1.

Define Measure of association

A measure of association is a numerical value that tells us how strongly
related two variables are. There are several characteristics of a good measure of
association. They range from a value of 0 (i.e., no relationship) to 1 (i.e., the
strongest possible relationship). For variables that have an underlying order
from low to high they can be positive or negative. A positive value indicates
that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases. A negative
value indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
2. What are types of types of Hypotheses?
The various types of hypotheses include
 Null Hypothesis,
 Simple hypothesis,
 Directional hypothesis,
 Complex hypothesis,
 Non-directional hypothesis
 Causal and associative hypothesis.

3. Define Data analysis.

The section on data analysis, be it quantitative or qualitative, should describe
the plan of data analysis and justify the data analysis strategy and techniques
used. The techniques used for analysis should be described in simple, non-
technical terms, with examples to guide the reader through the interpretations.

4. What is the role of UNESCO in India

To promote understanding of the objects and purposes of UNESCO among
the people of the Republic of India; ... To disseminate information on the
objectives, programme and activities of UNESCO and endeavour to arouse
public interest in them; and. To advise the Government of India on matters
relating to UNESCO.
5. Define Right s of Property?
Property rights explain the legal and intellectual ownership of assets and
resources and one can make use of the same. These assets and resources can be
both intangible or tangible in nature, and the owner can be government,
individuals, and businesses
6. What is IPR and types of IPR?
 Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the
creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right
over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time.
There are four types of intellectual property rights (IP):
 patents,
 trademarks,
 copyrights,
 trade secrets.
7. Define Utility Model?
A utility model is a patent-like intellectual property right to protect
inventions. Although a utility model is similar to a patent, it is generally
cheaper to obtain and maintain, has a shorter term (generally 6 to 15 years),
shorter grant lag, and less stringent patentability requirements.
8. Define the term Revocation.
Revocation is the act of recall or annulment. It is the cancelling of an act,
the recalling of a grant or privilege, or the making void of some deed previously
existing. A temporary revocation of a grant or privilege is called a suspension.
9. What are Benefits of patent
 A patent gives you the right to stop others from copying,
manufacturing, selling or importing your invention without your
permission. See protecting intellectual property.
 You get protection for a pre-determined period, allowing you to
keep competitors at bay.
 You can then use your invention yourself.
 Alternatively, you can license your patent for others to use it or you
can sell it. This can provide an important source of revenue for
your business.

10.Define Patent & Types of Patent

Patent is an official document giving it’s owner sole right to make, use or
sell the invention and preventing others from using it or copying it. It is an
invention that is legally protected. Types of Patent:

1. Utility Patent – It is a patent which applies to the creation of a new or

improved product or process. Example:- Nail cutter, washing machine,
process of making steel etc.

2. Design Patent – It is a patent which applies to the shape of any material,

the shape must be new and original.Design Patent is given for the aesthetic
 of material not for utility.Example:-cut of a dress, shape of an automobile
etc.

3. Plant Patent – It is a patent which is given to the new variety of plants

that are asexually reproduced. A plant is asexually reproduced if it is
reproduced by a method such as cutting or grafting instead of using seeds

PART-B
11 A. Explain about Multivariate analysis& its classification.
Multivariate analysis (MVA) is a Statistical procedure for analysis of data
involving more than one type of measurement or observation. It may also mean
solving problems where more than one dependent variable is analysed
simultaneously with other variables.
Multivariate analysis is used widely in many industries, like healthcare.
In the recent event of COVID-19, a team of data scientists predicted that Delhi
would have more than 5lakh COVID-19 patients by the end of July 2020. This
analysis was based on multiple variables like government decision, public
behaviour, population, occupation, public transport, healthcare services, and
overall immunity of the community.

Classification Chart of Multivariate Techniques

a) Are the variables divided into independent and dependent classification?

b) If Yes, how many variables are treated as dependents in a single analysis?
c) How are the variables, both dependent and independent measured?
Multivariate analysis technique can be classified into two broad categories viz.,
This classification depends upon the question: are the involved variables
dependent on each other or not?
Dependence technique: Dependence Techniques are types of multivariate
analysis techniques that are used when one or more of the variables can be
identified as dependent variables and the remaining variables can be identified
as independent.
Interdependence Technique Interdependence techniques are a type of
relationship that variables cannot be classified as either dependent or
independent.
The Objective of multivariate analysis
(1) Data reduction or structural simplification: This helps data to get
simplified as possible without sacrificing valuable information. This will make
interpretation easier.
(2) Sorting and grouping: When we have multiple variables, Groups of
“similar” objects or variables are created, based upon measured characteristics.
(3) Investigation of dependence among variables: The nature of the
relationships among variables is of interest. Are all the variables mutually
independent or are one or more variables dependent on the others?
(4) Prediction Relationships between variables: must be determined for the
purpose of predicting the values of one or more variables based on observations
on the other variables.
(5) Hypothesis construction and testing. Specific statistical hypotheses,
formulated in terms of the parameters of multivariate populations, are tested.
This may be done to validate assumptions or to reinforce prior convictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multivariate Analysis
Advantages
 The main advantage of multivariate analysis is that since it considers
more than one factor of independent variables that influence the
variability of dependent variables, the conclusion drawn is more accurate.
 The conclusions are more realistic and nearer to the real-life situation.
Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of MVA includes that it requires rather complex
computations to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion.
• Many observations for a large number of variables need to be collected and
tabulated; it is a rather time-consuming process

