explorations in the Porunai

(Tamirabarani) River valley

The river Porunai, also known as

Tamirabarani, finds its source in the Pothigai hills
located on the southwestern slopes of the
Western Ghats, a significant mountain range in
South India. This river valley is delineated into
upper, middle, and lower basins, each
contributing to the intricate hydrological and
socio-economic landscape of the region.

Spanning from its western boundary to the

eastern coastal zone at the Bay of Bengal, the
Porunai river valley encompasses approximately
670 villages. These villages represent diverse
communities and livelihood practices, deeply

36
intertwined with the river's flow and the
surrounding landscape.

Through comprehensive exploration efforts,

nearly 160 sites of archaeological significance
have been identified within this expansive river
valley. The identification and documentation of
these diverse archaeological sites within the
Porunai river valley contribute significantly to our
understanding of the region's cultural heritage,
social dynamics, and historical evolution.
Furthermore, such endeavours facilitate the
preservation and management of these invaluable
heritage assets for future generations.

1.15. Offshore Reconnaissance Survey of a

Sangam Age Korkai Port

The long coast of India played vital role in

the transoceanic trade since Harappan times.
Much of the port- based trade activities are
witnessed from the time of Early Historic period.
The mode of production, formation of trade
routes, exploitation of natural resources both
organic and inorganic, the emergence of new
political order around 6th century BCE, the new
navigational techniques, understanding the
37
existence of outside world, the development of
language and script, the foreign contacts and
several such congenial factors led to the
development of capital cities and port towns along
the entire coast of India. Many of the tangible
evidences such as habitation mounds, rock-cut
caves, structural temples and buildings exposed
above the surface could be identified on land and
are helpful in understanding the developments at
a site. These tangible evidences are not limited to
land sites but are expected to extend offshore
also. There are chances that the setting could be
better preserved from vandalism and destructions
from wars, but they are difficult to locate and
study due to submergence in the sea.

Unlike developed countries, the Indian

subcontinent remains relatively unexplored in the
sphere of nautical archaeology. There are hardly
half a dozen sites were identified and none of
them has a reasonably complete mapping or
description or integration to landside evidences.
The sites that received attention both on land and
sea are Dwarka in Gujarat, Mamallapuram and
Poompuhar in Tamil Nadu and Muziris (Pattinam)
in Kerala. There are several ancient ports such as
38
Barygaza (Maharashtra), Tondi (Kerala), Korkai,
Alagankulam and Arikamedu (Tamil Nadu),
Kottapattinam (Andhra Pradesh), Kalingapattina
(Odisha) and Tamiralipti (west Bengal) yet to
receive any attention of the marine
archaeologists. Besides these, there is no reliable
identification of any pre-colonial shipwrecks from
a coastline of over 7500 km with a timeline
spanning more than two millennia of recorded
history.

The Department had undertaken a

preliminary reconnaissance survey in collaboration
with Indian Maritime University (IMU) and the
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) to
identify the Korkai port of mid-Sangam Age
Pandyas at a total cost of Rs.1.50 crore.

A preliminary reconnaissance first phase

survey had been conducted from 02.09.2022 to
09.09.2022 and the second phase of the survey
had been conducted from 23.01.2023 to
16.02.2023. In this survey, scientific and
technological tools such as Model Kongsung
(Model Kongsberg EM712), Sigle Beam

39
Echosounder (Model Kongsberg EA440) and
Sub-bottom Profiler were used.

Korkai has been known to contain remnants

of ancient structures through primary sources
such as Sangam literature and inscriptions
besides the traditional knowledge of the native
population, distant memories, folklore and
preliminary investigations so far. Using Sonar
surveys and diver inspections, an anomalous
feature was identified. The sampling operations
proposed in this season will settle the ambiguity
of whether it is of anthropogenic nature or not. In
continuation of the search for archaeological
evidences along other sites mentioned above, it is
proposed to conduct a sonar survey off
Alagankulam.

1.16. Archaeological Explorations /

Excavations outside the State

The Government has announced that the

archaeological explorations/ excavation will be
conducted at major sites outside Tamil Nadu to
rediscover the history of ancient Tamils. These
sites include Musiri (Pattanam) in Kerala, Palur in
Odisha, Vengi in Andhra Pradesh and Maski in

40
Karnataka. The Hon’ble Chief Minister announced
on September 9, 2021, that the Archaeology
Department would undertake these expeditions to
trace Tamil cultural roots across India and
beyond.

Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology

and Odishan Institute of Maritime and South East
Asian Studies have conducted the excavation at
Palur, Odisha in 2024. More than 600 artefacts
were unearthed during the excavation. It includes
glass beads, bangles, iron and copper objects.
The ceramic evidence of the site is rich in
rouletted ware, black-and-red ware, northern
black polished ware, red slipped ware. The other
important findings of the excavation were graffiti
potsherds. The purpose of this excavation is to
trace the relation between the Tamil Nadu and
Odisha. Examining the artifacts discovered here
will unveil the relationship between these two
regions.

