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City of Intrigue Nest of Revolution A Documentary
History of Key West in the Nineteenth Century 1st
Edition Consuelo E. Stebbins Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Consuelo E. Stebbins
ISBN(s): 9780813030500, 0813030501
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 1.94 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution
A Documentary History of Key West
in the Nineteenth Century

Edited by Consuelo E. Stebbins

 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

The Florida History and Culture Series

University Press of Florida

Florida A&M University, Tallahassee
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton
Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers
Florida International University, Miami
Florida State University, Tallahassee
New College of Florida, Sarasota
University of Central Florida, Orlando
University of Florida, Gainesville
University of North Florida, Jacksonville
University of South Florida, Tampa
University of West Florida, Pensacola
Frontispiece. The Pohalski cigar factory, 1889. Courtesy of Monroe County Public
Library.
City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution
A Documentary History of Key West
in the Nineteenth Century

Consuelo E. Stebbins
Foreword by Gary R. Mormino and Raymond Arsenault

University Press of Florida

Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton
Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers/Sarasota
 Copyright 2007 by Consuelo E. Stebbins
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, recycled paper
All rights reserved

Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress

Stebbins, Consuelo E.
City of intrigue, nest of revolution: a documentary history of Key
West in the nineteenth century / Consuelo E. Stebbins;
foreword by Gary R. Mormino and Raymond Arsenault.
p. cm. — (The Florida history and culture series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8130-3050-0 (cloth)
ISBN 978-0-8130-3643-4 (ebook)
1. Key West (Fla.) — History — 19th century — Sources.
2. Key West (Fla.) — Politics and government — 19th century
— Sources.
3. Key West (Fla.) — Social conditions — 19th century — Sources.
4. Consuls — Florida — Key West — Correspondence.
7. Key West (Fla.) — Biography. I. Title.
F319.K4S73 2006
975.9'41—dc22 2007001297

The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency

for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M
University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University,
Florida International University, Florida State University, New Col-
lege of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida,
University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and Univer-
sity of West Florida.

University Press of Florida

15 Northwest 15th Street
Gainesville, FL 32611-2079
http://www.upf.com
To my grandparents Consuelo Carmona Pérez and Jesús Carmona,
who emigrated from Cuba to Key West during the 1890s.
 Contents

List of Illustrations ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction xvii
Chronology of Spanish Consuls in Key West xxi
1. Navigating the Reefs 1
2. Wreck Ashore! 8
3. Slave Ships 20
4. The Southernmost Port 32
5. Military Bases 43
6. Contraband 55
7. Cuban Smacks 66
8. The Great Fire of 1886 77
9. Cigar Capital 84
10. Rebel Colony 95
11. Los Jefes 110
12. Nihilists 129
13. Murder and Mayhem 144
14. Local Politics 165
15. Separatists versus Autonomists 177
16. Revolutionary Clubs 185
17. Tampa 194
18. Expeditions 214
Notes 235
Bibliography 247
Index 251
 Illustrations

Frontispiece. The Pohalski cigar factory, 1889

1. A map of Key West, 1829 xix
2. A chart of Key West Harbor, 1851 2
3. The Great Fire of 1886 78
4. The Marrero factory 89
5. Cuban insurgent headquarters 97
6. The first San Carlos, 1871 104
7. The Russell House, 1870s 147
8. José Martí with members of the Cuban Revolutionary Party
in Key West, 1890s 192
 Foreword

City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution is the forty-second volume in a series

devoted to the study of Florida history and culture. During the past half cen-
tury, the burgeoning growth and increased national and international visibil-
ity of Florida have sparked a great deal of popular interest in the state’s past,
present, and future. As the favorite destination of hordes of tourists and as
the new home for millions of retirees, immigrants, and transplants, modern
Florida has become a demographic, political, and cultural bellwether.
A state of vast distances and tumultuous change, Florida needs more
citizens who care about the welfare of this special place and its people. We
hope this series helps newcomers and old-timers appreciate and understand
Florida. The University Press of Florida established the Florida History and
Culture Series in an effort to provide an accessible and attractive format for
the publication of works related to the Sunshine State.
As coeditors of the series, we are deeply committed to the creation of
an eclectic but carefully crafted set of books that will provide the field of
Florida studies with a fresh focus and encourage Florida researchers and
writers to consider the broader implications and context of their work. The
series includes monographs, memoirs, anthologies, and travelogues. And
while the series features books of historical interest, we encourage authors
researching Florida’s environment, politics, and popular or material culture
to submit their manuscripts as well. We want each book to retain a distinct
personality and voice, but at the same time we hope to foster a sense of com-
munity and collaboration among Florida scholars.
In City of Intrigue, Nest of Speculation: A Documentary History of Key
West in the Nineteenth Century, Consuelo E. Stebbins has painstakingly
transcribed, translated, and analyzed hundreds of Spanish consular reports
written between the 1820s and 1890s. The result is a priceless and fascinating
account of Key West, a city seemingly suspended between prosperity and
ruin, paradise and revolution. A cast of characters and crises emerge that no
Florida noir novelist could imagine: pirates, wreckers, nihilists, anarchists,
revolutionaries, fishermen, cigar manufacturers, Bahamian Conchs, contra-
band, Cuban nationalists, and international soldiers of fortune.
If Florida was North America’s southernmost state, Key West certainly
deserves the claim of its southernmost city. Geography is destiny. In the
xii Foreword

1960s, the U.S. Department of State frequently reminded Americans that

Key West lies only ninety miles from Cuba. In the nineteenth century, Flo-
ridians did not need such markers. While Key West belonged to Florida,
Cayo Hueso and its archipelago seemed to defy easy categorization: part
tropics and part Caribbean, but also part American (by dint of conquest and
diplomacy) and part Cuban (by reason of geography and demographics.
For two generations, national commentators liked to call Miami a mod-
ern Casablanca. Between the 1820s and 1900, that moniker belonged to Key
West. And no one understood Key West’s strategic crossroads better than
the twenty men, serving as Spanish consuls, who filed reports to the Min-
istry of Ultramar (Overseas Ministry). From issues of piracy to smuggling,
from terrorists to filibusters, the Spanish consuls in Key West, the consuls
wrestled with problems that seem far removed and painfully relevant. Pro-
fessor Stebbins is to be applauded for her efforts in bringing these docu-
ments to twenty-first-century readers.

Gary Mormino and Raymond Arsenault

University of South Florida, St. Petersburg
Series Editors
 Preface

The official correspondence of the Spanish consuls to the Ministry of Ul-

tramar documents the history of Key West as it transformed itself from a
maritime community into a militant center of operations for the Cuban in-
surgents. The documents transmitted from 1842 to 1867 relate primarily to
the wrecking industry and the military presence on the island, and those
sent from 1868 to 1898 focus on the covert activities of the Cuban insur-
gents. The documents reveal the central role the Cuban émigré colony of
Key West played in orchestrating the revolution that led to the indepen-
dence of Cuba.
The emigration of Cubans to Key West began at the onset of the Ten
Years’ War (1868–78) and continued until the end of the Spanish American
War, when many of the émigrés returned to Cuba. Recognized as the center
for the insurgent movement in the 1880s, Key West was home to the leading
civic and veteran leaders, who formed secret clubs to finance the war and
maintained a network of communication with their conspirators in Cuba
and throughout the Caribbean. One of their organizations, known as the
Cuban Convention, was directed by three prominent Cuban residents of Key
West: José Dolores (J. D.) Poyo, Fernando Figueredo, and Francisco Lama-
driz. The Cuban Convention served as a model for the Cuban Revolutionary
Party, which was formed under the leadership of José Marti in 1892. Owing
to the efforts of the insurgents in Key West, the southernmost city earned
the title the Birthplace of Cuban Liberty.
The correspondence from the Spanish consuls who served in Key West
until 1898 is archived at the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (MAE) in Ma-
drid. The documents used for this text were taken from two collections:
Key West (H 1867 and H 1868) and Cuba (Ultramar 2894). A number of
newspapers and articles from Key West, Tampa, New Orleans, and New
York have been included in this documentary history. The entire Key West
collection of 780 handwritten documents contains correspondence, confi-
dential reports, coded messages, and copies of telegrams addressed to the
Spanish minister in Madrid, the governor general of Cuba, and the Spanish
ambassador in Washington, D.C. More than 7,000 pages of the MAE docu-
ments were digitized and reviewed, and selected portions were translated
into English based on their historical significance.
xiv Preface

Very few primary sources on Key West in the 1800s exist. The secretive
nature of the consuls’ correspondence reveals the story of the Cuban émigré
colony and the involvement in initiating the War of 1895. When the war
ended in 1898, Fernando Figueredo, a leading insurgent, remarked, “It would
be a shame if historians failed to include a chapter on Key West when the
history of Cuba is written.”1 This text is an attempt to begin that chapter.
 Acknowledgments

I am deeply grateful to Cristina González Martín, director of the Archivo

General del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, and to Pilar Casado Liso,
­director of the Reading Room. This historical text on Key West and its rela-
tionship with Cuba in the nineteenth century could not have written without
their assistance. I am also appreciative to my colleagues, Fred Salinero, Glen
Westfall, Frances Dovel Morris, Tom Hambright, and José Fernández, for
their contributions, and to David Retherford and Ryan Retherford for their
time and talents in reproducing the illustrations. And I thank my family—Gil,
Kyle, Alicia, Sam, and Cristina—for their patience during the many hours I
spent working on the manuscript.
 Introduction

