COMPLEX NUMBERS calculator : Radian

If x = 1 then c = I

If x = -1 then x = - 1

-
1 = i (imaginary
2
; = 1

Complex numbers z are of the form : Z = I t bi

,

L ~

where a = real >

-
Re(2) real imaginary

b =
imaginary
-
> Im(z)

Example : 2 + 31

Re(2) = 2

Im(z) =
3 (coefficient of i)

State the real and of the following complex

Exercise imaginary parts numbers.
:

1.2 = 8 + 32 .
2 = 6 + 4 .
3 2 = 11i -
3

Re(z) = 8 Re(2) = 6 Re(z) =

=

(m(z) = 3 (m(z) =
4 (m(z) = 11

4
. =
coso + ising

Re(z) = coso

Im(z) = Sino

L - - I

· =

- 1

i3
·

= -

it = 1

is = i
Exercise :
Identify the real and
imaginary parts

2
1. 2 + 32 -
4i 2 .
Si + 3i3 -
4; + z 3
. 7i" + i2 -
8i3 + 8

2 -
3
-

4) Si -
3i + 4 + 2 7 -
I t 8i + 8

-
1 -
4i 2i + 6 14 + 8i

Re(z) = Re(z) = 6 Re(z) = 14

Im(z) = -
4 (m(z) = 2 (m(z) = S

ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

If z = x + bizz = c + di

Addition of complex numbers

Example : (2 + 3) + (4 + 5i) = (2 + 4) + (3 + 57i = 6 + 8i

Subtraction of complex numbers

2 -
2z = (a - c) + (b -
d)i

Example : (6 + zi) -
(2 + i) = (b -
2) + (2 -
Di = 4 + i

Multiplication of a complex number

X2 = x(a + bi) = xa + xbi

Example : 3(2 + 4i) = 6 + 12i

Example : (a + bi)(c + bi)

= a) + adi + bi + bdiz

= ac + adi + bci - bd

= ac -
bb + i(ad + b)

Example : (3 + 2i)(z + 4i) = 6 + Ri + 4i + 8i

= 6 + 16i -
8

= -
2 + 16i
EXERCISE

2 = 3 + zizz = 1 -

izz = 4 + 6

i z + 22 ii 2, -

222

(3 + 2i) + (1 -
i) (3 + zi) =
2) -
i)

4 + i (3 + 2i) -
2 + 2i

1 + 4

iii 21 Zz in Z, 23 v . 2223

(3 + 2i)(1 - i) (3 + 2i)(4 + Gi) (1 -

i)(4 + bi)
2
2 18i bi
·

3 -
3i + zi - 12 + + 8i + 12) 4 + Gi -
4i -

3 -
i + 2 12 + 26i -
12 4 + 2i + 6

2i
&

5 -
1 S
0 + 261 10 +

vi 21 2223

(5-i)(zz)
(5 -
i)(4 + bi)

20 + 30i -
4i - 6i
20 + 26i + 6
-

26 + 26i

EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

z = a + bizz = c + di

2 = 22

CI
C

bd
I
Exercise :

21 = 2 + 3izz = 2x -

yi

If Z = 22 ,
find's and y

21 = 22 21 = 22

2 = 2x 3i = -

yi
1 x 3
Y
-

= =

x 1
-
3
y
= =

CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

*
If z + bi the of 2
given by z or Z and found 2 *= a-bi
a
by
=
, conjugate is is

*
Example : z = - 2 + 3i Z
=

- 2 -
3i
*
z = -
4 -
Si Z = -
4 + 5i

Properties of the conjugate

*
22 = ( -
2 + 3i)) -
2 -
3i)
3
= 4 + 6i -
bi -
9;

= 4 + 9

= 13

*
1 .
22 = a + b

Example : 5 + 4i Example : z =
(1 + 31)

: 52 + 42
: 41
 *
2 . z 2
+ =
2Re(z)

*
PROOF : 2 + z = (a + bi)(a bi) -
= ( + 4i) + (7 - 4i)

= 24 = 2Re(z)
= 2Re(z) = 2(t)