In Kerala, to understand the roots of the

Chera country's antiquity and culture, research
will be conducted at Musiri (Pattanam) with
Kerala’s archaeological experts. Additionally, joint

41
efforts will be made at Vengi in Andhra Pradesh,
Maski in Karnataka, and Palur in Odisha. These
efforts include collaborations with PAMA in Kerala,
the Odishan Institute of Maritime and South East
Asian Studies in Bhubaneswar, the Central
University of Hyderabad, and the Central
University of Karnataka's Department of
Archaeology. Joint field explorations for Maski at
Karnataka were conducted last month and a
proposal has been submitted by the Central
University of Karnataka Department of
Archaeology to the Central Advisory Board of
Archaeology for approval.

1.17. Scientific Studies

Archaeological investigations are rendered

meaningful only when the chronological
sequences of events are faithfully reconstructed.
The antiquities unearthed from ongoing
systematic archaeological excavations must
undergo scientific analysis in reputable
laboratories and institutions.

The field of archaeology necessitates the

application of a diverse array of technologies and
scientific methodologies at various stages,
42
ranging from the initial discovery to the final
interpretation of findings. This multifaceted
approach facilitates the establishment of proper
chronological frameworks and enhances
comprehension of sequential cultural processes.

To identify optimal locations for

archaeological explorations and excavations, the
Department employs technologies such as Ground
Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey, Magnetometer
Survey, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Survey
and LiDAR survey.

In terms of scientific analysis, the State

Archaeology Department collaborates with various
scientific institutions to advance the
understanding of Tamil Nadu's cultural history
through rigorous scientific methodologies.
Partnerships include:

 Collaboration with the Birbal Sahni

Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow,
and the French Institute of Pondicherry
for pollen analysis and phytolith studies
to investigate palaeoclimate.

43
  DNA analysis conducted in collaboration
with Madurai Kamaraj University to
explore human genome dynamics.

 Metallurgical analysis undertaken in

association with the National Institute
of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, to
comprehend iron, steel, and high-tin
bronze technologies.

 Ceramic analysis facilitated by the

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Research, Kalpakkam, and Pune
University to decipher and analysis the
raw material sources.

 Examination of skeletal remains in

partnership with Deccan College, Pune,
to ascertain social compositions.

 The diatom studies are being carried

out in association with Agharkar
Research Institute, Pune

Recognizing the invaluable contributions of

specialized disciplines to the in-depth analysis of
archaeological findings, the Department has
decided to collaborate with experts in fields such
44
as Archaeo-botany, Archaeo-zoology, Metallurgy,
Molecular Biology, Population Genetics,
Environmental Archaeology, and Linguistic
Archaeology. Continuous endeavours are
underway to scientifically reinterpret the cultural
history of Tamil Nadu.

1.18. Archaeological Site Museums

The antiquities unearthed from archaeological

explorations and excavations have been
preserved and exhibited for the benefit of
scholars, researchers and the general public in the
following 15 archaeological site museums situated
in various districts of the State:-

Sl. Site Museums Place / District

No
1) Danish Fort Museum Tarangambadi/
Mayiladuthurai
2) Underwater Poompuhar/
Archaeological Museum
Mayiladuthurai
3) Gangaikondacholapuram GangaikondaCholapur
Museum am / Ariyalur

45
4) Ramalinga Vilaasam Ramanathapuram
Museum
5) Arcot Museum Arcot Ranipet

6) Pre-Historic Museum Poondi Tiruvallur

7) Tirumalai Nayak Mahal Madurai

Museum
8) Rajarajan Museum Thanjavur
9) Maratha Museum Thanjavur
10) Karur Museum Karur
11) Coimbatore Museum Coimbatore

12) Courtallam Museum Courtallam/Tenkasi

13) Tirukkovilur Museum Tirukkovilur/

Kallakkurichi
14) Dharmapuri Museum Dharmapuri

15) Keeladi Museum Sivagangai

1.19. Keeladi Museum at Sivagangai District

World class Keeladi Museum established in

Kondagai, Sivagangi District at a cost of Rs.18.42
46
crore. The construction, spanning approximately 2
acres culminated in a museum complex
encompassing a built-up area of around 31,000
square feet.

Mirroring the domestic architectural

vernacular prevalent in the region, the museum
edifices incorporate architectural elements such
as courtyards, thazhvarams, and mandapams,
embellished with motifs reflecting indigenous
artistry and craftsmanship, thereby accentuating
the cultural authenticity.

The museum precinct is delineated into six

principal blocks, each dedicated to thematic
exhibitions elucidating facets such as Vaigai and
Keeladi, Agrarian and Water Management,
Ceramic Industries, Weaving and Beads, Sea
Trade, and Lifestyle. Furthermore, the complex
encompasses semi-open and open spaces
fostering interactive engagements, including
traditional recreations, craft workshops, and
cultural performances, thereby enhancing the
experiential spectrum.