Even its name, Key West, is a mystery. When Juan Ponce de León discov-
ered the Florida Keys in 1513, he called the straits Los Mártires because the
twisted shapes of the Keys reminded him of martyrs. The Spanish name for
Key West, Cayo Hueso, first appears on maps and documents in the mid-
1870s. Sometime in the early 1700s, legend has it that a feud erupted be-
tween the Seminoles on the mainland and the Calusas, who lived along the
coasts of the Florida Keys. The Calusas were driven to the southernmost key,
where the tribe was decimated. A few managed to escape to Cuba in ocean-
faring canoes, leaving behind the bodies of the others strewn on the beaches.
Hence comes the name Cayo Hueso, or Bone Key, owing to the number of
bones discovered by the Spanish when they first explored the island. The
Anglo name, Key West, may have derived from the British corruption of
Cayo Hueso, or it may have been based on the island’s geographical loca-
tion, due west of the other Florida Keys. Since no written evidence exists to
explain how Key West acquired its name, its origin will remain a mystery.
During the heyday of piracy (1689–1718), famous swashbuckling pirates
such as Edward Teach (Blackbeard), Captain Kidd, and Black Caesar threat-
ened the maritime shipping in the Caribbean and settlements along the
Keys. Rumored to have been an escaped African slave, Black Caesar made
his home at a site called Caesar Creek, located north of Key Largo, around
1705–15. After gaining a reputation as a pirate for having preyed on ships
passing by the upper keys, he joined Blackbeard’s crew. Later he was cap-
tured during the battle in which Blackbeard was killed by the British, and he
was hanged in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1715.
Key West may have been the first land fraud case in Florida. On August
25, 1815, the Spanish governor of Florida, Don Juan de Estrada, granted Key
West to Juan Pablo Salas as a reward for his military service in the Royal
Artillery Corps. In 1819, the United States established a territorial govern-
ment in parts of Florida, and the crafty Salas decided to sell the island before
it became a possession of the United States. Salas sold his deed to John W.
Simonton, a wealthy merchant from Mobile, for two thousand dollars on
January 19, 1822. Not content with one sale, Salas sold the island again to
John Strong, who in turn sold it to Gen. John Geddes, the governor of South
Carolina from 1818 to 1822. The case was settled in favor of John Simon-
xviii Introduction

ton, who took possession of Key West in 1822. The wealthy and influential
Simonton was well known in Washington, D.C., where he spent consider-
able time maintaining his social and political ties. Simonton managed to
convince the Treasury Department of Key West’s military and commercial
importance as a port city.
Even though the court had decided in favor of John Simonton, that same
year the United States acquired ownership of the island. Lt. Matthew C.
Perry, the commander of the U.S. schooner Shark, received orders from
Smith Thompson, the secretary of the navy, to inspect the island of Key
West and its harbor. On March 28, 1822, Lt. Perry took formal possession of
the island, renaming it Thompson’s Island in honor of Smith Thompson, and
naming the harbor Port Rodgers after Commodore John Rodgers, president
of the Board of Navy Commissioners. Two years later, the U.S. government
dispatched Commodore David Porter to Key West with orders to rid the
area of pirates. Commodore Porter organized the West Indies Anti-Piracy
Squadron, which was composed of several light draft schooners to pursue
the pirates in shallow waters, a ferry, and five barges. Commodore Porter
chased the pirates and privateers to the Isle of Pines in Cuba, where he did
away with the pirates of the Caribbean.
When the customs house was established in Key West in 1822, the island
transformed itself into a prosperous port for ships trading with the Carib-
bean colonies and for ships carrying cargo from the Gulf ports to the indus-
trial cities of the North. Wrecking was also a major source of income for
the small island. Prior to the treaty that ceded Florida to the United States,
wreckers from the Bahamas or Cuba would take damaged vessels to Nassau
or Havana to adjudicate their claims. However, on March 3, 1825, Congress
enacted a law requiring all wrecked property to be taken to a port of entry
within the jurisdiction of the United States. Consequently, Key West soon
emerged as a prosperous center for the rescue and salvaging of shipwrecks.
In 1828, Key West was incorporated and became a city with a popula-
tion of seven hundred. A growing number of merchants in Key West owned
salvaging vessels, private wharves, warehouses, and ship repair shops as
the wrecking business thrived for more than thirty years. In the 1820s and
1830s, nearly all of the residents of Key West relied heavily on the income
derived from salvaging operations. Several citizens of Key West became
wealthy merchants who amassed fortunes with the income derived from
their wharves, warehouses, ship repair facilities, and wrecking settlements.
Other sources of income for the island residents were revenues derived from
fishing and port fees. The fishermen in Key West supplied the Havana mar-
ket with fresh fish kept alive in their deep-welled boats, called smacks. The
Figure 1. A map of Key West, 1829. Courtesy of Monroe County Public Library.
xx Introduction

import and export fees collected by the customs officer at the customs house
were considerable. In 1829, imports were valued at $140,585 and exports at
$48,754.1 Between 1831 and 1835 the total value of imports from foreign ports
was $351,178 and the total value of exports was $248,837. 2 Not noted in the
customs house revenue is approximately $20,000 for fish sold primarily at
the Havana market.3
By the 1840s, Key West had undergone a dramatic change in its economy
and lifestyle. In 1845, the United States and Mexico were at war and the
presence of the military on the island became more important than ever.
Realizing the necessity for fortifications to secure the southern region, that
year the United States began construction there on Fort Zachary Taylor and
several years later on Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. A devastating hur-
ricane raged through Key West in 1846, destroying homes and businesses,
but soon the business of rebuilding began anew on Fort Taylor.
In the 1840s, Spain maintained a wharf in Key West to collect import fees
on Spanish ships entering U.S. ports. The first Spanish representative in Key
West responsible for collecting the fees was a wealthy local merchant, Field-
ing A. Browne. Acting as the vice consul for Spain, F. A. Browne dispatched
trimester reports related to commerce and navigation from 1842 to 1851, and
in 1852 a Spaniard, Eusebio Gómez, replaced him. Writing in impeccable
Spanish, F. A. Browne begins the first chapter in this intriguing history of
Key West.
Chronology of Spanish Consuls
in Key West

Fielding A. Browne 1842–51

Eusebio I. Gómez 1852–54
José María Sales y Quiroga 1854–58
Hipólito de Uriarte 1858–59
Mariano Alvarez 1859
Vicente Cubells 1860–66
Enrique Aníz 1870
Manuel Garrido 1871–73
Ernesto Merle 1871–72
J. M. de Emparansa 1875
J. Rizzo 1880–83
José Fronski 1883
Augusto Bermúdez 1883–84
Joaquin Torroja 1884–89
Luis Marinas 1889
Joaquin Torroja 1890
Francisco de Baguer 1890
Pedro Solis 1890–95
M. R. Esudero 1895–96
 1

Navigating the Reefs

The first lighthouse in Key West was built in 1825 at the shoreline of White-
head Street. Standing forty-seven feet high, it served to warn mariners of
the dangerous reefs. A popular tale in the 1830s accused the residents of
Key West of opposing the installment of lighthouses or beacons because
these navigational improvements would reduce the number of shipwrecks
on the reefs, thereby resulting in a loss of income for the wreckers. How-
ever, Browne noted an article in the Key West newspaper, the Enquirer, sug-
gesting that the United States should follow Great Britain’s lead by building
lighthouses to reduce the number of vessels running aground:
Now that the British government has established lighthouses on Ab-
aco and Key Sal Bank, it is the duty of the American government to see
whether it has not been guilty of equal or greater neglect. From Carys-
fort Reef to Key West, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles,
there is no light. The light at the former place is a floating light, liable
to be destroyed or misplaced by gales, as was the case last September.
This is not relied on by mariners, and it should be replaced by one of
solid masonry and steel, and placed on the inner side of the reef. A
light is necessary at each of the following places: Key Tavernier, Indian
Key, Loo Key, and one in the intermediate space between the two last
named places. We are aware that this measure would be attended with
great expense, but no greater than is warranted by the magnitude of
the object to be affected.1
When Florida entered the Union in 1845, representatives from Florida
stressed the need for improved lighthouses and beacons. That same year,
construction began on Fort Zachary Taylor, which stood between the light-
house and the harbor. One of the most destructive hurricanes to hit the
lower keys destroyed the lighthouses at Key West and Sand Key in March
1846. The following year, a larger lighthouse was built at its present location
Figure 2. A chart
of Key West
Harbor, 1851. In
MAE, H 1867.
 Navigating the Reefs 

on Truman and Whitehead Streets. By the 1850s, the U.S. government had
rebuilt several lighthouses near Key West, including the one at Sand Key.
The Executive Committee for lighthouses on the coasts and in the
ports of the United States has informed navigators that by the end of
June a new lighthouse will be built on Sand Key. Sand Key is located
about ten miles southwest of Key West. Shortly after erecting this iron
building, the light will be functioning. The lighthouse will be painted
black except for the top that will be painted white. The height of the
lighthouse is 121 feet above sea level and its width is 50 feet wide at the
base and 20 feet wide at the top.
The light apparatus is a Fresnel lens, and it produces a clear light
that shines for one minute and then alternates with flashes of light last-
ing for ten seconds followed by partial eclipses lasting about twenty-
five seconds. At an elevation of fifteen feet above sea level, the light
can be seen from about seventeen nautical miles on a clear night. The
lighthouse is located at latitude 24°27'09" north and longitude 81°52'43"
west of Greenwich. The lighthouse in Key West, which was built af-
ter the 1846 hurricane, is located at latitude 24°32'58" and longitude
81°47'18" west of Greenwich.2