12.A. Differences Between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis

13.A Explain about the role of WIPO and WTO in IPR establishments
The WTO and World Intellectual Property Organization
The link between the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) is deeply rooted in the multilateral trading system. During the
Uruguay Round, negotiators sought to connect the two institutions. The
Preamble to the TRIPS Agreement encapsulates this connection by calling
on the two organizations to establish a mutually supportive relationship.
Further, the TRIPS Agreement legally requires Members to abide by certain
rules of key conventions administered by WIPO.
For the purposes of this Agreement:
(i) WIPO means the World Intellectual Property Organization;
(ii) WTO means the World Trade Organization;
(iii) International Bureau means the International Bureau of WIPO;
(iv) WTO Member means a party to the Agreement Establishing the
World Trade Organization;
(v) the TRIPS Agreement means the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Annex 1C to the Agreement
Establishing the World Trade Organization;
(vi) Paris Conventionmeans the Paris Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property of March 20, 1883, as revised;
(vii) Paris Convention (1967) means the Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property of March 20, 1883, as revised at
Stockholm on July 14, 1967;
(viii) emblemmeans, in the case of a WTO Member, any armorial bearing,
flag and other State emblem of that WTO Member, or any official sign
or hallmark indicating control and warranty adopted by it, and, in the
case of an international intergovernmental organization, any armorial
bearing, flag, other emblem, abbreviation or name of that
organization.
Summary of the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO Convention) (1967)
The WIPO Convention, the constituent instrument of the World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO), was signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967,
entered into force in 1970 and was amended in 1979. WIPO is an
intergovernmental organization that became in 1974 one of the specialized
agencies of the United Nations system of organizations.
WIPO's two main objectives are
(i)to promote the protection of intellectual property worldwide; and
 (ii)to ensure administrative cooperation among the intellectual property
Unions established by the treaties that WIPO administers
In order to attain these objectives, WIPO, in addition to performing the
administrative tasks of the Unions, undertakes a number of activities,
including:
(i)normative activities, involving the setting of norms and standards for the
protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights through the
conclusion of international treaties;
(ii)program activities, involving legal and technical assistance to States in
the field of intellectual property;
(iii)international classification and standardization activities, involving
cooperation among industrial property offices concerning patent, trademark
and industrial design documentation; and (iv)registration and filing
activities, involving services related to international applications for patents
for inventions and for the registration of marks and industrial designs
The WIPO Convention establishes three main organs:
1.the WIPO General Assembly,
2.the WIPO Conference and
3.the WIPO Coordination Committee.
The WIPO General Assembly is composed of the Member States of WIPO
which are also members of any of the Unions. Its main functions are, inter alia,
the appointment of the Director General upon nomination by the Coordination
Committee, review and approval of the reports of the Director General and the
reports and activities of the Coordination Committee, adoption of the biennial
budget common to the Unions, and adoption of the financial regulations of the
Organization.
The WIPO Conference is composed of the States party to the WIPO
Convention. It is, inter alia, the competent body for adopting amendments to the
Convention.
The WIPO Coordination Committee is composed of members elected from
among the members of the Executive Committee of the Paris Union and the
Executive Committee of the Berne Union.
14 A. Discuses about Types and Features of IPR Agreement
What are the types of license agreements?
 Types of licensing agreement The unique feature of this type of agreement is
that even the licensor is excluded to use or exploit the licensed property during
the term of the agreement. Copyright, trademark and patent licenses are the best
examples of an exclusive license agreement.
The areas of intellectual property that it covers are: copyright and related
rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and
broadcasting organizations); trademarks including service marks; geographical
indications including appellations of origin; industrial designs; patents including
the protection of new varieties of plants; the layout-designs of integrated
circuits; and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data.
The three main features of the Agreement are
(i) Standards. In respect of each of the main areas of intellectual
property covered by the TRIPS Agreement, the Agreement sets out
the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each
Member. Each of the main elements of protection is defined,
namely the subject-matter to be protected, the rights to be
conferred and permissible exceptions to those rights, and the
minimum duration of protection.
 The Agreement sets these standards by requiring, first, that
the substantive obligations of the main conventions of the
WIPO, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property (Paris Convention) and the Berne Convention for
the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne
Convention) in their most recent versions, must be complied
with.
 With the exception of the provisions of the Berne
Convention on moral rights, all the main substantive
provisions of these conventions are incorporated by
reference and thus become obligations under the TRIPS
Agreement between TRIPS Member countries.
 The relevant provisions are to be found in Articles 2.1 and
9.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, which relate, respectively, to
the Paris Convention and to the Berne Convention.
Secondly, the TRIPS Agreement adds a substantial number
of additional obligations on matters where the preexisting
conventions are silent or were seen as being inadequate. The
TRIPS Agreement is thus sometimes referred to as a Berne
and Paris-plus agreement.
 (ii) Enforcement. The second main set of provisions deals with
domestic procedures and remedies for the enforcement of
intellectual property rights. The Agreement lays down certain
general principles applicable to all IPR enforcement procedures. In
addition, it contains provisions on civil and administrative
procedures and remedies, provisional measures, special
requirements related to border measures and criminal procedures,
which specify, in a certain amount of detail, the procedures and
remedies that must be available so that right holders can effectively
enforce their rights.
(iii) Dispute settlement. The Agreement makes disputes between WTO
Members about the respect of the TRIPS obligations subject to the
WTO's dispute settlement procedures.
15.A. NON-PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER
(a) an invention which is frivolous or which claims anything obviously contrary
to well established natural laws;
(b) an invention the primary or intended use or commercial exploitation of
which could be contrary to public order or morality or which causes serious
prejudice to human, animal or plant life or health or to the environment;
(c) the mere discovery of a scientific principle or the formulation of an abstract
theory or discovery of any living thing or non-living substances occurring in
nature;
(d) the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not
result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance or the mere
discovery of any property or mere new use for a known substance or of the
mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process
results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant; Explanation to
clause
(d) clarifies that salts, esters, polymorphs, metabolites, pure form, particle size,
isomers, mixtures of isomers, complexes, combinations and other derivatives of
known substance shall be considered to be the same substance, unless they
differ significa ntly in properties with regard to efficacy.
(e) a substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation
of the properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such
substance;
 (f) the mere arrangement or re-arrangement or duplication of known devices
each functioning independently of one another in a known way;
(g) omitted by Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002.
(h) a method of agriculture or horticulture;
(i) any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic diagnostic,
therapeutic or other treatment of human beings or any process for a similar
treatment of animals to render them free of disease or to increase their economic
value or that of their products;
(j) plants and animals in whole or any part thereof other than micro-organisms
but including seeds, varieties and species and essentially biological processes
for production or propagation of plants and animals;
(k) a computer programme per se other than its technical application to industry
or a combination with hardware;
(l) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation
whatsoever including cinematographic works and television productions;
(m) a mere scheme or rule or method of performing mental act or method of
playing game;
(n) a presentation of information;
topography of integrated circuits;
(p) an invention which in effect, is traditional knowledge or which is an
aggregation or duplication of known properties of traditionally known
component or components.
PART -C
15.b. Explain about Contents of Patent Application