The Keeladi Museum was inaugurated by the

Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on
47
05.03.2023. The museum has garnered
commendation for its substantive public
engagement, evidenced by footfall metrics
exceeding 2000 visitors on weekdays and nearly
5000 on weekends, underscoring its significance
as a cultural and educational landmark.

1.20. Keeladi Open Air Site Museum at

Sivagangai District

The excavations at Keeladi have unveiled a

treasure trove of historically significant sites,
including ancient buildings, ring wells, and
industrial structures. To bring these remarkable
discoveries to life, an open-air site museum will
be created, offering a holistic and immersive
educational experience. This museum is designed
to enlighten both present and future generations
about Keeladi's profound historical significance.

In a major step forward, the Government had

issued orders for the establishment of this
open-air site museum, which will cover an extent
of 4.48 acres. With an estimated budget of
Rs.17.10 crore, this ambitious project is poised to
begin construction soon. Once completed, it will
serve as a vibrant showcase of Keeladi's rich

48
archaeological heritage, capturing the imagination
and interest of visitors from all walks of life.

1.21. Porunai Museum at Tirunelveli District

The Hon'ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

announced in the State Assembly on 09.09.2021
that the “Porunai museum” would be set up at
Tirunelveli, with all modern amenities to showcase
the artefacts obtained in Sivagalai, Korkai and
Adichanallur. In 2022, the Government sanctioned
a sum of Rs. 33.02 crore for setting up the
museum.

The Porunai Museum is slated to occupy a

10-acre expanse near NH 45 at Reddiarpatti,
adjacent to Tirunelveli city. Envisioned to
encompass an area of 55,500 square feet, the
museum will incorporate traditional architectural
elements such as courtyards, pillars, and
corridors, echoing regional aesthetics.

A work order has been issued to the Public

Works Department and so far 50% of the
construction works were completed.

Concurrently, efforts are underway to

formulate the Story Line/Concept Note, a
49
foundational aspect of the museum's
establishment, aimed at delineating the thematic
narrative and conceptual framework.

1.22. Gangaikondacholapuram Museum at

Ariyalur District

On 28.11.2022, the Hon’ble Chief Minister of

Tamil Nadu undertook a visit to the excavation
site situated at Gangaikondacholapuram. During
this visit, it was highlighted that the Chola
dynasty, under the reign of its monarch Emperor
Rajendra Chola-I, established extensive trade
networks and diplomatic relations, notably with
China. In acknowledgment of these historical
achievements, the Tamil Nadu Government
announced plans to establish a museum aimed at
commemorating and disseminating these glorious
legacies on a global platform.

The establishment of the

Gangaikondacholapuram museum on the
designated site in an extent of 4.14.00 hectares
at a cost of Rs. 22.10 crore is in progress.

50
1.23. Development of Madurai Thirumalai
Nayak Mahal Site Museum

Conservation and display works at a cost of

Rs.8.27 crore for the Tirumalai Nayak Mahal,
Madurai have been approved by the Ministry of
Culture under the Museum Grant Scheme with an
80:20 sharing pattern. (Central share 80% =
Rs.661.76 lakh + State Share 20% = Rs.165.44
lakh). The Public Works Department has
commenced the work. At present, the works
relating to the upgradation of Palliarai,
Natakasaalai and the library complex in
Thirumalai Nayak Mahal are in progress.

1.24. Upgradation of Site Museums

During the Budget Speech for the year

2022-2023, it has been announced that "Tribal
Museum at Courtallam, Tenkasi District, Pre
Historic Site Museum at Poondi in Tiruvallur
District, Hero Stone Museum at Dharmapuri will
be upgraded at an estimated cost of Rs 10 crore.

1. Poondi Site Museum

Government orders have been issued for the

construction of a new building for pre-historic site

51
museum at Pattaraiperumpudur Village with an
estimated cost of Rs. 2.70 crore and the works
are in progress, will be completed by this year.

2. Courtallam Site Museum

Government orders have been issued for the

construction of a new building for Courtallam
folkarts and tribal site museum at Courtallam
Village in Tenkasi District at a cost of
Rs. 2.51 crore and the works had been
commenced and will be completed in this year.

3. Dharmapuri Site Museum

Government initiated to establish a herostone

site museum over an extent of 0.21.04 hectares
in Adhiyaman Kottai in Nallampalli Taluk of
Dharmapuri District. The detailed project report
and estimate is under preparation and the works
will be commenced in this year.

1.25. Epigraphy

Epigraphy, encompassing the study of

inscriptions found on various mediums such as
rocks, pillars, temple walls, copper plates, metals,
pottery, woods, palm leaves, textiles, conch
shells, murals, and coins, represents a captivating
52
and instructive field of inquiry. These inscriptions
serve as paramount sources for reconstructing the
history and cultural milieu of ancient civilizations,
constituting primary documentary evidence to
corroborate legal, socio-cultural, literary,
linguistic, archaeological and historical assertions.