In January 1849, a coast survey of the Florida reef and the Keys led to a
decrease in the number of shipwrecks as sailors used charts to navigate the
treacherous waters.3 In addition to the Harbor Chart of 1851 and the new
lighthouse at Sand Key, a system of reef lights extending from Fowey Rocks
to the Tortugas was built in 1852. Even though these improvements helped
captains to navigate the dangerous reefs and shoals, the loss of income from
shipwrecks was still considerable.4 The Spanish consul stressed the impor-
tance of using navigational aids to reduce the losses to Spanish merchants.
The loss of income from ships running aground on the nearby reefs is
substantial. I have not been able to find out how many crew members
have died in these shipwrecks, but I do know the owners have lost
a significant amount of money from these wrecks. For the past year,
no Spanish ships have run aground; however, the losses to Spain for
the other years are alarming. Serious consideration should be given to
preventing future losses.
The majority of the shipwrecks are due to inexperienced sailors
who try to navigate these waters without using a chart. They often run
aground on the sand bars or reefs while trying to find the channels
leading into the port. Ship captains should use the ports located in
 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

the Gulf of Mexico, and they should use accurate charts of the Florida
Keys in case they encounter strong winds. The following list of light-
houses and beacons should serve as a guide when navigating the chan-
nels in the keys:
Name Latitude/Longitude Visibility Height
in miles in feet
Cape Florida 25º39'54"/80º5'00" 13.5 75
Carysfort 25º8'80"/80º4'27" 18 107.5
Sand Key 24º27'12"/81º47'18" 18 110
Key West 24º32'58'/81º47'18" 12.5 67
Tortugas 24º37'20"/82º52'20" 13 70
Concerned about the considerable losses sustained by the U.S.
Navy, the government ordered a new beacon to be built and improve-
ments made to the lighthouse at Cape Florida. Lt. Meade from the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of the project. In addition
to these improvements, the U.S. government intends to build a series
of signals extending from Key West to Cape Florida. The signals will
be spaced so mariners can see from one signal to the next to avoid the
reefs and the sandbars. Mr. Rotten has been assigned the responsibility
of ensuring the safety of vessels in these waters.5
A new lighthouse on the western banks of the Northwest Channel was
built in 1855. A description of its construction and location was reported to
prevent vessels from running aground on the sandbar.
A new lighthouse on the western banks of the NW channel in 6 ft.
of water has just been completed. Its location from the lighthouse at
Sand Key is S 11°02 E, at a distance of 10 nautical miles from the light-
house at Key West. It is at S 57° E, at a distance of 6.83 nautical miles
from the buoy at Barra. It is located at NW, N 20°46' and E at a distance
of 1.31 nautical miles.
The tower is made of iron rails. The watch room is about 23 ft. above
sea level. The lower part of the tower is painted a dark color but the
watch room and the lantern are painted white. It is a fifth class Fresnel
lens that emits a light 270° on the horizon and reflects a fixed white
light. Its focal point is 40 ft. above sea level and the light can be seen
from 11.5 nautical miles away on a clear day.
To enter the channel during the day, one has to look at the light in
the position S by W 3/4 W or in line with the buoy near the sandbar
 Navigating the Reefs 

and at west of Mullet Key. Then one has to navigate until you cross
the sandbar. When you arrive at buoy #2, you can navigate at SE 3/4E
(mag) and then head toward the lighthouse at Key West that is in posi-
tion SE 1/4 E (mag). If you arrive at the inlet at night, you should drop
anchor and wait until the next morning.
In order to navigate the channel, sailors have to use the buoys lo-
cated near the sandbar. During the day, navigators should use the
buoys in the channel, but at night, they should use the lighthouse at
Sand Key and Key West to fix their position.6

The lighthouse at Cape San Blas was operational by February 15, 1856.
Located on the western coast of Florida, two miles south of Cape San Blas at
latitude 29°37'30" north and 85°20'30" west, it was built to alert sailors to the
location of the dangerous shallows in the area that ran south from Cape San
Blas for about six miles. On a clear day, the light could be seen from thirteen
miles away.7
An article, “Notice to Mariners,” was published in the local newspaper,
Key of the Gulf, on January 30, 1858. The notice warned mariners about the
location of sunken vessels, which capsized trying to negotiate the channel
leading into Key West.

A first class can buoy painted red with black horizontal stripes has
been placed on the Triangle shoals in the main ship channel at Key
West. Vessels can pass on either side giving it a berth of fifty yards,
but the safest water can be found leaving the buoy to the eastward.
Bearings per compass, Key West Light House N1/4E; Sand Key Light
House SW1/4W. Low tide 16 feet.
A fourth class can buoy, painted red with black horizontal stripes
has been placed on the eastern end of the wreck of the ship, Isaac Al-
lerton. Vessels can approach it very near, leaving the buoy to the west-
ward, but must give it a berth of one hundred and fifty yards leaving
it to the eastward. Bearing per compass, Sal Bunch NW by W1/4W'
Sugar Loaf NE by N. Low tide, 23 feet. By order of the Lighthouse
Board. Bayse N. Westcott, Lighthouse Inspector 7th District.8

A notice to sailors concerning the near completion of a new lighthouse

near Sombrero Key and changes to the lighting of the Carysfort Reef light-
house was also mentioned in the above edition of Key of the Gulf.
 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

Lighthouses on Florida Reef

Change of Carysfort Reef, Light from a fixed to a Revolving Light.
Dry Bank Lighthouse.
The new lighthouse near Coffin’s Patches, off Dry Bank, on Florida
Reef, is now approaching completion, and a light will be exhibited
there from, on, or about the 15th of March next. This structure is on
Sombrero Shoal, near Sombrero Key. It is an open framework of iron,
built on iron piles. The roof of the keeper’s dwelling is 47 feet above
the water. From the top of the dwelling, and within the framework a
cylinder 7 feet in diameter rises to the height of 82 feet. This is sur-
mounted by the watch room and lantern, 12 feet in diameter, and 25
feet high. The whole structure will be 154 feet high and will be painted
red. The illuminating apparatus will be dioptric, of the first order of
Fresnel, showing a fixed white light, and illuminating the entire ho-
rizon. The focal plane will be 141 feet above the mean sea level, and
the light should be seen under ordinary circumstances from the deck
of a vessel 15 feet above the water, a distance of 19 nautical miles. The
position of the light as deduced by the Coast Survey is Latitude 24
deg. 37 min. 36 sec. North; Longitude 81 deg. 06 min. 43 sec., west of
Greenwich.
Simultaneously with the first exhibition of the light off Dry Bank,
Carysfort Reef light, which is now fixed, will be changed to a revolving
light of the first order of Fresnel lens, showing a bright flash once in
every 30 seconds. Mariners are particularly cautioned not to mistake
one of these lights for the other after the exhibition of the new light
and the change of the Carysfort light from a fixed to a revolving light.
The height of the focal plane at Carysfort Reef lighthouse is 106 feet
above the mean level of the sea, and should be visible under ordinary
circumstances of the atmosphere, from the deck of a vessel 15 feet
above the water, about 18 nautical miles. The approximate position is
latitude 25 deg. 13 min. 15 sec. north; Longitude 80 deg. 12 min. 44 sec.
west of Greenwich.
Due public notice will be given in advance of the exact time of the
proposed changes. By order of the Lighthouse Board, W. F. Reyn-
olds.9

The Lighthouse Board also issued a notice for navigators informing them
that beginning July 1, 1858, an American flag would be hoisted during the
day on the lighthouses at Carysfort, Dry Bank, and Sand Key so navigators
would know their location in relation to the dangerous reefs.10
 Navigating the Reefs 

Improvements to the present day lighthouse in Key West, located on

Truman and Whitehead Streets, continued into the twentieth century. The
height of the tower was extended from 46 feet to 86 feet in 1894 and the gas
lamps were replaced by electrical lights in 1927. The structure is the fifteenth
oldest surviving lighthouse in the United States. Even though its light no
longer warns mariners of the treacherous shoals off the coast, it still stands
as a proud beacon to its past.
 2

Wreck Ashore!

The Wrecker’s Song

Come y goot people von and all,
Come listen to my song,
A few remarks I have to make,
Which von’t be very long.
’Tis of a vessel stout and goot
As ever yeet was built of woot,
Along de reef where de breakers roar,
De Wreckers on de Florida shore.

The Tavernier’s our rendezvous

At anchor dere we lie
And see de vessels in de Gulf
Carelessly passing by;
When night come on we dance and sign,
Whilst de current some vessel is floating in;
When daylight comes a ship’s on shore,
Among de rock where de breakers roar.

When daylight dawns den we’re under veigh,

And every sail we set,
And if de wind it should prove light,
Why den our sails we’ll vet;
To gair her first, each eager strives,
To save de cargo and de people’s lives,
De wreckers on de Florida shore.

When we get ’longside we find sh’e pilged,

We know well what to do;
Save all de cargo dat we can,
De sails and de rigging too;
 Wreck Ashore! 

Den down to Key West we soon will go,

Where quickly our salvage we shall know,
When every ting is fairly sold,
Our money down to us it is told.

