s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

g]kfnsf k|dv
' t/sf/L tyf
vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

g]kfnsf k|dv
' t/sf/L tyf
vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
@)^^
k|sfzs
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn

cfly{s ;xof]u
:k]g ;/sf/ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_

k|sfzg ldlt M @)^^ d+l;/

k|sfzgflwsf/©
o; k|sfzgdf cleJoQm ljrf/, tYo÷tYof°, tyf hfgsf/Lx?n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB
tyf s[lif ;+u7g -PkmPcf]_ sf] cflwsfl/s ljrf/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ . ;fy} o;sf]
clek|fo s'g} /fi6« jf To;sf] k|fb]lzs v08÷e"efu, ;x/, cyjf ;Ldfsf] j}wflgs Pj+
ljsf;ut l:ylt O+lut ug'{ klg xf]Og . ;do / k|;Ëjz k|sfzgdf pNn]v ul/Psf
s'g} sDkgL jf ltgsf pTkfbg, rfx] tL k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|fKt (patented) x'g\ jf gx'g\,
af/]sf] rrf{n] of] 7xb}{g ls tL pTkfbgx? cGo / p:t} vfnsf pTkfbgx?sf]
t'ngfdf PkmPcf]sf] :jLs[lt—k|fKt x'g\ jf l;kmfl/;df k/]sf x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgdf k|ltljlDjt ljrf/x? PkmPcf]sf cflwsfl/s wf/0ff geO{ n]vssf cfkm\gf

lghL wf/0ff / ljrf/x? x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgsf] sf] ;jf{lwsf/© PkmPcf]df ;'/lIft 5 . u}/gfkmfd"ns Pj+ z}lIfs

k|of]hgsf] nflu o; k|sfzgsf]] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs efu k'gp{Tkfbg ug{, k|;f/ ug{ /
k|of]u÷ljt/0f ug{ PkmPcf]sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' h?/L kg]{ 5}g, t/ To;f] ubf{ ;|f]t eg]
clgjfo{?kdf v'nfpg'kg]{ 5 . k"j{ cg'dlta]u/ Jofj;flos jf Jofkfl/s p4]Zosf nflu
o;sf] ;fdu|L k'gMpTkfbg ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]sf nflu k|sfzsaf6 k"j{ lnlvt
;xdlt lng'kg]{ 5 . o;sf nflu kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf o;k|sf/ 5M Chief, Electronic
Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected]

;fh;Hhf tyf d'b|0fM WPS, eMail: [email protected]

 cfef/

g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cGt{utsf]

cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf ;dGjo OsfO{åf/f ;~rflnt kl/of]hgf æcfGtl/s åGå,
af9L / ;'Vvfaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf u|fdL0f ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iff lglDt ;xof]uÆ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_ cGt{ut OsfO{sf
sd{rf/Låf/f of] xft] k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kl/of]hgf :k]g ;/sf/sf]
cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf] xf] .

of] xft] k'l:tsf s[lif ljefu cGt{utsf t/sf/L ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / afnL
ljsf; lgb]{zgfno k/fdz{ tyf PkmPcf]sf] afnL pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0f
dxfzfvfsf] k|ToIf k|fljlws ;'kl/j]If0f / ;Nnfxdf >L k'?iff]Qdk|;fb vltj8fn]
tof/ ug{'ePsf] xf] . of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ ljleGg dxfg'efjx?n] k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ;Nnfx / dfu{bz{g ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFx? ;Dk"0f{k|lt PkmPcf] /
of] kl/of]hgf -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_ kl/jf/ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]usf] nflu
xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw u
 kl/ro

s[lif If]qn] g]kfnsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 / b]zsf]

b'O{ltxfO ;lqmo hg;+VofnfO{ /f]huf/L ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . sl/a #!
k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtfx? /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ / tL dWo] ax';+Vos
hgtfx? u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . $! k|ltzteGbf a9L g]kfnLx? b}lgs
cfjZos kg]{ zlQmsf] nflu vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ug{ c;Ifd 5g\ .