14
-

*
3. 2 -
z = 2(m(z)i

*
PRO07 : z -
2 = (a + bi) -
(a -
bi) z = (7 + zi) -
(7 - zi)

= a + bi -
a + bi = (7 + 2i)) -
1 + zi)
= zbi = 2(m(z)i
= 2(m(z)i = z(zi)
= 4i

:
EXERCISE

GIVEN : z1 = 3 + +i zz = 2 -
3i

z ,* = 3 -

dizz
*
= 2 + 3i

7IND :

# *
1 . 21 + 2 2 . 21 -
Z
, 3 .
2, 2.

(3 + 1i) + (3 -
4i) (3 + +i) -
(3 -
4i) (3 + (i)(3 -
4i)
z(re) = 6 2(lm) z = Si 32 + y2
a + 12 = 25

* *
1 .
222 5. 22

(2 -
3i)(z + 3i) (3 - xi)(z - 3i)
22 (
+ - 3)2 6 -
9i -
8i + 124
· 2

4 + 4 = 13 6 -
17i -
12

-
6 -
17i
DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

When dividing
2 complex numbers ,
we
multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the

denominator

Example :1 = 2 + +i z = 1 -
i

Find Find
: :

= 2 + 4ix 1 + i = 1 -
ix 2 -
4i
1 - i 1 + i 2 + 4i 2 -
4i

2 2
= 2 + 2i + 4i + 4i = 2 -
4i -
2i + 4;

I
2
+ ( - 12 22 t 42

= 2 + 6i -
4 = 2 -
Gi -
4

2 20

I -
2 + 6i =

- 2 -
6i
2 20

3i 1 3i Re(z)
=
1
= =

+ -
-
-

10

(m(z)
= - 3
= -

SQUARE ROOT 07 A COMPLEX NUMBER

the form where

To express actly in a t bi a and b are real .

let atiy = a + bi

squaring both sides :

2
2

(x+ iy) = (D + bi)

2

x +
iy = (a + bi)

x +
iy = (a + bi)(atbi)

x + iy = a+ abi + abi + b2 ;

x +
iy = a + 2abi + b2( 1)-

x +
iy = a 33 -
+ 2abi
EQUATING REAL AND IMAGINARY TERMS

x +
iy = a - b2 + zabi

-b. simultaneously
Solve

1 .
Express StraiI n the form of a +bi where 'd' and 'b' are real

2 2

5 + 12i = ( + bi)
2
5+ 12i = (a + bi)

S + 12i = (a + bi)(a + bi)

S + 12i = a+ abi + abi + 32

5 + 12i = 2 - b2 + zabi

Equating Re(z) and Im(z) :

5 = a - b 1

2
12 = zab

I
12 = 2ab Substitute'd in 1

1
a =

25 =
(2 - 5

5
a =

b2(xb
x
S = -

Sb2 =
36 - bY when b = 2 a = ? when b = 2 a = 3

by + 562 - 36 = O when b = 2 -
D = -
3

(b 4)(b2 p) 0
-
-
+ = a = D = 6

5
(b2 -
4) = 0 (b2 + 4) = 0 3 + 2i and -3-2i

y2 b2 P
7
4 a
2
= = -

= D =

b =
12 b = F9
b = NO SOLUTION a = 3 a = -
3
Express
-
24 + 10 i in the form a t bi where 'd' and 'b' are

2
-
24 + 10i = (a + bi

-
24 + 10i = (a + bi)(a + bi)
-
24 + 10i = a + abi + abi + 32
-
24 + 10i = a2 - b2 + 2abi

0 -
24 = 02 -
y
② 10 = zab

② 10 = 2 ab

a
= 5
=

0 24 =

(2 b
-
-

2
24 b
2
-
= -
Xb

2
-
24b = 25 -
34
b" 24b2 25
- -
= 0

(b2 1)(b2 25)

+ - = 0

(b2 + 1) = 0 (b2 -
25) = 0

b = T 3 = Es
b =
NO SOL b = 15

when b = 5 when b = -
5

10 = 2ab 10 = 2a( -
5)

10 = 2a(5) 10 = 10C

109
=
10 =

=
-
1 = a

when b = 5 b -
= S

C = 1 a = - 1

I + Si and-1-5i or 1(l + 5i)

ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL

If a polynomial equation has complex roots , then

Ii) If all coefficients of real roots

a
polynomial are ,
occur in
conjugate pairs

(ii) A quadratic factor of the polynomial is z-2Re(a) 2 + lat where a is one root of the
eq.