Den von week’s cruise we’ll have on shore,

Before we do sail agen
And drinkn success to de sailor lads
Dat are ploughing of de main.
Ane when you’re passing by dis way
Onde Florida reef should you chace to stray,
Why we will velcome you on shore,
Amongst de rocks where de breakers roar. 1

The amusing story of Brother Eagan recalls the frequent distant echoes of
“Wreck ashore!” in the mid-1830s. Brother Eagan, a Methodist preacher,
was delivering his sermon from the county court house in Jackson Square,
where his pulpit afforded him a clear view of the nearby sandbars. As he was
preaching, he spotted a brig drifting toward the dangerous reef off of Key
West. Brother Eagan just happened to be the owner of a wrecker, and he
knew that if he were the first to reach the distressed vessel, he would have the
right to oversee the salvaging operations and to claim the largest share of the
bounty. Citing 1 Corinthians 9:24, he calmly strolled down from the rostrum
and headed for the door while preaching to the congregation, “Know ye not
that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run,
that ye may obtain.” When he reached the door, he turned to the congrega-
tion and shouted, “Wreck Ashore!” and ran for his schooner, Godspeed, with
the male members of his congregation running closely behind him. Brother
Eagan won the race; he was the first to reach the wreck and was thus entitled
to the privileges accorded him as the wrecking master.2
Mr. Audubon, the well-known ornithologist, described the daily life of
the wreckers when he visited Key West in 1835:

The wrecker’s life, though full of danger and hard toil at times, was
jolly and carefree. Their crafts were well victualed and appareled, and
they would lie all night in safe anchorage, but be under way at daylight
to cruise along the reef, on the lookout for vessels in distress. When
one was found, as was an almost daily occurrence, it was “all hands to
work,” night and day to relieve the ship before heavy weather would
drive her further on the reef, or cause her to bilge. When that catas-
10 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

trophe occurred, the cargo was saved by men working half the time in
water up to their middles, and afterwards by diving.3

Prior to Florida becoming a territory of the United States in 1821, wreck-

ers took salvaged property to Key West and to ports in the Bahamas and
Cuba. From 1824 to 1825, $293,353 worth of wrecked property was sold in
Key West to buyers from Havana, Mobile, Charleston, and New York.4 How-
ever, on March 3, 1825, the U.S. Congress passed a law requiring any prop-
erty salvaged from shipwrecks in its jurisdiction to be taken to a U.S. port of
entry. Several years later, in 1828, Congress approved the establishment of a
Supreme Court for the Southern Judicial District of the Territory of Florida
Federal Court in Key West. This federal court adjudicated civil, criminal,
and maritime cases, including claims related to shipwrecks. New restric-
tions were placed on wreckers as they were now required to have licenses.
The establishment of this court also meant that the judges trying the cases
were from outside Monroe County.
The first salvaging case was tried on November 3, 1828. Shortly after-
ward, a boatload of attorneys arrived in Key West to set up their practices;
however, many of these recent arrivals left the island owing to a shortage
of claims and an overabundance of lawyers.5 The average annual number
of wrecks in the 1830s was ten to twelve, averaging a total of about $30,000
worth of salvaged property being sold each year.6 More than twenty years
later, losses from vessels running aground were still significant. In August
1852, the Spanish consul reported that a total of twenty-three ships had run
aground from January to August 1852.7

The Antonio, a Spanish merchant vessel, ran aground on a reef near

Key West in March 1851. The vessel was towed into Key West where
the costs of her repairs were noted. The Antonio, registered in Bilbao,
has been repaired and is ready to depart this port. The cost of the re-
pairs is listed below.

853 lbs. Composition sheathing metal $266.56

17 lbs. Putty and copper bolts 8.80
4 Sticks of timber for keel 38.22
36 Sheets sheathing paper (small) 2.25
57 Sheets sheathing paper (large) 7.12
50 lbs. Copper bolts 10.00
59 feet of yellow pine lumber 11.92
33 feet of white pine planks 1.50
33 feet of oak planks 2.64
 Wreck Ashore! 11

1 stick timber for fore foot 2.00

180 feet cedar boards for boat 9.00
4 cedar knees for boat 1.00
90 lbs. composition sheathing nails 27.00
53 lbs. composition spikes 13.75
1 Barrel Tar $5 1 Gallon Tar 50/100 5.50
2 Barrels Pitch $10 & 30 lbs. pitch $1.50 11.50
5 Bales oakum 35.50
1 Barrel ropin 7.00
5 lbs. iron nails 3.34
1 1/2 lbs. comp. Nails .94
7 lbs. red paint & gen. Pt. Oil 10.31
50 lbs. Black paint 6.25
1 1/2 gallon bright varnish 1.12
483.22
Carpenters and caulkers wages 451.87
Blacksmiths wages 19.68
Total cost for repairs: 954.778

The consul reported an interesting incident regarding the Sardinian brig

Fever, which ran aground on Alligator Reef on July 19, 1855.9 The Italian gov-
ernment asked the Spanish consul to represent it in the settlement.
The Sardinian brig, Fever, was coming from Trinidad and headed to
Bremen carrying a cargo of sugar and some aguardiente when she ran
aground. The wreckers managed to upright the vessel two days later.
After having lost her rudder and anchor, the vessel reached Key West
on July 22. Since there were no representatives from Sardinia in Key
West, the captain asked me to represent him in court. I filed a petition
in his behalf, and I even had to admonish his crew for their undisci-
plined behavior while they were in Key West. Her cargo was stored
in one of the customs warehouses so that her value can be assessed
while the vessel is being repaired. I have arranged for one of the best
lawyers in town to represent the captain in court when his salvaging
case is heard.10
Cases were often settled out of court. When the 18-ton Spanish brig Ros-
ita ran aground on August 12, 1856, the Spanish consul negotiated a settle-
ment with the wreckers.11
The Rosita, registered in Mallorca, ran aground on the morning of
August 12 on Carysfort Reef. The Rosita left Havana and was headed
12 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

for Mallorca with her cargo of sugar and honey. When the Rosita ran
aground, Captain Roig asked the wreckers who were patrolling that
area of the reef to help him. Roig agreed to pay them $6,000 if they
could rescue the ship from the reef. Four wrecking vessels managed
to set the Rosita afloat by that afternoon. The captain did not have the
money on him to pay the wreckers, so the wreckers forced the brig to
sail to Key West where she arrived on the August 17.
The wreckers charged the captain $6,000 for the salvaging opera-
tion. It is a reasonable fee because if the case is tried in court, the usual
percentage based on the value of the vessel and the cargo would have
increased the amount due to the wreckers. Since the value of this vessel
and cargo was estimated at $42,000, the wreckers would have received
much more than $6,000. I advised the captain to go to Havana to get
the money because if we had taken out a loan in Key West, the interest
on the loan would have added to his costs. The captain returned from
Havana with the $6,000 to pay the wreckers. The Rosita set sail today
for Mallorca. Fortunately, she was not damaged by the reef.12
Sometimes personal items of shipwrecked passengers would wash ashore.
Such was the case of a trunk belonging to a certain Domingo Ibañez. Ibañez
drowned somewhere near the Dry Tortugas when his vessel capsized. When
Ibañez’s empty trunk was discovered, the Spanish consul pursued the culprit
who had stolen his personal belongings.
On September 20, a trunk was found off Ragged Keys, located at lati-
tude 25°30' north and longitude 80°12' west of Greenwich. The trunk
belongs to Domingo Ibañez, a native of Visiedo, Spain. A witness said
there was a considerable amount of Mexican currency, jewelry, clothes,
documents, and other objects in the trunk including Ibañez’s diary.
In 1851, Ibañez left Villafrance, Spain to work as a hospital admin-
istrator in Cuba. He was sent on several business trips to England,
France, and Spain. The last entry in his diary is dated January 18, 1855,
while he was in Zaragoza. When he was returning to Cuba, his schoo-
ner encountered a hurricane somewhere between Cuba and the Cape
of Florida on August 27, 1855. His name is inscribed on the top of his
trunk. It appears someone found his trunk and stole all of his personal
items except for his diary. According to U.S. laws, no one is entitled to
goods from shipwrecked vessels, so I informed Judge Hackley of what
I had learned. I asked Hackley to protect our country’s interests so we
could recover any money or personal items taken from Ibañez’s trunk.
So far, the only thing recovered is his diary.13
 Wreck Ashore! 13

Several months later, the Spanish consul reported that the culprit had
been located but had disappeared to avoid prosecution.
I learned what happened to the items stolen from Domingo Ibañez’s
trunk. It appears a certain fisherman from the Tortugas, Vincent
Bowers, purchased a boat, clothes, supplies, and paid off a loan to Mr.
Payne by giving him a gold ring he found in Ibañez’s trunk. When
Bowers heard that a U.S. marshal was looking for him, he left this ju-
risdiction. If he ever returns and declares himself insolvent, he will not
be prosecuted according to the laws of the United States.14

The consul noted the salvaging costs from 1853 to 1858.

Years Value of Vessels Salvaged Worth Value of Vessel & Cargo

1853 $569,000 $173,181 $2,082,500
1854 897,500 82,402 2,469,600
1855 926,850 55,881 2,455,500
1856 1,120,500 163,117 4,484,600
1857 825,500 101,890 2,763,450
1858 610,500 141,575 2,692,000
Totals 4,949,850 718,046 16,947,6515

The consul reported a total of fifty-six shipwrecks on the Florida reefs

during 1857. These vessels had an estimated value of $2,662,450, and the
salvaging costs were approximately $173,000. Of the fifty-six vessels, only
the following twelve cases were settled in court:

Vessels Worth Salvaging Costs Expenses

Kelvin $135,000 7,781 310
Roseneath $25,000 3,800 3,614
Crown $130,000 23,050 2,500
Philah $70,387 16,613 5,102
Misc. Items $392 392 0
Merton $1,007 830 85
Helen E. Booker $36,222 22,754 5,828
Pacific $29,776 10,221 2,020
Arlington 25,000 4,710 244
Darien 20,000 1,800 837
Remington 72,300 6,500 1,260
Sibyl 150,000 2,630 6,000
Total 12 cases 695,084 101, 081 34,600
14 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

In this same document, the consul noted that in 1857, salvagers were en-
titled to 14 percent of the cargo salvaged, which represented a slight in-
crease (1 percent) from the previous two years.16 A more detailed list of the
shipwrecks during 1857 appeared in the local newspaper, Key of the Gulf, on
January 30, 1858.
We give below a correct list of vessels meeting with accidents in this
wrecking district during the year ending December 31, 1857. This list
includes those totally lost either on the reef or in the Gulf, those sprung
a leak at sea and seeking this port for repairs, and those brought in by
the wreckers from the shoals of the coast.
The number of accidents is 59, of which 9 were totally lost, (3 of
them were destroyed by fire), 1 condemned and burned, being unwor-
thy of repair; 4 dismasted in gales of winds and brought to this port
and refitted; 1 blown from the latitude of Cape Henry to this place, the
first port she could make; 1 shifted cargo; 1 with a mutinous crew; 16
leaking and unable to proceed; 1 leaking supplied with steam pumps
and proceeded without repairs; 19 received assistance from the wreck-
ers, and paid pilotage or salvage, and 5 got ashore and succeeded in
getting afloat without aid; 1 foundered at sea, and 1 (steamer) arrived
with machinery out of order, and needing new boilers.
The value of these vessels was $825,500 and that of their cargoes
$1,837,950. The repairs of the vessels arriving in distress, and the
expenses attending those brought in by the wreckers amounted to
$101,890.57. The salvage and expenses were $172,984.44.
The classification of vessels is as follows: 1 steamer, 10 ships, 7 barks,
9 brigs, and 32 schooners. Total 59. In 1854, the number of accidents
was 64; in 1855, the number was 80, and in 1856, 71. Value of vessels
and cargoes in distress or wrecked in 1854 was $2,242,454. The value
of vessels and cargoes in distress or wrecked in 1855 was $2,844,077.
The value of vessels and cargoes in distress or wrecked in 1856 was
$4,714,264. The value of vessels and cargoes in distress or wrecked in
1857 was $2,663,450.17