u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ s[ifsx? lzIffsf] sdL / s[lif ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;Lldt
kxF'rsf sf/0fn] a9L hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg, ;Lldt afXo
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L pGgt s[lif k4lt ckgfP/ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg ;Sg]
ck]lIft Ifdtf /fVb5g\ . of] xft] k'l:tsfn] lgjf{xd'vL v]tL ug]{ tL s[ifsnfO{
nlIft u/]sf] 5, hf] cToGt Go"g s[lif k|;f/ / ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGo s[lif
ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf t/sf/L kf]if0fsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ePklg w]/} 7fFpx?df t/sf/L vfg'nfO{
ce}m klg ;'ljwfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;}n] ubf{ of] k|sfzgn] gf} j6f k|d'v
t/sf/L afnLx? -uf]ne]+8f, e06f, v';f{gL, sfpnL, aGbf, sfFqmf], Kofh, ufh/ /
d"nf_ sf] ;fy ;fy} u|fdL0f kl/jf/sf] k|d'v vfB;'/Iff ug]{ tLg vfBfGg
afnLx? -wfg, ds} / uxF'_ nfO{ ;d]t nlIft u/]sf] 5 . of] xft] k'l:tsf tof/
ubf{ k9\g / n]Vg ghfGg]x?nfO{ ljz]if Wofgdf /fVb} a9LeGbf a9L lrqx?sf] /
sd eGbf sd zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

# s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 ljifo ;"rL
cfef/ u
kl/ro 3

t/sf/Lsf] a]gf{ tof/L / /f]k0f !

uf]ne]+8f v]tL !%

vf];f{gL v]tL @#

e06f v]tL @(

sfFqmf] v]tL #%

sfpnL v]tL $@

aGbf v]tL $(

ufh/ v]tL %&

d"nf v]tL ^%

Kofh v]tL &!

wfg v]tL *$

ds} v]tL ($

ux'F v]tL !)#

;Gbe{–;fdu|L !!#

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw ª
r s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
!
t/sf/Lsf] a]gf{ tof/L / /f]k0f
:yfg

g;{/L agfpg] :yfg 3fd nfUg], lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ePsf], af/–aGb]h ePsf]
/ ;lhn} x]/rfx ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 .
cfsf/

xft_
! ld -≈@ xft_ # ld -≈&

g;{/L Aof8sf] rf}8fO ;w}+ ! ld6/ -b'O{ xfteGbf s]xL a9L_ /fVg'kb{5 .
s/];faf/Lsf] nflu # ld6/ -& xft_ nfdf] Aof8 eP k'U5 / To;df ! 8f]sf]
/fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 
 Aof8sf] k|sf/

hldgaf6 !% ;]=ld=
-≈! s'/]t_

jiff{ofd / l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] If]qdf p7]sf] Aof8 a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .

hld
gsf
] ;t
xaf6
!)
;]=ld
= tn

lxpFbofd / l;FrfOsf] c;'ljwf ePsf] If]qdf ba]sf] Aof8 ;'xfpFbf] x'G5 .

 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
g;{/Lsf] nflu ;+/rgf
;]tf] Knfli6sn] 5f]k]sf]
-# ld= nfdf] g;{/Lsf] nflu $=% ld= nfdf] Knfli6s_

cfwf ld6/

@ b]lv @=% ld=

nfdf] afF;sf] ef6f

hf8f]ofddf Aof8df /f]k]sf] aLp / pd|]sf] a]gf{nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] tfkqmd sfod

/fVgsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] u'Dah pko'Qm x'G5 .

cufl8sf] efu

k/fn jf Knfli6ssf] 5fgf

!@% ;]=ld=
&% ;]=ld=
! ld6/
!% ;]=ld=
p7]sf] Aof8

jiff{ofdsf] nflu p7]sf] Aof8dfly ;]tf] Knfli6s jf 5fgf] ePsf] 5fk|f]

agfpg'k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 
 Aof8df aLpsf] /f]kfOF

clGtddf g;{/L Aof8 ;DofPsf]

g;{/L Aof8nfO{ nf}/f]sf] ;xfotfn] ;Dofpg'k5{ .