The establishment of a dedicated epigraphy

wing within the Department in 1966 aimed at
systematically copying inscriptions from diverse
substrates, including rocky surfaces, stone pillars,
slabs, temple walls, copper plates, ceramics and
palm-leaf manuscripts. Presently, this wing
maintains approximately 26,142 estampages of
inscriptions sourced from 38 districts, with
ongoing efforts focused on recording inscriptions
in Pudukkottai, Sivagangai, and Thoothukudi
districts. Of these estampages, 15,945
inscriptions have been deciphered and 10,197
have been published across 67 volumes.

In the fiscal year 2019-2020, the

Government of Tamil Nadu allocated Rs. 2 crore
to initiate a special initiative aimed at expediting
the process of copying, deciphering, and
publishing inscriptions. This project is slated for a

53
five-year duration. The resultant publications will
be catalogued under the series "Tamil Nadu
Inscriptions."

To facilitate this endeavour, fifteen experts

have been engaged to decipher approximately
3,000 inscriptions annually, yielding a total of
6,200 deciphered inscriptions to date, with 2,877
inscriptions published across 15 volumes.
Additionally, five epigraphical assistants have
been appointed on contractual terms to produce
estampages of unrecorded inscriptions and to
identify new inscriptions within the state.

1.26. Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology

and Museology

The Institute of Epigraphy underwent a

comprehensive overhaul in the academic year
2020-2021, subsequently renamed as the "Tamil
Nadu Institute of Archaeology and Museology" in
2021-2022. Since its inception in 1974, the
institution has operated as an educational-cum-
training centre located at the departmental
headquarters.

The Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology and

Museology offers several specialized diploma
54
programs tailored to students with diverse
academic backgrounds. A two-year Post-Graduate
Diploma in Archaeology, admitting 20 students
annually from 2020, targeting individuals with
post-graduate degrees in various disciplines such
as Humanities, Social Sciences, Chemical
Sciences, Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences,
Geo Sciences, Engineering, and Computer
Science.

A two-year Post-Graduate Diploma in

Epigraphy, enrolling 10 students per annum from
2021 to 2022, designed for candidates holding
post-graduate degrees in Tamil, Indian History,
History, Ancient History and Archaeology, or
History and Archaeology.

In 2022-2023, the institute introduced a

two-year Post-Graduate Diploma in Heritage
Management and Museology, admitting 10
students annually. Eligible candidates must
possess a degree in Civil Engineering or a
post-graduate degree in Humanities, Social
Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Physical Sciences,
Biological Sciences, or Geo Sciences.

55
 Each of these diploma programs comprises
four semesters, encompassing a total of 24
papers covering theoretical and practical aspects
of Archaeology, Epigraphy, Heritage Management,
and Museology. Distinguished scholars from
various academic institutions provide training to
students. A stipend of Rs. 6,000 per month is
disbursed to each student, an increase from
Rs. 5,000 previously.

The Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology and

Museology prioritizes hands-on training,
encompassing a spectrum of activities such as
tool-making, bead-making, bronze casting,
structural and chemical conservation,
explorations, excavations, documentation, display
of antiquities, and copying and deciphering of
inscriptions, supervised by experts in respective
fields.

Furthermore, students partake in field visits

to UNESCO World Heritage Sites and monuments
under the purview of various governmental
agencies, including the Archaeological Survey of
India and the Tamil Nadu State Department of
Archaeology. These visits enable students to

56
comprehend the architectural, sculptural,
epigraphical, and historical significance of Tamil
Nadu's cultural heritage.

In addition to domestic field visits, students

also engage in a comprehensive All India - Field
visit to heritage sites and monuments across
other states of India. Notable sites visited include
those in Odisha and Karnataka, where students
gain insight into the archaeological, historical, and
cultural richness of these regions.

The Institute also offers training in on-going

archaeological excavation sites managed by the
Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology, as
well as conservation training at the Rajarajan Site
Museum and the Maratta Darbar Site Museum in
Thanjavur. Furthermore, students receive training
in the conservation of archival materials,
applications of geospatial technology in
archaeological and historical research (such as
QGIS, Remote Sensing, and GIS Software), and
lithic knapping.

57
1.27. Rock Art in Tamil Nadu

The Rock-Art of Tamil Nadu manifests in two

principal forms: petrograph and petroglyph, each
presenting distinct characteristics and contexts.

Rock Paintings: These are further categorized

based on their location:

 Natural Rock Shelters: Paintings found

in natural formations such as caves or
overhangs.

 Megalithic Dolmens: Paintings adorning

megalithic structures, providing insight
into prehistoric burial practices.

 Manmade Rock-Cut Caves: Paintings

within artificial caves crafted during
historical periods, often associated with
religious or secular activities.