France and Britain also maintained consulates in Key West to oversee

their nations’ shipping interests. Owing to the resignation of the interim
French consul, a local named Mr. Pinckney, the Spanish consul agreed to
represent France until the French government appointed a new consul.
When the French frigate Circe ran aground twenty miles from Key West,
the Spanish consul assumed responsibility for the adjudication of her cargo.
 Wreck Ashore! 15

The 794-ton frigate had left Mobile on September 1, 1859, with her cargo of
wood. Captain Etienne Fanouillaise of the Circe arrived in Key West aboard
one of the wreckers on September 16 and filed the necessary court papers;
meanwhile, the cargo and vessel were towed into Key West. The consul de-
scribed the predicament of Captain Fanouillaise as he tried to pay his debt
to the wreckers.
Captain Fanouillaise of the French frigate Circe tried to borrow money
in Key West to pay for the salvaging operations of his vessel, but none
of the local businessmen agreed to loan him the money because his
vessel was too old. Even though her cargo of wood is valuable in Eu-
rope, here it is not worth very much. I have had to provide for him and
the twenty-two crew members because the captain has not been able
to raise any funds, but I cannot continue to take care of them. I have
not heard from the French consul in Charleston, so I communicated
with the French consul in Havana, Mr. Menton, the count of Renti. I
instructed Captain Fanouillaise to go to Havana in order to inform
Mr. Menton about his situation and to acquire the necessary funds in
Havana to pay for the repairs on his vessel and to maintain his crew.

Captain Fanouillaise returned from Havana with a letter of credit from

the company, Gautherin, Le More and Cruzat. The Circe’s owner, Mr.
Gautherin from Paris, pledged to cover all of the costs and arranged for
a ship to transport the cargo of wood to Cherbourg. The general consul
in Havana thanked me for having assisted them and for maintaining order
among the crew members. I plan to represent their interests in court when
their case is heard in order to ensure that they get a fair settlement.18
On August 21, 1860, wreckers towed the Immaculada to Key West for the
necessary repairs.
The wreckers towed the Spanish brig Immaculada, registered in Bil-
bao, into Key West for repairs. The Immaculada left Cienfuegos on
August 9 with a cargo of sugar destined for Marseilles. The vessel ran
aground on the Florida reefs on August 18, and the wreckers were able
to upright her. Although the vessel is damaged, her cargo is intact.
Procedures are underway to compensate the wreckers for their sal-
vaging costs. After the case is settled, then the Immaculada will be
underway.19

At the onset of the Civil War, the costs of repairs to the Immaculada were
higher owing to a shortage of materials.
16 City of Intrigue, Nest of Revolution

Enclosed please find a report on the Spanish brig Immaculada, which

ran aground on the Florida reefs. Captain Pedro de Garteiz has a de-
tailed copy of the costs to repair the vessel and to compensate the
wreckers for their salvaging operation. The final cost appears to be
somewhat higher than normal due to the current political situation
here in the United States and to the scarcity of metal for the necessary
repairs.20
At times, weather or more lucrative cargo delayed the salvaging opera-
tions. The following report described the delay in the salvaging operation
of the Spanish brig Patriarca San José after she ran aground on October 8,
1870.
On the morning of October 8, the vessel Patriarca San José ran aground
off the coast of Florida at a location called Furlee’s Reef, about ninety
miles from Key West. The next morning the wreckers rescued the crew
members who had escaped in a rowboat and took them to Key Largo
since it was the nearest key. The crew was forced to remain in Key
Largo until the storm passed. As soon as the weather cleared, Cap-
tain Becker of the wrecker Rapid returned to the site of the shipwreck
where he was able to salvage some personal items, provisions, rigging,
etc. with the help of other wreckers; however, the main cargo of sev-
enty thousand staves and a steam engine remained on board.
The crew of the Patriarca San José arrived in Key West on October
16. After several days, I asked Captain Becker for a report of his prog-
ress concerning the salvaging of the vessel. He said the wreckers were
having difficulty unloading the cargo because the vessel is in a danger-
ous area.
In November, another hurricane hit the keys and delayed the salvag-
ing operations because the wreckers were busy rescuing about twelve
vessels loaded with valuable cargo. The captains of the distressed ves-
sels offered the wreckers one-fourth of the proceeds from their cargos
of sugar, cotton, alcohol, etc., which was considerably more than what
we could offer.
Knowing we were at a disadvantage, I decided it would be best to
sell the Patriarca San Jose and her cargo instead of waiting for the
courts to determine the amount owed to the wreckers. I filed the nec-
essary papers for the sale of the vessel, including proof of what had
happened to the Tomás de Resa, whose cargo was stolen before the
wreckers could unload it. After stealing her cargo, the looters set fire to
the vessel. I reported the incident to the U.S. marshal and requested a
 Wreck Ashore! 17

thorough investigation of the fire. The U.S. marshal appeared in my of-

fice and said he would investigate the incident before sending a report
to Tallahassee.
Meanwhile, the British brig Three Sisters was also a victim of at-
tempted arson. The vice consul of England was trying to sell the brig
but was encountering delays due to the death of the judge of the Cir-
cuit Court. For two years now, the court has not tried cases because
Washington has failed to appoint a judge or state auditor to adjudicate
these cases. Finally, a grand jury heard the case, and I was able to tes-
tify against a number of persons suspected of being involved in pillag-
ing the shipwrecks.21

Hurricanes drove a number of the ships toward the dangerous reefs. Dur-
ing the summer of 1880, the 80,000-ton vessel Antonio Batet, registered
in Havana, was damaged by hurricane forces. With her mast completely
destroyed, she was towed into Key West by the U.S. vessel Confidence on
September 3, 1880. The consul also noted in his report the damage to the
railroad and communication lines caused by the hurricane.

Fortunately, the entire crew of the Antonio Batet was rescued. Cap-
tain Bartolomé Macia sent a telegram listing the losses he sustained
to his suppliers in Barcelona and to the vessel’s consignees in Havana.
The Antonio Batet left Havana in ballast for Brunswick, Georgia on
August 23. On August 27–28, she was located near Cape Canaveral
on the eastern coast of Florida when a powerful hurricane completely
destroyed her mast. The captain managed to keep the vessel afloat
until 6:00 a.m. on August 29 even though the vessel had sustained
considerable damage. With her rudder and masts broken, the captain
was unable to steer the vessel and she ended up in shallow water where
she rode out the storm.
After the storm passed, the captain tried to set sail but the ves-
sel was too badly damaged, so he anchored her as best he could. The
captain of the Confidence then towed the Antonio Batet to Key West.
The captain reported that he saw another Spanish vessel, Felisa, from
New Orleans, completely abandoned several miles away from where
the Antonio Batet was anchored. The Felisa was carrying a cargo of
wood.
The hurricane destroyed the railroad tracks near Cedar Key and the
telegraph lines there. The coastal vessels are the only means of com-
munication at present.22
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 “These ladies enable us to make a closer acquaintance with one, to
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pleasure, and whose text-books we have read with profit. The
references to his home life are restrained but interesting. But we
could have wished that letters other than those dealing with scientific
matters were more plentiful.”

+ − N Y P L New Tech Bks p66 Jl ’20 180w

(Reprinted from Engineering Ag 6 ’20)

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+ Review 3:392 O 27 ’20 170w

Spec 125:153 Jl 31 ’19 380w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p181 Mr
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THOMPSON, JOHN REUBEN. Poems; with a

biographical introd. by J: S. Patton. *$2 Scribner 811
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“The University of Virginia edition of the ‘Poems of John R.

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the older literary Richmond. Here are echoes of Byron, Campbell,
Southey, Béranger, Heine, Praed, Holmes, Saxe, neatly fitted to
Virginian occasions. The rhymed essays, Patriotism, Virginia, and
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feeling from 1855 to 1859. The book was made possible by the Alfred
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Booklist 16:338 Jl ’20

“It is good poetry of its time and kind, perfectly typical of the spirit
of the mid-nineteenth century, although it does not touch the beauty
and vigor of Poe, or the later sweetness and light of Lanier.” E. F. E.

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“John R. Thompson was not a genius. He was a gentleman of

talent and culture. His verse is witty, fluent, eloquent, exquisitely
ironical, but never great.” M. Wilkinson

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THOMPSON, MARGARET J. Food for the sick

and the well: how to select it and how to cook it. *$1
World bk. 641.5
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Of the author of this practical little volume of recipes and

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General considerations—food and health, a balanced menu,
suggestions and cautions; Recipes; Treatments; Index.

“This little book is written more especially for nurses but should
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THOMS, CRAIG S. Essentials of Christianity.

*$1.25 Am. Bapt. 230
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are called for. Whatever our difficulties may be, the author thinks it
is always possible “to secure an effective starting point for one’s
religious life by beginning where one is and cooperating with God
according to one’s light and opportunity.” Contents: Faith; God;
Christ: Evolution; The Bible; Prayer; Immortality; The church;
Cooperating with God.

