Banha University Networking

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 3th Year Communications

Electrical Engineering Department )2021-2022(

1. What is the relationship between period and frequency?

Frequency and period are the inverse of each other. T = 1/ f and f = 1/T.

2. What does the amplitude of a signal measure? What does the frequency of a
signal
measure? What does the phase of a signal measure?
The amplitude of a signal measures the value of the signal at any point.
The frequency of a signal refers to the number of periods in one second.
The phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time zero.

3.Name three types of transmission impairment.

Three types of transmission impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

4. Distinguish between a low-pass channel and a band-pass channel.

A low-pass channel has a bandwidth starting from zero; a band-pass channel has a
bandwidth that does not start from zero.

5. What does the Nyquist theorem have to do with communications?

The Nyquist theorem defines the maximum bit rate of a noiseless channel.

6. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communications?

The Shannon capacity determines the theoretical maximum bit rate of a noisy
channel.

7. Why do optical signals used in fiber optic cables have a very short wave length?
Optical signals have very high frequencies(100-1000THz). A high frequency means a
short wave length because the wave length is inversely proportional to the frequency
(λ = v/f), where v is the propagation speed in the media.
8. Given the frequencies listed below, calculate the corresponding periods.
a. 24Hz
T = 1 / f = 1 / (24 Hz) = 0.0417 s = 41.7 × 10–3 s = 41.7 ms
b. 8 MHz
T = 1 / f = 1 / (8 MHz) = 0.000000125 = 0.125 × 10–6 s = 0.125 μs
c. 140 KHz
T = 1 / f = 1 / (140 KHz) = 0.00000714 s = 7.14 × 10–6 s = 7.14 μs

9. Given the following periods, calculate the corresponding frequencies.

a. 5 s
f = 1 / T = 1 / (5 s) = 0.2 Hz
b. 12 μs

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f = 1 / T = 1 / (12 μs) =83333 Hz = 83.333 × 103 Hz = 83.333 KHz
c. 220 ns
f = 1 / T = 1 / (220 ns) = 4550000 Hz = 4.55× 106 Hz = 4.55 MHz
10. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be decomposed into five sine waves
with frequencies at 0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Hz? All peak amplitudes are the same.
Draw the bandwidth.

11. A periodic composite signal with a bandwidth of 2000 Hz is composed of two sine
waves. The first one has a frequency of 100 Hz with a maximum amplitude of 20 V;
the second one has a maximum amplitude of 5 V. Draw the bandwidth.

the lowest frequency =100 , the bandwidth = 2000,

B=high freq – low freq
The highest frequency must be 100 + 2000 = 2100 Hz.

12. What is the bit rate for each of the following signals?
a. A signal in which 1 bit lasts 0.001 s
bit rate = 1/ (bit duration) = 1 / (0.001 s) = 1000 bps = 1 Kbps
b. A signal in which 1 bit lasts 2 ms
bit rate = 1/ (bit duration) = 1 / (2 ms) = 500 bps
c. A signal in which 10 bits last 20 μs
bit rate = 1/(bit duration) = 1 / (20 μs/10) = 1 / (2 μs) = 500 Kbps

13. A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps.

Bit rate = no of bit / time
a.How long does it take to send out 10 bits?
1000 =10 /t
T =10 /1000
(10 / 1000) s = 0.01 s
b. How long does it take to send out a single character (8 bits)?
(8 / 1000) s = 0. 008 s = 8 ms
c. How long does it take to send a file of 100,000 characters?
((100,000 × 8) / 1000) s = 800 s

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14. What is the bit rate for the signal in Figure 1?

There are 8 bits in 16 ns.

Bit rate = 8 / (16 × 10−9) = 0.5 ×10−9= 500 Mbps

15. What is the frequency of the signal in Figure 2?

The signal makes 8 cycles in 4 ms.

Frequency= no of cycle / time
The frequency = 8 / (4 ms) = 2 KHz

16. What is the bandwidth of the composite signal shown in Figure 3.

The bandwidth = 5 × 5 = 25 Hz.

17. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal power is 100 W. At
point B, the power is 90 W. What is the attenuation in decibels?
Attenuation = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10(P2/ P1)
dB = 10 log10 (90 / 100) = –0.46 dB

18. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the final signal power if it was
originally 5 W?
–10 = 10 log10 (P2 / 5) → log10 (P2 / 5) = −1 → (P2 / 5) = 10−1 → P2 = 0.5 W

19. A signal has passed through three cascaded amplifiers, each with a 4 dB gain.
What is the total gain? How much is the signal amplified?
12/10 1.2
The total gain is 3 × 4 = 12 dB. The signal is amplified by a factor = 10 = 10 =
15.85.