Rock Bruising and Engravings: This category

encompasses markings made by incising or
bruising the rock surface, often portraying
symbols, figures, or abstract designs.

To meticulously document the Rock-Art of

Tamil Nadu, the Department of Archaeology has
58
undertaken a comprehensive survey, deploying an
expert team comprising 8 members hailing from
diverse disciplines including Archaeology,
Anthropology, Geology, Folklore, and Art History.
The survey encompassed the following villages:

 Karikiyur, The Nilgiris District

 Sirumalai, Dindigul District

 Usilampatti, Madurai District

 6 sites in Villupuram District

 49 sites in Krishnagiri District

 21 sites in Tiruvannamalai District

 13 sites in Tiruppur District

During this survey, a rich array of rock art

themes emerged, illustrating various aspects of
ancient life such as hunting, gathering, warfare,
cattle rearing, and equestrian activities, indicative
of an agro-pastoral subsistence pattern prevalent
in antiquity. The predominant colours observed in
these paintings were red and white ochre,
underscoring the artistic preferences and material
availability of the period.
59
 As part of the documentation process, the
Department plans to compile and publish the
findings in a structured publication format, with
the intention of systematically disseminating
information about the documented sites to a
wider audience. This publication will be released
in phases, ensuring comprehensive coverage and
detailed analysis of the Rock-Art heritage of Tamil
Nadu.

Currently, the Department of Archaeology

has successfully completed the initial phase of the
Rock Art report, focusing on documentation and
analysis of 46 sites out of a total of 239 identified
sites across Tamil Nadu. This phase represents a
significant milestone in the comprehensive survey
and documentation endeavour undertaken by the
Department.

1.28. Documentation and Digitization of

Graffiti and Tamiḻi (Tamiḻ-Brāhmī)
Inscribed Potsherds of Tamil Nadu
Exploring the cultural link between
Indus Script and Graffiti Marks

This two years project was launched during

the year 2022-2023 with grant approval of 77
lakhs with aims to document, compile and analyse
60
the graffiti bearing potsherds and Tamili inscribed
potsherds unearthed in archaeological excavations
of Tamil Nadu and compare those graffiti marks
with Indus script to understand the cultural
relationship between the two.

The documentation of 13,702 graffiti bearing

potsherds from 93 archaeological sites were
completed both specimen photography and
AutoCAD drawings. The database was also
created. Based on the drawings, the preparation
of sign table is in progress. Once the sign table is
prepared, the similar signs available in Indus
script will be prepared and analysed.

The documentation of all Tamili inscribed

potsherds were initiated and 1197 inscribed
potsherds were documented. Preparation of report
is in progress and the first draft comprising the
chapters on introduction, palaeography,
orthography and chronology are completed.

1.29. Archaeological and Historical Atlas of

Tamil Nadu

The project is initiated with an aim to prepare

an Archaeological and Historical Atlas of Tamil
Nadu from Lower Palaeolithic times down to
61
Vijayanagara times covering a period from 1.50
mya to 1600 CE. The application of the
Geographical Information System would serve as
the base for preparing maps. The atlas will
portray the rich cultural heritage of the Tamil
country from the earliest times to the present
day. It is envisaged to prepare the atlas through a
combination of maps, photographs, drawings, and
texts with using Geospatial Technology with an
idea to cater to the need of the student and
academic communities and also the general
public. The final product will be a both physical
and digital model. So far, 50% data collection and
25% of map preparation had been completed, the
works are in progress.

1.30. Government Oriental Manuscripts

Library and Research Centre

A manuscript, characterized by its

handwritten composition on various materials
such as paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf,
holds significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic
value. This form of documentation spans
hundreds of different languages and scripts,

62
encapsulating diverse cultural and intellectual
traditions.

It's important to note that manuscripts differ

from historical records like epigraphs on rocks,
fireman, and revenue records, which offer direct
insights into historical events or processes.

The establishment of the Government

Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre
in Chennai traces back to a rich historical lineage
dating back to 1861. This institution owes its
inception to the monumental endeavours of
individuals such as Colonel Colin Mackenzie, C.P.
Brown, and Prof. Pickford. Since its inception, the
Government of Tamil Nadu has been actively
engaged in the collection and preservation of
manuscripts, underscoring its commitment to
safeguarding cultural heritage.

Presently, the Government Oriental

Manuscripts Library and Research Centre operates
under the auspices of the Department, situated on
the 7th floor of the Anna Centenary Library in
Kotturpuram, Chennai. This repository houses a
remarkable collection comprising 72,748 rare

63
manuscripts and 25,373 reference books,
covering a wide array of subjects including
Mathematics, Astronomy, Siddha, Ayurveda,
Unani, Vedas, Agama, Architecture, Music, Fine
Arts, History, among others. These manuscripts,
penned in languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit,
Marathi, Urdu, Arabic, and Persian, are
meticulously preserved to ensure their longevity.