THOMSON, JOHN ARTHUR. System of

animate nature. 2v *$6 Holt 570
 20–18325

Two volumes containing the Gifford lectures delivered in the

University of St Andrews in the years 1915 and 1916, by the Regius
professor of natural history in the University of Aberdeen. The
subject matter of this lecture series is usually philosophical, dealing
with the nature of man and the universe. In presenting the biological
point of view, Professor Thomson’s remarks are valuable, but as a
coninterpretation or our religious conviction, we must admit the
desirability of having more than a passing acquaintance with the
system of things of which our everyday life is in some measure part.”
His aim has been “to state the general results of biological inquiry
which must be taken account of if we are to think of organic nature
as a whole and in relation to the rest of our experience.” (Preface)
Volume 1 contains ten lectures on The realm of organisms as it is;
Volume 2, also composed of ten lectures, is devoted to The evolution
of the realm of organisms. Volume 2 has a bibliography of nineteen
pages and an index.

“As correcting the ‘red in tooth and claw’ conception of the

animate world. Professor Thomson’s remarks are valuable, but, as a
contribution to the ethical and religious problem, they are
unimportant.”

+ − Ath p478 O 8 ’20 1150w

“Will appeal only to the reflective who can use biological facts as
the material of thought. For large and special libraries.”

+ Booklist 17:101 D ’20

 “The author’s resources in the way of naturalistic erudition are
astounding, and his command of English at once fresh and
fascinating.” E. P.

+ Dial 70:109 Ja ’21 70w

“It is a book that most certainly ought to have been written. It

takes stock, so to speak, of the situation of speculative biology at the
beginning of a new phase in science, and it does so in a manner that
is candid, comprehensive, and most attractive.” J. J.

+ − Nature 106:494 D 16 ’20 1950w

“If these Gifford lectures had no other value they would be

welcome for their simple and comprehensive statement of the
present phase of the Darwinian theory. In some cases he lays himself
open to a charge of bad philosophy, in others of bad science. None
the less, we are grateful for what is always a serious and often a true
and beautiful book.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p848 D 16

’20 1900w

THORLEY, WILFRID CHARLES, tr. and ed.

Fleurs-de-lys. *$2 Houghton 841.08
20–26552

This anthology of French verse reaches from the thirteenth century

to the present. It is a free translation and in his introduction to the
collection, which is in part a treatise on the art of translation, the
author sets forth his reasons for a free rendering. The greater part of
the introduction is a historical survey of French verse. The poems are
chronologically grouped and the English employed is likewise
chronologically adapted to the original verse. There are copious
notes, an index of authors and an index of first lines.

“Mr Thorley’s power of fluent expression gets the better of his

sense of history. What he brings with him obscures what he takes.
But to harp on Mr Thorley’s failures is ungenerous. Let us rather
express our surprise and admiration that in a volume so large and so
varied the failures are not more numerous and more complete.” A. L.
H.

+ − Ath p209 F 13 ’20 1000w

+ Booklist 16:339 Jl ’20

“The whole collection is marked by inspiration, technical flexibility

and literary tact.”

+ Cleveland p86 O ’20 60w

“Mr Thorley displays more earnestness than achievement.”

+ − Dial 69:547 N ’20 70w

“There is perhaps no version in his book that is not accomplished

poetry, and he has an especial richness, ease, and sonorousness in
handling the frequent sonnet form. He is less happy when he
rebuilds poems. But it is his whole book that places Mr Thorley
definitely in the front rank of those artists among whom he wishes to
be counted.” Ludwig Lewisohn

+ − Nation 110:857 Je 26 ’20 280w

“Mr Thorley is sometimes a spirited translator. But his felicity is

intermittent, and is sometimes dotted or crossed with infelicity.”

+ − Review 3:152 Ag 18 ’20 240w

“With a remarkable gift for translation, he has chosen his material

with taste and with a scholarship free from pedantry.” E: B. Reed

+ Yale R n s 10:202 O ’20 60w

THORNDIKE, ASHLEY HORACE. Literature

in a changing age. *$3 Macmillan 820.9
20–16291

“The effect of life upon literature, especially as it concerns the

English people, is the problem that Professor Thorndike examines in
this book. His survey includes a century as he contrasts the
difference of English literature after Waterloo with its character
today after the great war. The study of the changes that are the
groundwork upon which literature bases its expression is primarily
concerned with life. Thus Professor Thorndike in the first four
chapters of his book deals with literature—down to Carlyle with a
more or less historical sense. His next five chapters shift the whole
basis of this historic groundwork with the revolts and evolutions that
began to change the aspects of society. Hence Progress and poverty,
Democracy and empire, Religion, Woman, and Science, invention
and machinery are the subjects discussed. What Professor Thorndike
predicts for the future is a reconcilement, a quicker compromise than
in the past, between the changing forces of life and the imaginative
symbols, which is literature’s interpretation and embodiment of
them.”—Boston Transcript

“One always takes up with respect a work by Professor Thorndike,

but this book is below his reputation. It is solid and sensible, and
presents truly the main facts about the period and its literature. But
the ground covered is so wide that little not already known to the
student of history or of literature can be told within the small
compass of the volume: and the book lacks the unity, lucidity, and
brilliancy which could alone make memorable so brief a treatment of
so large and complex a subject.” W. C. Bronson

+ − Am Hist R 26:362 Ja ’21 410w

“A careful piece of work that will interest only widely read people
who do not need an entrancing style to attract them. No index.”

+ − Booklist 17:107 D ’20

+ Boston Transcript p7 O 2 ’20 780w

“Perhaps it is this wealth of illustration which hinders the

movement of the thesis: the author is continually led astray into the
realms of literary criticism admirable in itself, but not bearing
directly enough on the subject under discussion. We must confess to
having found the opening chapters dull, academic, a laboring of the
obvious.” W. H. B.
 + − Grinnell R 16:333 Ja ’21 400w

“On the political and economic side his conclusions are terrifically
unconvincing.” Pierre Loving

− + N Y Call p10 Ja 16 ’21 900w

“To this new study he has brought the integrity of method and the
comprehensive acuteness which he had displayed in his previous
works. He has written a book to be enjoyed by all lovers of literature
and to be appreciated by all who can recognize the clear and cogent
writing which is the result of wide culture and of deep thought.”
Brander Matthews

+ N Y Times p2 O 17 ’20 1800w

“With what seems pretty near perversity, he has chosen

scrupulously to avoid the inevitable circumstances of chronology,
and to arrange his matter under such categories as ‘Democracy and
empire,’ ‘Woman,’ and so on, and instead of stating facts he is apt
only to allude. The resulting impression is of confused admiration.”

+ − Review 3:480 N 17 ’20 130w

Survey 45:330 N 27 ’20 260w

“It is an extensive and fascinating subject, and it is handled as we

should expect a thoroughly efficient American professor to handle it.
That is to say, he designs his structure in a clear and logical way.”
 + The Times [London] Lit Sup p802 D
’20 230w

THORNLEY, ISOBEL D. England under the

Yorkists, 1460–1485; with a preface by A. F. Pollard.
(Univ. of London intermediate source-books of
history) il *$3.35 (*9s 6d) Longmans 942.04
20–4567

“Though primarily intended for the use of undergraduates, this

volume of extracts from contemporary sources for the reigns of
Edward IV and Richard III will interest a larger public. Miss
Thornley has ranged widely among printed and unprinted materials
in selecting passages to illustrate the political, constitutional,
ecclesiastical, economic, and social aspects of that turbulent
generation.”—Spec

“The work is admirably done.”

+ Nation 111:304 S 11 ’20 240w

+ Spec 124:248 F 21 ’20 210w

THURSTON, ERNEST TEMPLE. Sheepskins

and grey russet. il *$2.50 Putnam
20–1212
 This is the story of a curious couple, “vagabonds,” the author calls
them, from the restlessness with which they change from one abode
to the other. They have a fad for old houses, and whenever they are
“settled for life” in one place they find another which is even older
and more to their liking. At last they buy quite an ancient farm near
Tewkesbury and it is at this place that “A. H.” describes his visit to
them. They are a most engaging couple, are Bellwattle and
Cruikshank, with their oddities and whimsies and their farming
vicissitudes, and the reader is left with the impression that if a child
should come to bless their union, their restlessness would vanish.
The illustrations are by Emile Verpilleux.

+ Booklist 16:315 Je ’20

“There is a whimsical tenderness in Mr Thurston’s treatment of his

characters. It is his most pleasing mood, and it is present throughout
his pastoral.” D. L. M.

+ Boston Transcript p4 Je 2 ’20 700w

“‘Sheepskins and grey russet’ is really of value. This is a most

gentlemanly book, with good antecedents, a reasonable income, and
an excellent digestion.”

+ Dial 69:210 Ag ’20 120w

+ Ind 103:440 D 25 ’20 80w
+ Lit D p89 Je 26 ’20 2150w
 “Many chapters give us an insight into country life in England. Not
in the manner of Thomas Hardy or Eden Phillpotts, but in the more
substantial and eternal manner of the ‘Stable boys’ almanac.’” B: de
Casseres

− N Y Times 25:221 My 2 ’20 800w

“Charmingly printed and illustrated.”

+ Outlook 125:223 Je 2 ’20 50w

“The charm of the present book lies not a little in its slightness and
unobtrusiveness as a story. The thread is there, a tale is told; but with
great economy of motion, almost as if by inadvertence.” H. W.
Boynton

+ Review 3:131 Ag 11 ’20 400w

“It must be confessed that as far as any practical assistance to an

American family wanting to break into country life is concerned, the
book is literature pure and simple, and by no means to be classed
under useful arts. Perhaps they would say the same in England; but
anyway, literature is quite worth while, and this book belongs in the
worthwhile class.”