2 = b = m40 -

29

EXERCISE :

1 .
22 + z + 1 = 0 =
CANNOT FACTORIZE

2 = b = m40 -
- = i - 16 =
29 - =F = &i

z = -
(i) = (1) -
4(i)() = +2i
2(1)

z = +
1 - 3 -
3 = F
2
= Bi

z = + 3
2

z = - 1 I 3i

z
=

=+ and
2 .
22 -
22 + 2 = 0

z = -
b = b2 -
499
29

z =
-
( 2)-
=( - 2)2 -
4(1)(2)
2(1)

z = + 2 =8

z = 21 -
4

z = 2 F
2

z = 2 12i
2

Z
=

1t i

.
3 z -
(3 + 5i)z + 2 + 5i = 0

p = 1 b = 3 -
5ic = 2 + 5i

z = -
b = b2 -
4aC
29

z -
= ( -
3 -
Si) = ( -
3 -
Si)2 -
4(1)(z + Si) ( -
3 - 5i)2 = c 3 - -
Si)( -
3 -
Si)
2(1) = 4 + 15i + 15i + 25i
= a + 30i -

25

z = 3+ Si ( -
16 + 30i) -
(8 + 20i) = 16 + 30i

z = 3 + 5i =10i 24 +

Z = 3 + 5i + 1 + Si 2 = 3 + 5i -
1 -
5

↑
2 2
z =
3 + 5i = 1 + 5i
2

Loi
= z = 2 + oi
2

z = 2 + Si 2 = 1 + oi
POLYNOMIALS WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

I . Show that Itzi is a root of f(z) = z3 -

22 + 32 +5

f(z) z3
=
-
22 + 32 + 5 (1 + 2i)2 = (1 + zi)(i + mi)

f(1 + zi) = (1 + ai)3 -

( + zi)2 + 3(1 + 2i) + 5 = 1 + 2i + 2i + 42

f(1 + 2i) = -
11-2i -
( -
3+ xi) + 3 + 6i + 5 = 1 + 4i -
4

f(l + zi) = -
1 -
zi + 3 =
4i + 3 + 6i + S
-
= 3 + 4i

f(1 + zi) = - 11 + 3 + 3 + 5 -
zi - xi + 6i

f(l + 2i) = 0 (1 + zi) = ( + 2i)(1 + zi)(1 + zi)

= ( -
3 + 4i)(1 + zi)
2
. I+2i 3 bi 4i
·

is a root =
- -
+ + 8

: I-Zi - 3 2i 8

*
is also a roo
= - -

11 2i
imaginary terms
=

NOTE : no
-
-

2 root >
-
x- 2 (factor)

3 root > -3
-
(factor)
roots occur in conjugate pairs
1. + zi root - > z-(1 + zi) (factor)

1-2i root
>
-

2-(1-2i) (factor)

(2 -
(1 + zi))(z -
( -
zi)) = z -
z( -
2i) -
z( + zi) + (1 + 2i)(1 -
zi)
= 23 - z + 22i -
z -
2zi + 5

2
=
-
22 + 5

METHOD 1

(22 -
22 + 5)(az + b) = 23 22-
+ 32 + 5

compare coefficients

3 : constant
3
D23 = z 5b = 5

C = I b = 1

3RD FACTOR : (D2 + b)

- 2+ 1

FACTORS : Z-(I + zi) ,

2-(1-2i) , z +

ROOTS : 1 + 2i, 1-2i ,

METHOD 2

Z + 3RD FACTOR

z -
22 + 5
22 -
+ 32 + 5

23 222
-

-
+ 52

22 -
22 + 5
-

2
2 -

22 + 5

00 O

ARGAND DIAGRAMS

A complex number can be represented in a cartesian dxIS

n(m(z)