The Library also benefits from generous

donations of manuscripts from various sources.
Notably, the District Principal SessionsCourt,
Nagercoilhas contributed 43 boxes of manuscripts
containing local accounts to enrich the library's
holdings. Moreover, the institution has made
significant strides in digitization efforts, with over
21,00,000 manuscript pages digitized to date.
Among these, 5,00,000 pages distributed across
3,500 manuscript bundles are accessible online
through the official website (www.tnarch.gov.in),
facilitating broader access and scholarly research
endeavours.

1.31. State Manuscript Mission

In the fiscal year 2019-2020, the

Government of Tamil Nadu allocated a recurring
64
fund of Rs. 50 lakh to initiate the "State
Manuscript Mission," aimed at the identification,
preservation, and digitization of manuscripts
within the state. As part of this mission, a
dedicated manuscript centre was established
within the Government Oriental Manuscripts
Library and Research Centre. This centre serves
as a focal point for coordinating the identification
and preservation efforts of manuscripts dispersed
across various individuals and institutions
throughout the state. To date, the project has
identified a staggering 1,00,000 manuscripts
earmarked for preservation and digitization,
ensuring their accessibility to future generations.

Operating across five distinct regions, the

State Manuscript Mission has made significant
strides in its digital documentation endeavours.
With over 5,15,000 manuscript pages digitally
recorded thus far, the project is progressing
steadily towards its overarching objectives.

1.32. Manuscripts Resource Centre

The "National Mission for Manuscripts"

(NMM), operating under the aegis of the Ministry
of Culture, Government of India, is dedicated to
65
the comprehensive collection of manuscripts
across India. In this endeavour, the NMM has
designated the Government Oriental Manuscripts
Library in Chennai as the "Manuscripts Resource
Centre" (MRC) for the state of Tamil Nadu. This
strategic partnership aims to streamline the
collection and digitization of manuscripts within
the region.

To date, the MRC has successfully digitized

66,110 manuscripts, forwarding them to the
National Mission for Manuscripts headquarters in
New Delhi. This collaborative effort ensures the
preservation and accessibility of Tamil Nadu's rich
manuscript heritage on a national scale.

1.33. Important activities 2023-2024

In honour of the Muthamizharinagar

Kalaignar centenary celebration, the Tamil Nadu
State Department of Archaeology orchestrated a
series of events, showcasing a commitment to
scholarly engagement and academic discourse.

 Firstly, essay competitions targeting

school students across all districts of
Tamil Nadu were organized in three

66
 phases, spanning the months of
August, October, and November 2023.
Participants were tasked with exploring
the theme of "Ancient Tamil Society",
with all entrants receiving participation
certificates. Noteworthy participants
from each district were honoured, with
the top three students receiving cash
prizes of Rs. 5000/-, Rs. 2000/-, and
Rs. 1000/- for the first, second, and
third place respectively, along with
certificates of commendation, bestowed
in the presence of the Chief Educational
Officers of the respective districts.

 Subsequently, a State Seminar

convened on the 21st and 22nd of
September 2023 at Thanjavur Tamil
University, centred on the theme of
"Recent Researches on Tamil Nadu
History". This forum witnessed the
presentation of 71 research papers by
distinguished archaeologists, scholars,
researchers, professors, teachers, and
students, subsequently compiled and
published as a comprehensive
67
 Proceedings titled "Recent Researches
on Tamil Nadu History" and the
proceedings were also released on this
event.

 Furthermore, a National Seminar

convened on the 22nd and 23rd of
November 2023 at Madurai Kamaraj
University, under the theme of
"Reflections on Cultural Development:
An Archaeological Perspective". This
seminar facilitated the presentation of
41 research papers by archaeologists,
scholars, researchers, and students,
subsequently compiled and published
as a Proceedings titled "Reflections on
Cultural Development: An
Archaeological Perspective." was also
released.

 Lastly, an International Seminar

convened on the 15th and 16th of
December 2023 at the Anna Centenary
Library, Kotturpuram, Chennai, under
the theme of "Ancient Tamil Nadu" . This
seminar featured the presentation of 18

68
 research papers by both national and
international Tamil scholars and
archaeologists, subsequently compiled
and published as a Proceedings titled
"Ancient Tamil Nadu".was also released.

 On the occasion of India Day, observed

on the 16th and 17th of September
2023, a cultural exposure program was
organized by the trainee officers of the
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy
of Administration in Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand. At the request of these
trainee officers, the program featured a
photographic exhibition showcasing
artefacts unearthed from the Keeladi
excavations in Tamil Nadu.

1.34. Conclusion

The resurgence of interest in Archaeology

and Heritage within our State has opened up
significant avenues for the exploration and
preservation of our rich historical legacy. This
renewed focus presents an extensive scope for
delving into the past, with the objectives of
uncovering, safeguarding, promoting, and
69
celebrating the diverse heritage of Tamil Nadu.
Through these endeavours, we aim to contribute
not only to our collective well-being but also to
the advancement of knowledge, ultimately
situating the history of Tamil Nadu within the
broader global narrative.