* b]lv !) ;]=ld=

g;{/Ldf xf/b]lv xf/sf] b"/L *–!) ;]=ld= -sl/a % c+u'n_ /fVg'k5{ . ;f]emf]
afF;sf] ef6fsf] ;xof]uåf/f aLp /f]Kg] 8f]a agfpg ;lsG5 .
 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 @ b]lv # ;]=ld=

aLpnfO{ @–# ;]=ld= -! c+u'n_ sf] km/sdf /f]Kg'k5{ . uf]ne]+8f, e06f, sfpnL,
aGbfh:tf afnLsf] a]gf{ g;{/Ldf tof/ ul/G5 .

aLpm 5f]Kg]

aLp /f]k]kl5 afn'jf jf v/fgL jf kr]sf] dn jf w"nf] df6f]n] aLpnfO{

k'g'{kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 
 xftn] ;Dofpg]

aLp /f]k]kl5 xNsf xftn] Aof8nfO{ ;Dofpg'k5{ .

k/fn jf ;'s]sf] 3fF;n] Aof8df 5fkf] -dlNrË_ xfn]/ xhf/Laf6 kfgL

k6fpg'k5{ .
 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
y}nfdf aLp /f]Kg]

b'O{ j6f aLpm y}nfdf /f]Kg] a]gf{ @–# kft] ePkl5 :j:y a]gf{
/fv]/ csf]{ pv]n]/ kmfNg]

sfFqmf, km;L{ ;d"xsf afnLx? h:t} M sfFqmf], l3/f}+nf, s/]nfsf a]gf{

;fdfGotof y}nfdf pTkfbg ul/G5 .

g;{/Lsf] x]/rfx

pd|]sf] gpd|]sf] / lr:ofg eP gePsf] x]b}{ ug]{ / aLp 6';fPsf] b]Vg]lalQs}

5fkf] x6fpg] .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 
 Knfli6snfO{ p3f/]sf]

Knfli6ssf] u'Dahleq /f]k]sf] aLp pld|Pkl5 Knfli6snfO{ lbgdf p3f/]/

ck/fGxkl5 k]ml/ aGb ug'k{ b{5 .

x6fOPsf] Knfli6s

Knfli6snfO{ a]gf{nfO{ ;fg'{eGbf #–$ lbgcufl8 k"/} x6fpg'k5{ . olb

5fk|f] agfOPsf] 5 eg] To;sf] 5fgf] x6fpg'kb{5 .
 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
a]gf{ pv]Ng]

a]gf{ pv]Ng'eGbf sDtLdf # 306fcufl8 g;{/LnfO{ h/f;Dd leHg] u/L kfgL

k6fpg'5{ .

h/f dfq
ePsf] a]gf{

;fg{sf] nflu a]gf{ pv]Nbf slxNo} klg tfg]/ pv]Ng' x'Fb}g .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 
 h/f;Fu} df6f]
ePsf] a]gf{

a]gf{ pv]Nbf RofK6f] ef6f jf To:t} j:t'n] h/fsf] ;txeGbf d'lgaf6

df6f];d]t ws]n]/ df6f];lxtsf] h/f ePsf] a]gf{ pv]Ng'k5{ .

a]gf{nfO{ v]tdf n}hfg ls:tL jf gfª\nf]df /fv]/ n}hfg] .

10 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
y}nfsf] nflu eg]{ df6f]

cfwf efu rfn]sf] cfwf efu kr]sf] dn aLp hdfpg] df6f]

hª\unsf] df6f]

hª\unsf]] df6f] ;lhn} kfOg] 7fpFdf cfwf–cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf]] df6f]
/ kr]sf] dn ld;fP/ aLp hdfpg] df6f] tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .

b'O{ efu dlnnf] df6f] b'O{ efu kr]sf] dn olb lrD6\ofOnf] aLp hdfpg] df6f]
df6f] ePdf Ps
efu afn'jf
ld;fpg]

lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 eg] @ efu dlnnf] df6f]df TolQs} efu kr]sf] dn / !

efu afn'jf ld;fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 11
 aLp hdfpg] df6f]nfO{ kfgL 5Ds]/ /fd|/L cf]l;Psf] df6f] xftdf lnO{
jf hf8f] ofddf /ftel/ zLtdf d'7\7L kfbf{ xNsf 8Nnf] aGb5 .
/fv]/ cf]l;nf] agfpg'kb{5 . t/ ;lhn} km'6\b5 .