&

3 =

2-

Re(z)
-

1
EXAMPLE :
Represent 2 + on the argand diagram

n(m(z)

& ⑧

3 =

2-

Re(z)
-
(A) 6 + +i (B) 3 + i -
2 - 2i

n(m(z) n(m(z)

& ⑨ &

3 3

3 3

I I ⑧

-
123 56 -3156

(1) (x)
-

3 -
4) -
2 -
2i

n(m(z) n(m(z)

& &

3 3

3 3

I I

Re()
sj
=

-3
·

+ -
2 - I ↓ 2315
-
I -
I

-
2 ⑧
-
2

-
3

- 4 ⑧

LOCUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The locus of a complex number represents the set of points in the complex plane that satisfies a
given

conditio

Im(z) The locus of

satisfying the condition z-c = r is a

circle with centre ,

C and radius ,
ro

C
*
When using the eq ensure that the coefficient of Z is

and the complex number C is

governed by a
negative
Re(2) sign
O
1 . Sketch and describe the locus of 2-1-i = 2

2 -
1 -
i = 2

2 -
(1 + i) = 2

2 -
C I r

A circle with centre (1 + i) and radius 2

(m(z)
2

↓ ·

Re(z)
>
H

.
2 Sketch and describe the locus of 2 + 3-2i = 3

z -
( -
3 + 2i) = 3

Im(z)
M
3
3

⑧
2

Re(z)
-
3 -
2 -
1

DESCRIPTION : A circle with centre-3 + zi and radius 3

PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR OF A LINE SEEMENT

The locus of I
satisfying z-a = z-b is the
perpendicular bisector of the line joining

a and b

Im(z)
b

[ LOCUS 07 Z
Cl

Re(z)
>

EXAMPLE : Describe and Sketch the locus of Z satisfying 2-1 +i) =

2-1 - i

z -
1 + i = z -
1 -
i

(z -
(1 -
i) = z -
( + i)

nIm(z)
2

/LOCUS
I ⑧

Reck)
-
2 - I I 23

-
I 6

-
2

DESCRIPTION : This is the perpendicular bisector of the line joiningI-1 and It i

2 . 2 -4 -
3i =
12 -
4 + Sil Sketch & Describe.

z - (4 + 3i =
z -
(4 -
5i
2 . 2 -4 -
3i =
12 -
4 + Sil Sketch & Describe.

z - (4 + 3i =
z -
(4 -
5i

m(z)

&

(4 + 3i)
3 ·

Re(z)
<
-I S
2
-
I -

>
-
2
LOCUS

-
3

-
4

-
S · (1-si)

DESCRIPTION : This is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 4 + 3i and 1-5i

STRAIGHT LINE

Let z = d + Xb where X is a real number and a ,

b are complex numbers

The of line and

locus
passing through parallel to b
z is a a

EXAMPLE : Describe and Sketch the locus of z = (1 + i) + x(2 i)-

SOLUTION :

LOCUS

Z = 1 + i + x(2 -
i) 1
Im(z)
↑ ↑ W
Z = C + Xb 2

A
I ·

Re(z)
>
-
2 - 1 I 2 3

-
I ⑧

-
2

DESCRIPTION : A line parallel to 'b' but

passing
through a
Sketch and Describe the locus of z = (3 + 7i) + X( -
3 + zi)

Im(z)

D
7 ⑧

&

I
Re
'b' 'a
DESCRIPTION parallel but
passing through
: A line to

HAL7 LINE

The locus ofI

satisfying arg (2-al = O is a half line starting at '' but excluding 'd' and making
an
angle of O with the positive real exis

(2-1-i)
Example Sketch arg
=
:

solution : T = 1808 DESCRIPTION : The locus of z is a half

line starting at ( + i)

arg(z-1-i) n(m(z) and making an angle

=

I
of with the

circ z (1 + i) =

#
- positive real
-

DXIS .