In Tamil Nadu, the traces of human presence

date back approximately 1.5 million years, as
evidenced by archaeological findings at
Attirampakkam near the Poondi Reservoir in
Thiruvallur taluk. The reconstruction of this vast
expanse of history spanning 1.5 million years
poses a monumental and formidable challenge,
one that the Department is committed to
undertaking.

The Tamil Nadu State Department of

Archaeology endeavours to embark on
comprehensive archaeological research initiatives,
leveraging multidisciplinary approaches in
collaboration with esteemed institutions
worldwide. Our researchers will actively engage in
ongoing field projects encompassing various
facets such as monument conservation, local
archaeological explorations and excavations,

70
documentation of cultural vestiges, establishment
of site museums, and the meticulous copying and
deciphering of inscriptions. These efforts will be
facilitated through strategic partnerships with
reputed institutions and universities both within
the country and abroad.

By fostering interdisciplinary collaborations

and embracing innovative methodologies, we aim
to unravel the layers of Tamil Nadu's rich
historical tapestry, shedding light on its profound
cultural heritage and contributing to a deeper
understanding of its significance within the global
historical landscape.

Thangam Thennarasu
Minister for Finance and
Human Resources Management

71
 Annexure

Year of Nature of
S.No.

Place District
excavation Site
(Period)
1 Korkai Thoothukudi 1968-1969 Early Historic
2020-2021

2 Panchalankurichi Thoothukudi 1968-1969 Modern

3 Vasavasamudram Kanchipuram 1969-1970 Early Historic

4 Anaimalai Coimbatore 1969-1970 Megalithic

5 Pallavamedu Kanchipuram 1970-1971 Medieval

6 Karur Karur 1973-1974 Early Historic

1994-1995

7 Panayakulam Dharmapuri 1979-1980 Early Historic

8 Boluvampatti Coimbatore 1979-1980 Medieval

1980-1981

9 Kovalanpottal Madurai 1980-1981 Megalithic

10 Thondi Ramanathapuram 1980-1981 Early Historic

11 Gangaikonda Ariyalur 1980-1981 Medieval

cholapuram 1986-1987
2008-2009
2020-2021
2021-2022
2022-2023

12 Kannanur Tiruchirapalli 1982-1983 Medieval

13 Kurumbanmedu Thanjavur 1984-1985 Medieval

14 Palayarai Thanjavur 1984-1985 Medieval

15 Alagankulam Ramanathapuram 1986-1987 Early Historic

1990-1991
1992-1993
1994-1995

72
 1996-1997
2014-2015
2016-2017

16 Tirukkovilur Villupuram 1992-1993 Early Historic

17 Kodumanal Erode 1992-1993 Megalithic &

1996-1997 Early
2019-2020 Historic
2020-2021

18 Sendamangalam Villupuram 1992-1993 Medieval

1994-1995
19 Padavedu Tiruvannamalai 1992-1993 Medieval

20 Tiruttangal Virudhunagar 1994-1995 Microlithic

21 Poompuhar Nagapatinam 1994-1995 Early Historic

1997-1998
22 Maligaimedu Cuddalore 1999-2000 Early Historic

23 Teriruveli Ramanathapuram 1999-2000 Early Historic

24 Mangudi Tirunelveli 2001-2002 Microlithic

25 Perur Coimbatore 2001-2002 Early Historic

26 Andipatti Tiruvannamalai 2004-2005 Early Historic

27 Modur Dharmapuri 2004-2005 Neolithic

28 Marakkanam Villupuram 2005-2006 Medieval

29 Parikulam Tiruvallur 2005-2007 Palaeolithic

30 Nedunkur Karur 2006-2007 Megalithic

31 Mangulam Madurai 2006-2007 Early Historic

32 Sembiyankandiyur Maiyiladuthurai 2007-2008 Megalithic

33 Tarangampadi Maiyiladuthurai 2008-2009 Modern

34 Rajakkalmangalam Tirunelveli 2009-2010 Medieval

35 Talaichankadu Maiyiladuthurai 2010-2011 Medieval

73
36 Alambarai Kanchipuram 2011-2012 Modern

37 Srirangam Tiruchirapalli 2013-2014 Medieval

2014-2015
38 UkkiranKottai Tirunelveli 2014-2015 Medieval

39 Pattaraiperumbudur Tiruvallur 2015-2016 Later

2017-2018 Palaeolithic
2022-2023
40 Keeladi Sivagangai 2017-2018 Early Historic
2018-2019
2019-2020
2020-2021
2021-2022
2022-2023
2024
41 Adichanallur Thoothukudi 2019-2020 Iron Age
2020-2021