a]gf{ pdfg]{ y}nf

^ O~r ( O~r

Kjfn

Knfli6ssf] y}nf k|of]u ubf{ ( O~r Knfli6ssf] y}nf gkfOg] b'u{d

nDafO / ^ O~r rf}8fOsf] k|of]u If]qdf ;fn÷ef]nf{h:tf] 7"nf] kft
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 / df6f] eg'{eGbf eO{ rfF8} gs'lxg] kftaf6 y}nf
cufl8 y}nfsf] tNnf] efudf @–$ agfpg ;lsG5 .
j6f Kjfn agfpg'k5{ .
12 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
y}nf eg]{
@ b]lv # ;]=ld=;Dd
vfnL 5f]8\g]

aLp hdfpgsf nflu y}nf ebf{ df6f] ebf{ la:tf/} 9s\9SofpFb}

cf]l;nf] df6f] eg'{k5{ . eg{'k5{ / 6Dd} ge/]/ sl/j !
c+u'n tn;Dd eg'{k5{ .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

a]gf{nfO{ 3fd nfu]sf] lbg ;fFemdf a]gf{ ;fbf{ 8fF7nfO{ g;{/Ldf ePsf]
jf afbn nfu]sf] lbg hlt a]nf eGbf dfly k'g'{xF'+b}g .
klg ;fg{ ;lsG5 . /f]k]kl5 a]gf{ c8\ofpg jl/kl/sf]
df6f]nfO{ lyRg'kb{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 13
 a]gf{ /f]k]kl5 jl/kl/ 5fkf] xfn]/ ev{/} ;f/]sf] a]gf{nfO{ 3fdaf6
l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 . hf]ufpg s]/fsf] ;'Knf jf 6k/Ln]
5f]Kg ;lsG5 .

14 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
@
uf]ne]+8f v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

pRr / dWo kxf8df jiff{ofddf v]tL ul/G5 eg] vf]+r / t/fO{df lxpFbdf
v]tL ul/G5 .
uf]ne]+8fn] w]/} tftf] / lr;f] b'a} vKg ;Sb}g .

hft
Pg=;L=Pn= !
k';f ?jL
dgk|]s;\

g;{/L

tftf] g;{/L jf Knfli6s u'Dahsf] jiff{ofddf p7]sf] Aof8 / To;dfly

cfjZostf lr;f] df};ddf x'G5 . agfPsf] 5fk|f]sf] h?/L x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 15
 aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM !) u|fd a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) a]gf{ k|lt/f]kgL .

k|lt/f]kgL .
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

! laQf
-@) ;]=ld=
prfO{

^) ;]=ld= &% ;]=ld= !=% xft s'n];f] !%) ;]=ld= Aof8

-&% ;]=ld=_
hUufsf] vghf]t ubf{ ulx/f] -#) ;]=ld=_ x'g]u/L hf]Tg'÷vGg'kb{5 .
jiff{ofddf pFrf] 8\ofË agfP/ lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug'{kb{5 .
vfN8f] agfP/ To;df dn /fv]/ a]gf{ /f]Kbf vfBtTjsf] /fd|f] pkof]u x'G5 .
16 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

120 Doko

!@) 8f]sf] -sl/a # d]= 6g_ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dn k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n]
k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

v/fgL

Pp6f vfN8f]df Ps d'7Lsf] b/n] v/fgL xfNg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 17
 !) s]hL 8L=P=kL=
^ s]hL kf]6f;

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf !) s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / ^ s]=hL= Do'/]6
ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUufsf] clGtd tof/L ubf{ xfNg'kb{5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

aLp /f]k]sf]
a]gf{ ;fg{ # b]lv $
xKtfdf tof/ x'G5 .

a]gf{ $–% kft] cj:yfdf x'Fbf ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

a]gf{nfO{ ;wF} a]n'sf÷;fFemdf ;fg'{kb{5 .
18 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
emf/kft lgoGq0f

uf]ne]+8f nufPsf] 7fpFdf emf/ a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

yk dn

ux'Ft

kfgL

k|To]s k6s w]/} kmn l6k]kl5 uxF't–kfgLsf] emf]n k|ltaf]6 @%) ld=ln=
-sl/a cfwf dfgf_ km]bdf xfNg'k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 19
 xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & *

a]gf{ ;f/]sf]