A patent application should contain:

1. Application for grant of patent in Form-1.

2. Applicant has to obtain a proof of right to file the application from the
inventor. The Proof of Right is either an endorsement at the end of the
Application Form-1 or a separate assignment.
3. Provisional / complete specification in Form-2.
4. Statement and undertaking under Section 8 in Form- 3, if applicable. An
applicant must file Form 3 either along with the application or within 6
months from the date of application.
5. Declaration as to inventorship shall be filed in Form for Applications
accompanying a Complete Specification or a Convention Application or a
PCT Application designating India. However, the Controller may allow
Form-5 to be filed within one month from the date of filing of
application, if a request is made to the Controller in Form-4.
6. Power of authority in Form-26, if filed through a Patent Agent. In case a
general power of authority has already been filed in another application, a
self attested copy of the same may be filed by the Agent. In case the
original general power of authority has been filed in another jurisdiction,
that fact may also be mentioned in the self attested copy
7. Priority document is required in the following cases:
(a) Convention Application (under Paris Convention).
(b) PCT National Phase Application wherein requirements of Rule 17.1(a
or b) of regulations made under the PCT have not been fulfilled. The
priority document may be filed along with the application or before the
expiry of eighteen months from the date of priority, so as to enable
publication of the application. In case of a request for early publication,
the priority document shall be filed before/along with such request.
8. Every application shall bear the Signature of the applicant or
authorized person / Patent Agent along with name and date in the
appropriate space provided in the forms.
9. The Specification shall be signed by the agent/applicant with date on
the last page of the Specification. The drawing sheets should bear the
signature of an applicant or his agent in the right hand bottom corner.
10. If the Application pertains to a biological material obtained from
India, the applicant is required to submit the permission from the National
Biodiversity Authority any time before the grant of the patent. However,
it would be sufficient if the permission from the National Biodiversity
Authority is submitted before the grant of the patent.
11.The Application form shall also indicate clearly the source of
geographical origin of any biological material used in the Specification,
wherever applicable. [Section 7. Rule 8, 12, 13, 135. Also Section 6 of
the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 & Rule 17.1 of Regulations made
under the PCT]