42 Sivagalai Thoothukudi 2019-2020 Iron Age

2020-2021
2021-2022
43 Mayiladumparai Krishnagiri 2020-2021 Neolithic
2021-2022
2021-2022
44 Vembakkottai Virudhunagar Early Historic
2022-2023
2024
45 Thulukkarpatti Tirunelveli 2021-2022 Early Historic
2022-2023
46 Perumbalai Dharmapuri 2021-2022 Early Historic

2022-2023
47 Kilnamandi Tiruvannamalai Iron Age
2024
48 Porpanaikkottai Pudukottai 2022-2023 Early Historic
2024

49 Boothinatham Dharmapuri 2022-2023 Neolithic

2024
50 Tirumalapuram Tenkasi Early Historic

2024
51 Chennanoor Krishnagiri Neolithic

74
 2024
52 Kongalnagaram Tiruppur Early Historic

2024
53 Marungur Cuddalore Early Historic

75
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated the excavation works to be conducted by
the Department of Archaeology at eight places in 2024 at the Secretariat on 18.06.2024.
I
Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology
Sites to be excavated in Tamil Nadu

II
Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology
Excavated Sites in Tamil Nadu

III
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu released two books namely Perumbalai Excavation
Report and Tamil Nadu Inscriptions Vol-XXVIII at the Secretariat on 18.06.2024.
IV
 The Hon’ble Minister for Finance and Human Resource Management released a book titled
“Recent Researches on Tamil History” in the State Seminar held at Tamil University, Thanjavur
on 21.09.2023 on the occasion of Muthamizharignar Kalaignar Centenary Celebrations.

V
 The Hon’ble Minister for Finance and Human Resource Management released a book titled
“Reflections on Cultural Development : An Archaeological Perspective” at the National Seminar
held at Madurai Kamaraj University on 22.11.2023 on the occasion of
Muthamizharignar Kalaignar Centenary Celebrations.
VI
The book “Ancient Tamil Nadu” was released by the Hon’ble Minister for Finance and
Human Resource Management in the International Seminar held at
Anna Centenary Library, Chennai on 15.12.2023 on the occasion of
Muthamizharignar Kalaignar Centenary Celebrations.
VII
 The Hon’ble Minister for Finance and Human Resource Development and Additional Chief
Secretary to Government, Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments Department visited
the excavation site at Gangaikondacholapuram on 5.8.2023.
VIII
Palaeolithic tools, (Period: 15 lakhs to 3.75 lakhs
years old) Attirambakkam and Parikulam,
Tiruvallur district.

IX
Anthropomorphic (4000 years old) Mottur, Tiruvannamalai district.
X
Menhir(4000 years old), Kodumanal, Erode district.

XI
Dolmen - Iron Age (3500 years old), Mallachandram, Krishnagiri district.

XII
 Rock Art (3500 years old),
Nallanpillaipetral, Villupuram district.

XIII
Rock Paintings (3500 years old), Settavarai, Villupuram district.

XIV
Sivagalai excavation site (3200 years old),
Thoothukudi district.

XV
Conch objects (2800 years old),
Korkai, Thoothukudi district.

XVI
Black-and-Red ware potteries of graveyard dates back to 2500 years old,
Porunthal, Dindigul district.

XVII
Precious stone beads dates back to 2500 years old,
Kodumanal, Erode district.

XVIII
Floor with lime mortar (2500 years old), Keeladi, Sivagangai District.

XIX
Tamili inscribed Pot-sherds (2000 years old), Thulukkarpatti, Tirunelveli district.

XX
Roman gold coins (1st - 2nd century CE),
Karukkakurichi, Pudukkottai district

XXI
 Hero stone (7th-8th century CE),
Mathikonpalayam, Dharmapuri district.

XXII
Monolithic temple at Kazhugumalai, known as the “Ellora of the South India”,
Early Pandya period, 8th century CE, Thoothukudi district.
XXIII
The Pallava period ‘Marpidugu Perunkinaru’ known as ‘Swastik Well’ (Dantivarman– 800 CE),
Tiruvellarai, Tiruchirapalli district.
XXIV
Moovar Koil built by BoothiVikramakesari of Velir kudi (10th century CE),
Kodumbalur, Pudukkottai district.
XXV
A temple built by Eesana Siva Pandita, the guru of Rajendra Chola-I (11th century CE),
Kuzhambandal, Tiruvannamalai district.
XXVI
 Ring well and Granite pillar (11th century CE)
Gangaikondacholapuram excavation, Ariyalur district.
XXVII
Giant granary, (17th century CE), Tiruppalaithurai, Thanjavur district.
XXVIII
 Hero stone (14th century CE),
Bhikkualli, Dharmapuri district. XXIX
 The students of Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology and Museology (2022-2024).
A field trip to the Robert Bruce Foot Archaeological Museum, Sanganagallu, Karnataka.
XXX
Illustrative work on Stone Tools during field visits to the students of
Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology and Museology.
XXXI
Hands-on training on art and architecture in Malaikkottai cave temple, Tiruchirappalli to
Tamil Nadu Institute of Archaeology and Museology students.

XXXII