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtfdf klxnf] / ^–& xKtfdf bf];|f] ykdn ! lrof rDrf
o'l/of k|ltaf]6sf] b/n] /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . dn xfn]kl5
df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

sfF65fF6

#% b]lv
$) ;]=ld=
!% b]lv @) ;]=ld=

la?jf !% b]lv @) ;]=ld= cUnf] ePkl5 d'06f rF'8]/ @ j6fdfq xfFuf cfpg
lbg'k5{ .
k]ml/ #% b]lv $) ;]=ld= dfly 6'Kkf r'F8]/ ! af]6df hDdf $ j6f xfFuf /fVg'
/fd|f] x'G5 . uf]ne]+8fsf] k|To]s cfFVnfaf6 xfFuf 5f]8\g] ePsf]n] $ j6feGbf
a9L xfFuf cfpg glbg lgoldt?kdf d'gf r'F8\g'k5{ .
20 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
yfFqmf lbg]

s/];faf/Ldf Ps af]6nfO{ Pp6f yfFqmf lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ w]/} If]qdf

nufpFbf eg] ;fd"lxs yfFqmf lbFbf sfF65fF6sf] nflu ;lhnf] x'G5 .

kmn l6kfO

xNsf kx]+nf] x'g yfn] kl5

/ftf]

uf]ne]+8f l6Kgsf] nflu /ftf] x'g] u/L ksfpg' kb}{g .

uf]ne]+8f xl/of]af6 xNsf kx]+nf] /ª r9\g yfn]kl5 l6Kbf 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf]
;fy} ahf/sf] nflu klg pko'Qm x''G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 21
 ;+/If0f

;]tf] Knfli6s sf7sf] k|]md

tftf] xfjf

hfnL rfgf sf6]sf]

lr;f] xfjf uf]ne+]8f hfnLdf
;'sfPsf]

uf]ne]+8f gkmNg] ofdsf] nflu rfgf sf6]/ ;'sfP/ /fVg ;lsG5 .

rfgf ;'sfpg sd vr{df aGg] ;"o{sf] tfkaf6 ;'sfpg] efF8f] -;f]nf/ 8«fo/_
agfpg ;lsG5 .

22 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
#
vf];f{gL v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

kxf8df vf];f{gLsf] v]tL aiff{ofddf ul/G5 .

tNnf] kxf8 / vf]+rdf eg] d'Vo v]tL ul/g] ofd lxpFb xf] .
vf];f{gLn] w]/} lr;f] / tftf] b'a} ;xg ;Sb}g .
hft
;"o{d'vL
Hjfnf
csa/]

g;{/L

kxf8sf] nflu Knfli6ssf] vf]+r If]qsf] nflu p7]sf] Aof8df

u'Dahleqsf] g;{/Ldf a]gf{ pTkfbg kfgL cf]tfpg] 5fk|f];lxtsf] g;{/L
ug'{kb{5 . rflxG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 23
 aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM ^) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL a]gf{M $,)))–%,))) j6f k|lt/f]kgL

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

=
^) ;]=ld= ) ;]=ld
# ^) ;]=ld=
#) ;]=ld=
Aof8sf] prfO
!% ;]=ld=

lxpFb / j;Gt] afnLsf] nflu ;Dd jiff{ofdsf] nflu p7]sf] 8\ofË

k/]sf] kf6fdf nufpg ;lsG5 . agfpg'k5{ .
ulx/f];Fu vghf]t u/]/ dfq 8\ofË agfpg'k5{ .
24 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s
dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= #=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb kfOPdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / #=% s]=hL= Do'/6] ckm kf]6f;
k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 25
 a]gf{ ;fg]{

) xKtf sl/j ^ xKtf

hf8f]ofddf a]gf{ %–^ kft] ePkl5 ;fg'{kb{5 .

t/ jiff{ofddf eg] &–* kft] cj:yfsf] a]gf{ ;fg{ ;lsG5 .