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20. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps, how long does it take to send a frame
of
100,000 bits out of this device?
Bit rate = no of bits / Time
Time= no of bit / bit rate
Time = 100,000 bits / 5 Kbps = 20 s
21. The light of the sun takes approximately eight minutes to reach the earth. What is
the distance between the sun and the earth?
d = Time * velocity = 8 * 60 * 3 * 10 8 = 480 s × 300,000 km/s = 144,000,000 km

22. A signal has a wavelength of 1μm in air. How far can the front of the wave travel
during 1000 periods?
λ =1μm , no of cycle =1000 periods
1 μm × 1000 = 1000 μm = 1 mm

23. A line has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 and a bandwidth of 4000 KHz. What is
the maximum data rate supported by this line?
SNR = 1000
B= 4000K
Noiseless : bitrate = 2B𝑙𝑜𝑔2L
Noisy : C = B𝑙𝑜𝑔2(1+SNR )= 4,000 log2 (1 + 1,000) ≈ 40 Kbps

24. We measure the performance of a telephone line (4 KHz of bandwidth). When

the
signal is 10 V, the noise is 5 mV. What is the maximum data rate supported by this
telephone line?
B=4K
C = B𝑙𝑜𝑔2(1+SNR )
SNR=signal power/ noise power
SNR=10/(5m)
C= 4,000 log2 (1 + 10 / 0.005) = 43,866 bps

26. A file contains 2 million bytes. How long does it take to download this file using a
56-Kbps channel? 1-Mbps channel?
The file contains =2,000,000 × 8 = 16,000,000 bits.
With a 56-Kbps channel,
it takes: Time = no of bit / bit rate = 16,000,000/56,000 = 289 s.
With a 1-Mbps channel,
it takes: Time = 16,000,000/(1 X 106 )=16 s.

39. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses
1024 colors, how many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen?
To represent 1024 colors, we need log21024 = 10 (see Appendix C) bits.
The total number of bits = 1200 × 1000 × 10 = 12,000,000 bits

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40. A signal with 200 milliwatts power passes through 10 devices, each with an
average noise of 2 microwatts. What is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?
SNR = Signal power / noise power
Total noise power =no of device * noise of each device = 10 X 2 = 20 μW
SNR = (200 mW) / (20 μW) = 10,000
SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR = 40

41. If the peak voltage value of a signal is 20 times the peak voltage value of the
noise, what is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?

SNR= (signal power)/(noise power).

However, power is proportional to the square of voltage. This means we have
SNR = [(signal voltage)2] / [(noise voltage)2] =
[(signal voltage) / (noise voltage)]2 = 202 = 400
We then have: SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR ≈ 26.02

42. What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the following cases:
a. Bandwidth: 20 KHz SNRdB =40
b. Bandwidth: 200 KHz SNRdB =4
c. Bandwidth: 1 MHz SNRdB =20
SNR=10dB/10
For practical purposes, when the SNR is very high, we can assume that SNR + 1 is
almost the same as SNR. In these cases, the theoretical channel capacity can be
simplified to:
C = B × (SNRdB /3)
We can approximately calculate the capacity as
a. C = B × (SNRdB /3) = 20 KHz × (40 /3) = 267 Kbps
b. C = B × (SNRdB /3) = 200 KHz × (4 /3) = 267 Kbps
c. C = B × (SNRdB /3) = 1 MHz × (20 /3) = 6.67 Mbps

44. We have a channel with 4 KHz bandwidth. If we want to send data at 100 Kbps,
what is the minimum SNRdB? What is SNR?
C = B × (SNRdB /3) or SNRdB = (3 × C) /B
SNRdB = 3 × 100 Kbps / 4 KHz = 75
SNR=107.5

45. What is the total delay (latency) for a frame of size 5 million bits that is being sent
on a link with 10 routers each having a queuing time of 2 μs and a processing time of
1 μs. The length of the link is 2000 Km. The speed of light inside the link is 2 x 108
m/s. The link has a bandwidth of 5 Mbps. Which component of the total delay is
dominant? Which one is negligible?

Frame = 5 *106 bit

Latency = processing time + queuing time +transmission time + propagation time
Processing time = 10 × 1 μs = 10 μs = 0.000010 s
Queuing time = 10 × 2 μs = 20 μs = 0.000020 s
Transmission time =message size/ B.W = 5,000,000 / (5 Mbps) = 1 s

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Propagation time = distance/ propagation speed = (2000 Km) / (2 × 108) = 0.01 s
Latency = 0.000010 + 0.000020 + 1 + 0.01 = 1.01000030 s
The transmission time is dominant here because the packet size is huge.

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