Y T Rec

Cl O
Sketch and describe the locus of arg(z ++ i) =

arg(z i)
3
+ 1 + =

argz-(-1 i) 3(180)
= 135
-
= = =

nim(z)

- nece

DESCRIPTION The locus of (1+i) and making an angle of

half line starting I
: Z is a at

with the positive real DXIS .

MODULUS LENGTH OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The modulus of iy is(21 x2 +

?
complex Z x
y
a number = + =

EXERCISE : Find the modulus of

1 . 2 + i 2 .
4 -
i 3 . 3 + 4i .
4 coso + isino

2 = 2 + i Z = 2 -
i z = 3 + 4i z = coso + isino

(2) = 22 + 13 (2) = 23 + ( 1) -
(2) = 32 + 42 (2) = (cosa" + (sing
Z I 5 (2) = 5 (2) = Es 12) = I

(2) = S 12) = 1
ARGUMENT

Let z = x +
iy ,
from the sketch we can see that

Im(z)
&

tan 0 = ⑧

"
Y
o = tan " I
x
O Re(z)
>
x

The angle o is called the argument of 2 and is denoted

by arg(z)

NOTES :

Im(z)

(i) The argument is measured in radians

(ii) The argument is measured from the positive real exis 2ND IST

(iii) The principal argument of 2 IS-OLI Re(z)

&
liv) If the complex number is in the

()
(a) 1st or ath quadrant : o = +an 3RD & TH

and
(2
+
(b) quadrant : 0 = m + c
+

y
+
(C) 3 quadrant : 0 = - + + an

EXERCISE : Find the modulus and argument of

1 . z = 1 + i 2 .
2 = 1 -
i

(2) = 1 + 1 (2) = 1 + 12
(2) = 2 (2) = 2

+an

(y) ARGUMENT

ant(y)
ARGUMENT o = : O = + +

o = + ant

(i) a ant
(
=
m + +

o
=
- T

O I
T
3 .
2 = -1 + i 9 . 2 = -1 - i

(2) = (- ) + 1 (2) 1 =
- 12 +
- p
(2) =
2 12 = E

(y)
+an"
+ant)
ARGUMENT : G = n + ARGUMENT : G = -T +

an)
(i)
o = m + + o = -
+ + + an

o o
= -
=

TRIGONOMETRIC OR POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The polar form of

trigonometric or a complex number is given by
z = r(coso + i sino)

where r = modulus

o =
argument

Example :
Express z = 3 + i in polar form

solution : Find modulus & argument

z = 3 + i

(2) = 32 + 13

121 = No

2)
: o = + an TRIG : z = r(coso + isino)
z = 10 (1050 322
.
+ isin0 . 322)
o =

tan"
0 = 0 322 .
EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The polar form ofI can be expressed in exponential form as

iO
z = re

where r = modulus

o
argument
=

Example : Write Iti in exponential form

Z = 1 + i

(2) = 12 + 1

12) =
E

(e)
o = + an

iO

()
+
o = an EXPONENTIAL FORM : Z = Re
+
+

#i
z = Ee
0 =
4

Write in polar and exponential form :

1 .
2 = 3 + i

(2) = (53)2 + 1 POLAR : z = r(coso + isino)

(os1
(2) isn I
(
= 2 z = 2 +
6 6

(y)
o = + an +
Expo : z = reiO
II i

ant(i)
6
o = + z = 22

0 = I
6
22 .
= 2 + i

(2) (
=
-
27 + 12
(2) = 5

o = m + + an
(y)
()
o = + + + an

0 = 2 68 .

TRIG/POLAR : Z = r(coso + isino)

z = 55(1052 68 .
+ isin2 68)
.