emf/kft lgoGq0f

vf];f{gL nufPsf] 7fpFdf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

26 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
ykdn

ux'Ft
kfgL
k"l0f{df cf}+;L

ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]n !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf k|lt ! ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu
! ln6/ -;ft rf}yfO_ sf] b/n] df6f]df k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * (

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] $ / * xKtfk5fl8

la?jfsf] jl/kl/ uf]nf] 8f]a agfP/ !%)) u|fd o'l/of k|lt/f]kgL k|To]s
k6ssf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'g{'kb{5 . df6f]df lr:ofg sd 5 eg] ykdn lbPkl5
l;FrfO ug'{k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 27
 afnL l6kfO

xl/of] vf];f{gL l6Kbf xl/of] rlDsnf] kmn l6Kg'kb{5 h;sf] e]6g'df sf7
k;]sf] x'G5 / efFRbf lkl6Ss efFlrG5 .
kfs]sf] vf];f{gL ;fdfGotM ;'sfOG5 .

;+/If0f

3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfP/ k5fl8 d;nfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

28 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
$
e06f v]tL
v]tL ug]{ df};d
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
cf}n

e06fsf] v]tL kxf8df jiff{ofddf ul/G5 eg] vf]+r tyf cf}n—If]qdf

j;Gtofddf ul/G5 .

hftx?
;nf{xL ;]tf]
kf]v/f n's]{
g'sL{
k'iff kk{n nË

g;{/L

kxf8L If]qdf rfF8} a]gf{ tof/ kfg{ Knfli6ssf] u'Dah pko'Qm x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 29
 aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM @%–#) u|fd a]gf{M @,%))–#,))) k|lt/f]kgL

k|lt/f]kgL
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

vghf]t ulx/f] -Ps d'9]xft_ x'g] u/L ug'{kb{5 .

plrt lgsf;sf] nflu pFrf] 8\ofËdf /f]Kg'kb{5 .
vfN8f] agfP/ To;}df dn /fv]/ /f]Kg pko'Qm x'G5 .
30 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 !% ;]=ld= &% ;]=ld= !%) ;]=ld=
p7]sf] s'n];f] Aof8

j;Gt Ct'df xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L jiff{ofddf xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L &%
%) ;]=ld= / la?jfaf6 la?jfsf] ;]=ld= / la?jfaf6 la?jfsf] b"/L
b"/L %) ;]=ld= 6f9f kf/L %) ;]=ld= 6f9f kf/L 8\ofËdf
/f]Kg'kb{5 . /f]Kg'kb{5 . o:tf] 8\ofË !% ;]=ld=
p7]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
dnvfb

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_ kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn hUuf
tof/Lsf a]nfdf xfNg'k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 31
 @ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= #=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

pknAw ePdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / #=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm
kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ubf{ pTkfbg a9\b5 .

la?jf ;fg]{

) # %
xKtf

%–^ kft] cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

32 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
emf/kft lgoGq0f

aiff{ofddf lgoldt ¿kdf emf/kft pv]n]/ ;kmf /fVg'kb{5 .

yk dn

ux'Ft
kfgL

k"l0f{df cf}+;L

ux'Ft kfgL -! efu ux'Ft / $ efu kfgL_ sf] !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{Fbf
ykdnsf] sfd ub{5 . k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/ ux'Ft–kfgLsf]
emf]n df6f]df k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 33
 xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

/f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] a]gf{ ;f/]sf] % / !) xKtf k5fl8 k|To]s
k6s !=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] la?jfsf] jl/kl/ 8f]a vg]/
xfNg'kb{5 . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

afnL l6Kg]

g/d, slnnf] / rlDsnf] kmnnfO{ l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

34 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
%
sfFqmf] v]tL
v]tL ug]{ ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

sfFqmf]sf] v]tL jiff{ofddf ul/G5 .

a]gf{nfO{ Knfli6ssf] u'Dahdf x'sf{P/ j;Gt Ct'bl] v g} v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

hft
eQmk'/ :yfgLo
s';'n]

g;{/L

l56f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] u'Dahsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 35
 aLp / a]gf{sf] b/

aLpM !@) u|fd a]gf{M @%)–#)) j6f k|lt/f]kgL

k|lt/f]kgL
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

!@) s'n];f]
;]=d
L

;]=dL
!@)

p7]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 .

dnnfO{ k"/} hUufdf 5g'{eGbf !@) ;]=ld= X !@) ;]=ld=sf] b"/Ldf #) ;]=ld=
ulx/f] / TolQs} uf]nfO ePsf] vfN8f] vgL To;df dn xfNg' a9L k|efjsf/L
x'G5 .
36 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

Pp6f vfN8f]df $–%

s]=hL= /fd|/L kr]sf]
k|fËfl/s dn k|of]u
ug'{k5{ .