+ Springf’d Republican p11a Je 27 ’20

260w

THWING, ANNIE HAVEN. Crooked and

narrow streets of the town of Boston, 1630–1822. il
*$5 (7c) Jones. Marshall 974.4
20–19769

The book gives a brief historical survey of how Boston came to be

Boston and then confines itself to the history of its streets and their
original inhabitants and ancestry. But few of the old streets survive
even in pictures and of the survivors most have been widened. “Many
of the old streets were so narrow that it was difficult for two vehicles
to pass each other and so crooked that after a fire the town invariably
ordered them straightened.” (Introductory) The contents are: The
North end; Government and business centre; South end; The West
end; The neck; Notes and index of streets. The book is illustrated
with old prints and has seven insert maps.

+ Booklist 17:151 Ja ’21

“It is replete with accurate and minute information, and yet it does
not lack the anecdotal vivacity which makes this kind of book good
reading. The volume is admirably put together, and the engravings
and old maps are especially interesting.” Margaret Ashmun

+ Bookm 52:345 D ’20 130w

“There could hardly be a pleasanter guide book for a devout

explorer than ‘The crooked and narrow streets of Boston.’”

+ Ind 103:442 D 25 ’20 70w

 “Its accuracy is vouched for by the fact that it is the outcome of a
life-work, whose results are treasured by the Massachusetts
Historical society. There are numerous agreeable lighter touches.”

+ Nation 112:47 Ja 12 ’21 160w

“It is a work giving much valuable information and might well be

imitated in all of our important cities.”

+ N Y Evening Post p13 D 31 ’20 160w

“Miss Thwing’s book will remove any lingering doubt you may
have as to the historical interest of those streets or as to the quaint
picturesqueness that was theirs in a bygone age.”

+ N Y Times p14 Ja 2 ’21 500w

+ R of Rs 63:111 Ja ’21 50w

TITUS, HAROLD. Last straw. il *$1.75 (2c)

Small
20–4711

Jane Hunter falls heir to a western ranch. She is an eastern society

girl who knows little about the West and had it not been that her
fortunes were at a low ebb she would have taken little interest in her
new property. She goes West hoping to realize ready money out of
the place and once there events decide her to stay. Dick Hilton, the
easterner who had long wanted to marry her, follows her to the West
and remains there to add to her troubles. Of the latter she has many,
including a dishonest foreman, cattle thieves, and a “nester” who
cuts off her best watering place and who is only a tool in the hands of
her enemies. Tom Beck, who had refused to take a chance in the
draw for foreman but who stays on the ranch to serve her at every
turn, makes a very satisfactory hero and after an exciting bit of
fighting the story comes to a peaceful close.

“The excellence of the novel lies not in its characters, not in its
plot, which is always stirring, but in the way the plot works out of the
characters. This stamps it as first-class work.”

+ − Boston Transcript p4 Je 2 ’20 520w

“Mr Titus knows his subject; he writes with a facile pen, and ‘The
last straw’ will be keenly enjoyed by all lovers of western adventure
tales.”

+ N Y Times 25:221 My 2 ’20 550w

TODD, ARTHUR JAMES. Scientific spirit and

social work. *$2 Macmillan 361
19–18666

“Prof. A. J. Todd, in his new book, points out that for 25 years
social work has been professionalizing itself. He shows how modern
social work enlarges the ‘rights of man,’ how it contributes to social
progress, and what qualifications in character and training it
demands of those who have entered it as a vocation.”—Springf’d
Republican
 “A most readable book for social workers”

+ Booklist 16:190 Mr ’20

+ Dial 68:541 Ap ’20 80w

“The book, like some others based on college lectures, achieves an

effect of reasoning by interpellation of ‘then,’ ‘therefore,’ ‘it follows,’
‘and to sum up’ and contains frequent adjurations to ‘hard thinking’
without corresponding performance. Much of the material is a trifle
obvious.”

− Nation 110:559 Ap 24 ’20 220w

R of Rs 61:447 Ap ’20 80w
Springf’d Republican p8 Ja 3 ’20 60w
+ Springf’d Republican p10 O 15 ’20 270w

“In matters of detail we find much with which we differ. But all
trained social workers and all teachers of applied sociology will
welcome this vigorous, powerful statement of the principles and
methods and ideals of social work.” J. E. Hagerty

+ − Survey 43:621 F 21 ’20 650w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p244 Ap
15 ’20 40w
 TOMLINSON, H. M. Old junk. *$2 (5c) Knopf
910
(Eng ed 19–15918)

This collection of sketches and essays has been reprinted from

various publications between January, 1907 and April, 1918. They
contain impressions and reminiscences from many lands and seas. S.
K. Ratcliffe in his foreword to the volume, says of the author:
“Among all the men writing in England today there is none known to
us whose work reveals a more indubitable sense of the harmonies of
imaginative prose.” The last seven of the papers reveal the author as
war-correspondent. Among the contents are: The African coast; Old
junk; The pit mouth; The art of writing; The derelict; The Lascar’s
walking stick; On leave; A division on the march; The ruins.

“It is at times like these that we find it extraordinary comfort to

have in our midst a citizen of the sea, a writer like Mr H. M.
Tomlinson. We feel that he is calm, not because he has renounced
life, but because he lives in the memory of that solemn gesture with
which the sea blesses or dismisses or destroys her own. The breath of
the sea sounds in all his writings.” K. M.

+ Ath p205 Ap 18 ’19 700w

+ Booklist 16:235 Ap ’20

“One opens this book at random and finds sentences, paragraphs,

whole pages that are at once a delight and a despair: a delight
because they are—well, delightful; and a despair because, peer as you
may, you cannot discover the secret of their making.” J: Bunker

+ Bookm 51:474 Je ’20 1050w

 “For a set of essays written on land and sea, ‘Old Junk’ is a
misleading title. Mr Tomlinson is an artist to whom ‘the light that
never was’ is plainly visible. His descriptions of two voyages, one
along the African coast, and the other, the more familiar passage
across the Atlantic, are marvelous prose.” C. H.

+ Boston Transcript p6 Mr 3 ’20 600w

“Delicate and helpless in his gestures, he yet is enduringly accurate

in imagination. His images are of that excellent variety which send
your eye to the corner of the ceiling for testing and reflection and
acceptance.”

+ Nation 111:305 S 11 ’20 180w

“No one has the right to look knowing when literature is

mentioned unless he is fully aware of Mr H. M. Tomlinson.” Rebecca
West

+ New Repub 19:332 Jl 9 ’19 1400w

“A collection of stories of travel and chance which open out to the

reader new visions of the sea and all that thereon is.”

+ Sat R 127:428 My 3 ’19 70w

“Several of his papers deal with the war. He does not describe the
fighting, but its effect on those who come back from it—how it
disgusts them with life, how it works in them a change, not
outwardly perceptible, which makes them strangers to their own kith
and kin. All this is admirably thought and said, and so is a tribute to
‘the nobodies’ who restore the balance of the world when it has been
upset by the highly placed.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p181 Ap 3

’19 500w

TOMPKINS, DANIEL AUGUSTUS. Builder of

the new South; being the story of his life work, by
George Tayloe Winston. il *$3 Doubleday
20–18666

The new South, says the author, is not the achievement of

educational and religious missionaries but of industrial forces which
are epitomized in the life of Daniel Augustus Tompkins. “He built a
new South—of mills and factories, of skilled labor and machinery, of
diversified and intensified agriculture, of improved railways and
highways, of saving banks and building and loan associations—a new
South also of public schools, technical colleges, and expanding
universities, of independent journalism and independent thought—a
new South of universal education and democracy.” (Author’s
summary of the contents of the book)

“Describes a strong character and an important movement in

American history.”

+ Booklist 17:114 D ’20

+ N Y Evening Post p18 O 23 ’20 240w
 TOMPKINS, JULIET WILBOR (MRS
JULIET WILBOR [TOMPKINS] POTTLE).
Joanna builds a nest. il *$1.75 Bobbs
20–18300

“Joanna is a competent business woman, attractive, and with a

bird’s own instinct for home building. She buys a wretched little
house on a hill, sets the carpenters to work, advertises for a cheerful
working housekeeper and a slightly disabled soldier to run the place,
and herself comes out to enjoy her nest whenever she can snatch
time from business. The house becomes eventually a charming
home, but the cheerful, all-too-golden-haired housekeeper and the
first and second ventures in soldiers are vexing problems. The first
man had been in the wrong war. The second had come off rather
badly from the right one, but Joanna’s passion for remodelling only
rejoices in the material thus brought to her hand.”—N Y Evening
Post

“How she succeeded in her efforts is related in a delightful

manner, quite in harmony with the subject and its circumstances.”

+ Boston Transcript p12 D 8 ’20 300w

“It is a comfortable story, a little sentimental, and the characters

are extremely well sketched. On the other hand, the illustrations are
anything but that.”

+ − N Y Evening Post p22 O 23 ’20 280w

Reviewed by Hildegarde Hawthorne

 + N Y Times p22 F 6 ’21 850w

Reviewed by D. W. Webster

+ Pub W 98:1193 O 16 ’20 290w

“There’s a good bit of sound sense in the house-remaking, and

plenty of entertainment in the story as a whole.”

+ Springf’d Republican p9a O 24 ’20 150w

TOOKER, LEWIS FRANK. Middle passage.

$1.90 (3c) Century
20–16345

David Lunt, a mere boy, of seafaring ancestry, ran away to sea in

what turned out to be a slaver. Being a saucy and adventurous lad he
tried the patience of the captain and the treatment he received
aroused in him a passion for vengeance. For this reason and not from
a bad heart he ships a second time in a slaver but his experiences this
time close that episode. Other risky undertakings follow, just this
side of crime. He is kept from overstepping the boundary line by the
memory of a face back home. In his brief and infrequent visits to the
home town, his love for Lydia becomes a pledge and he finally
overcomes her father’s opposition by a courageous confession of his
near lapses in church. The story is full of thrilling adventures and
hairbreadth escapes.
 Booklist 17:160 Ja ’21

“It retains a certain value as a picture of life in an era which today

is as remote as Babylon. Mr Tooker is an alert and companionable
story-teller—a disciple of Conrad in action, though not in
atmosphere.” L. B.