Exponential : 2 = reco
68i
5593
.

z =

3
= POLAR FORM
.
2

r(coso isind
(2)
ix
= 1 + z = +
↑

1 1

(cost S
-

z = 1 + isn #
2
= 1 + i + i + i
12 + ( -
1)2

= 1 + 2i -
1 Expo = reio
2
= ie i

i
= =

r I 02 + 12

r = I

r = I

ARGUMENT

(
o = Tant

Tan"
O =

1) = ERROR On CALCULATOR

o =
CARTESIAN FORM OF A LOCUS

1 .
12 -1 - i = 2

Le + z = x + iY

(x +
iy -1 -
i) = 2

(x iy i)
-
1 + -
= z

x -
1 + i(y - 1) = 2 (square both sides

Nx
-1)2 (y 1)2 + = = z

(x - 1) + (y 1) =
= 2

7 ind the cartesian of + 3-di 7

equation 2 =

z + 3 -
4i = 7

z = x +
iy

x + iy + 3 - 4i =

x + 3 + iy -
ti = 7

((x + 3) + i(y 4)) - = 7

(x + 3)2 + (y - 1)2 = 7

square both sides

(x + 3)2 + (y - 92 =
Find the Cartesian form of 12-1 + i) = (2 + 2 + 3)

12 -
1 + i = z +2 + 3i)

lowkey
Le + z = x +
iy

x + iy - 1 + i = x + iy + 2 + 3

x -
1 + iy + i = (x + 2 + iy + 3i

I (x 1) -
+ i(y 1)) - =
((x+ 2) + i(y + 3))

(x - 1)2 + (y 12 -
=
(x + 2)2 + (y+ 3)

both sides
square
2 2
(x - 1) + (y 1) = =
(x + 2)2 + (y + 3) &

x -
2x + 1 + y( -

zy + 1 = c( + 4x +4 + y + by + 9

2x + 1
zy + 1 = 1x + 1 +
by + 4
- -

11
6x 1y = 0
-
- -

OR
6x +
+y + 11 = 0

DE MOLURE'S THEOREM

2 = r(coso + isino)

2 = r(coso + isino)"
z = r(cos no + isin no)

z =

z((os1 isin) +

Find : 29

2 cos isn
2 =
+

2x(os(Ex) isin( 4)
21 =
+ +

21 = 16 (cos2 + isin 2)
z =
16(1 + oil
29
-

= 16 +0
Given z isin Find
cos
+
I,
=

28
i sin
=

cos
+

28
cos x) is
= + x

28 = (cos2 + isinzit)
28 = 1 + a

(os1 iSinI
Find z
= +

28 =

cos
+

isni)
((os +x8) isin(= xz)
28 = +

28 =

cos is
28 = -
0 5-
.
3 i
2

PRO07 * cos20 = coso-sino

Sinzo = 2 cososino

z = r(coso + isino)
2
2 = r(loso + isina
2
Z = r2(coso + i sino) (coso + isina

2 = r(loso + icososino + icososino +

2
i sino)
2 = r(cos2o-sino + zicososino)
2 = r2)cos20 + isinzo)
 'O
1. Find (1 + 10)

Write Iti in polar form

Modulus :

r = 1 + 12 2
=

Argument :

o = + an

(g)
o = + ant
(i)
0 = I
A

Polar form

z =

2(os isin) +

=
"(os isin) +

32 (los Ix10) Ip)

z = + isin

z = 32

(05 isin +

10
z = 33(0 + i)
10
z = 0 + 32i
ASSIGNMENT1

10) Eq circle (x - al2 + (y b)

- =
r
,

expand brackets
- bi)
in the form a + bi 11 . TUTORIAL W3

2 .
(a) - * divide first z Itti-substitute

* atbi p
* z2 = (a + bi) = ( -
1 + i)
ptz long division/ comparing CoE

(B)z
- z t
= -

roots = It i Q
I 22 -
1 = 1-1 ; ②
Z
=
.
3 find LCM

1.
quadratic formula

5 . i)i = otzi = atbi

?
o+ 2i = (a + bi)

ii) Hence,

quadratic formula

use ans from before

6 .
V

~
7 .
i)
ii) Polar form

S
>
power of
-

2 .

(e(os(X10) + isin
(2)
9 . /2-1 + i) 12 = -
2 + oil ,
factor out
neg
.
* label locus/des perpendicular line