+ Freeman 2:142 O 20 ’20 130w

“Certain merits lacking in many of the sea stories which come from
the presses every year are possessed by this novel. In the first place,
Mr Tooker knows the sea in the intimate way that a sailor knows it.
Secondly, he has style, a simple and effective style.”

+ N Y Times p27 Ja 2 ’21 380w

“Mr Tooker always writes of the sea with sympathy and

knowledge, and we are inclined to think that this is the most vivid
and exciting book he has written.”

+ Outlook 126:334 O 20 ’20 70w

TORMEY, JOHN LAWLESS, and LAWRY,

[2]
ROLLA CECIL. Animal husbandry. il $1.40 Am.
bk. 636
20–6658
 “This brief manual has been prepared for use in the agricultural
classes which the Smith-Hughes act brought into being, and it is
consequently written for elementary students and for use in
connection with practical, every-day farm work. It comprises, like
most ambitious texts in animal husbandry, a description of the
principal breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry, a guide
to methods of stock judging, and a section on the care and
management of animals.”—N Y Evening Post

“A comprehensive volume, well illustrated, and most useful to the

intelligent student of modern farming.”

+ Cath World 112:554 Ja ’21 60w

“A few faults arise from the necessary brevity of the treatise.

Occasionally important information is left out.”

+ − N Y Evening Post p26 O 23 ’20 180w

TOUT, THOMAS FREDERICK. Chapters in the

administrative history of mediaeval England.
(Publications of the University of Manchester) 2v ea
*$7 (*12s) Longmans 354
20–14380

“Mr Tout’s magnum opus had its origin in a mood of almost casual
curiosity, awakened ten years ago by the essay of a young French
scholar upon the use or ‘diplomatic’ of the small seals which the
English kings used in their correspondence—the privy seal, the secret
seal, the signet. A desire to clear up a few obscure points in English
diplomatic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries led him to
explore the untouched treasures of the public record office. The next
step was a reconstruction of the royal household—in particular, of its
administrative offices, the chamber and wardrobe, and of their
instruments, the small seals. Hence the sub-title of the work——‘The
wardrobe, the chamber, and the small seals.’ To a scholar with Mr
Tout’s wide knowledge of European history in the later middle ages
such an inquiry was full of suggestion; and so his book reached its
present form—a survey of English administration, almost a revision
of English political and constitutional history, from the Norman
conquest to the death of Richard II.”—Ath

“A most valuable feature of Professor Tout’s book will be found in

the luminous exposition of sources and authorities as set forth in a
descriptive chapter on documentary material. With clearness and
originality there is apt to be excessive positiveness. In points of
controversy the author occasionally falls into the temptation of
exaggeration by over-stating an opposing view in order the more
sharply to challenge it.” J. F. Baldwin

+ − Am Hist R 26:78 O ’20 1200w

“In these days of specialism Professor Tout has never forgotten the
more spacious period of scholarship. He is still under its influence.
And this is why, to a book packed with new material and highly
technical in character, he has been able to give the quality of fine and
significant history. Limited in range though it is, this book is not
unworthy of a place beside the ‘Constitutional history of England.’”
F. M. P.

+ Ath p174 Ag 6 ’20 2150w

 “This is the most important contribution to the study of English
history that has been made in many a year. At every point it breaks
new ground; and at every point it shows an amplitude of knowledge
and a depth of research which put Professor Tout among the most
eminent scholars of this generation.” H. J. Laski

+ Nation 111:sup666 D 8 ’20 1000w

“In emphasizing a too much neglected phase of institutional

development, Professor Tout has added greatly to our true
appreciation of English mediæval history. No student of English
mediæval institutions can afford to neglect these two invaluable
volumes.”

+ Review 3:507 N 24 ’20 520w

“The labour must have been exhausting, but the dry bones live
again, in so far that the reader sees precisely how England was
governed in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries.”

+ Spec 125:277 Ag 28 ’20 1300w

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p531 Ag 19
’20 1450w

TOWARDS reunion; ed. by Alexander James

Carlyle. *$2.75 Macmillan 280
20–6733
 “‘Towards reunion,’ a book of fourteen chapters—half by writers in
the church of England and half from the Free churches—is well
named. Both words are strikingly suggestive of the purpose of the
book. In different ways, that sometimes do not altogether agree, they
give expression to a common vision of a ‘great spiritual and visible
unity.’ That the emphasis should be put upon the spiritual, as the
means to the visible, unity, is expressed in the preface and suggested
by putting as the last and climactic chapter ‘The holy spirit in the
churches.’ Besides the names of the writers appear, as witnessing to
the common aim of the book, the names of over fifty other leaders in
the churches, all of whom were also members of the inter-church
conferences out of which the book really came.”—Bib World

“It is open, no doubt, to the criticism that the groups concerned

had never any serious divergences; but, though this lessens its value
as a practical step to reunion, it does not detract from its worth as a
general contribution to the problem.”

+ − Ath p686 Ag 1 ’19 1450w

+ − Bib World 54:203 Mr ’20 400w
Sat R 128:368 O 18 ’19 1400w

“There is much in what they describe as ‘contributions to mutual

understanding’ which commands sympathy. On the main issue, that
of reunion, it is difficult not to think that they multiply words
without increasing sense. It is certain that they contain a large
number of very disputable assertions.”

+ − Spec 123:215 Ag 16 ’19 900w

 TOWNS, CHARLES BARNES. Habits that
handicap. *$1.50 (4½c) Funk 613.8
20–3199

An exposition of the present prevalent evil of drug addiction in the

United States; the results it invariably causes, both socially and
individually; the difficulty of overcoming it; and the surest effective
remedy. The poisons Dr Towns condemns include many widely used
narcotics,—bromides, headache powders, cough syrups, etc.,—
alcoholic beverages, all forms of tobacco, as well as more virulent
drugs. As a nation we are fond of poisoning ourselves. Prohibition
has driven many to more harmful habits than the daily cocktail or
glass of beer. Our women have, many of them, acquired the cigarette
habit. Depoisoning ourselves will not be easy. The author urges as
the most effective remedy, legal regulation of the sale of all drugs and
narcotics, authoritative control of their use, and “pitiless publicity.”
The book includes a preface by Dr Richard C. Cabot, and an appendix
on The relation of alcohol to disease, by Dr Alexander Lambert. The
book covers practically the same ground as the volume of similar title
published by the Century company in 1915.

“The new edition is written in a manner even more attractive and

vigorous than the first.”

+ Booklist 16:292 My ’20

“Were the moderation of the book’s title reflected in the

letterpress, its influence would be strengthened. His denunciations
take no account of divergent views, save in so far as he disposes of
them on the ground of bias.”
 + − Cath World 112:119 O ’20 220w

“On the title page we find the sub-title, ‘The remedy for narcotic,
alcohol, tobacco and other drug addictions.’ It is disappointing
therefore to find no hint or suggestion in the book as to what the
remedy is.”

− N Y Evening Post p10 Mr 6 ’20 300w

TOWNSHEND, SIR CHARLES VERE

FERRERS. My campaign (Eng title, My campaign
in Mesopotamia). 2v *$10 McCann 940.42
20–16919

“If the first campaign in Mesopotamia is not the best-known

episode of the war it is not for lack of information, and Sir Charles
Townshend’s contribution is one that will appeal to the student of
military affairs not only for the light it casts on the motives that
moved him, but also and even more as a careful and frank study of a
campaign which must ever be memorable in our history. Sir Charles
Townshend took the field as commander of the Sixth division in
succession to General Barrett, who retired through ill health, in
April, 1915; and in the last month of the year his offensive operations
had ceased and he was shut up in Kut. He had fought three battles,
and his Sixth division had proved itself a splendid fighting unit.”—
Ath

“General Townshend reveals himself throughout as that rarest of

British products, a thoughtful, well-instructed student of scientific
warfare.”
 + Ath p474 Ap 9 ’20 1000w
Booklist 17:109 D ’20
+ Boston Transcript p4 Ja 19 ’21 900w

“The commanding officer of those British forces which fought Kut

and Ctesiphon writes a magnificent story without patches, and with
considerable skill.”

+ Dial 69:435 O ’20 130w

“A remarkable personality lives in these pages ... but the maps

suffer from a somewhat puzzling arrangement of arrows, and too
much textual detail.”

+ − Sat R 129:279 Mr 20 ’20 780w

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p163 Mr 11
’20 1500w

TOWNSHEND, GLADYS ETHEL

GWENDOLEN EUGENIE (SUTHERST)
TOWNSHEND, marchioness. Widening circle. *$2
(2½c) Appleton
20–12812

The story begins realistically with an account of the girlhood of two

sisters, Elizabeth and Margaret Sutherland, who are shuttled back
and forth between affluence and penury by their father’s
speculations. Meg, the practical minded one, marries Lord
Stranmore, a man twice her age, and is very happy in her marriage.
Elizabeth meets a prince in disguise and from this point on the book
becomes a fairy tale.

“The unreality of it cannot fail to appall any adult of sensibility

who peeps into its pages.”

− N Y Times p25 O 24 ’20 520w

“Reality, or even probability, counts for nothing in novels written

for flappers, male and female, for shop girls and errand boys. Of
incredible nonsense is this tale made up.”

− Sat R 128:537 D 6 ’19 450w

“A quite negligible tale.”

− The Times [London] Lit Sup p678 N 20

’19 50w

TRABUE, MARION REX, and

STOCKBRIDGE, FRANK PARKER. Measure
your mind; the mentimeter and how to use it. il *$3
Doubleday 136
20–7589
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