!) u|fd 8L=P=kL= % u|fd kf]6f;

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ cj:yfdf k|lt vfN8f] !) u|fd 8L=P=kL= / $ u|fd
Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; xfNg'kb{5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

xKtf ) ! @ # $

$–% kft] ePkl5 a]gf{ ;fg'{kb{5 .

$–% kft] ePkl5 a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf cufl8 Knfli6s y}nfnfO{ ;/Ss lems]/
df6f];lxt vfN8f]sf] aLrdf ;fg'{kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 37
 6'Kkf r'F8\g]

^ cfFVnfeGbf dfly cfPkl5 6'KkfnfO{ lrdf]6]/ kmfNg'k5{ .

To;kl5 cfPsf xfFufdf w]/} kf]yL k"mnx? nfUb5g\ .

emf/kft

v]tL ul/Psf] 7fpFnfO{ emf/kftd'Qm agfpg'k5{ .

38 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
ykdn

ux'Ft
kfgL

!%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf ux'Ft–kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ k|ltaf]6 @%) ld=ln= ‑sl/a

cfwf dfgf_ sf] b/n] df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & *

olb /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtfk5fl8 / k"mn
k'mNg ;'? ePkl5 u/]/ @ k6s ykdn lbg'k5{ .
b'O{ lrof rDrf o'l/of k|To]s ykdn lbg]a]nfdf af]6sf] jl/kl/ kf/]/
lbg'k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 39
 yfFqmf lbg]

jiff{ofddf dfly—dfly hfg] u/L yfFqmf lbg'kb{5 .

/f]uL / afËfl6Ëf kmnx?nfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} x6fpg'kb{5 .

40 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
kmn l6Kg]

kmnnfO{ d'7Lel/sf] -!%–@) ;]=ld= uf]nfO_ ePkl5 l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

kmn l5Kofpg 5f]8]sf] emfnaf6 sd a9L pTkfbg lng l7Sssf kmnx?

pTkfbg x'G5 . lgoldt?kdf l6Kg'k5{ .
olb kmn ksfpg] g} xf] eg] Pp6f
emfndf dfq kmn ksfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 41
^
sfpnL v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

t/fO{, vf]+r / dWo kxf8df d'Vo ofd eg]sf] lxpFb xf] .

t/ pRr kxf8df eg] jiff{ofd v]tL ul/g] d'Vo ;do xf] .
nfdf] ;do pTkfbg lng ;do ;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

hft
;nf{xL lbkfnLM cuf}6]
sf7df8f}+ :yfgLoM dWo
8f]Nkf :gf]anM k5f}6]
g;{/L

tftf] x'g] g;{/L -Knfli6s u'Dah_ jiff{ofddf p7]sf] Aof8 / To;dfly

sf] k|of]u lr;f] df};ddf ug'{k5{ . 5fk|f] xfn]/ a9L lr:ofgaf6
hf]ufpg'k5{ .
42 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM $) u|fd a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) j6f k|lt/f]kgL .

k|lt/f]kgL .
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUuf tof/L

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

hUuf tof/L ubf{ ulx/f] -#) ;]=ld=_ ;Dd vghf]t ug'{kb{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 43
 lgsf;sf] nflu p7]sf] 8\ofË agfpg'kb{5 .

dnvfb

hUuf tof/Lsf] a]nf &% 8f]sf] -sl/j !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n]
k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
44 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 @ s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb pknJw ePdf hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL=
8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/6] ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] df6f]df ldnfpg'k5{ .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

xKtf ) ! @ # $ %

ofdcg';f/ aLp /f]k]sf] @% b]lv #% lbgdf a]gf{ $–% kft] cj:yfdf k'Ub5 /
To; cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 45
 $% x $% ;]=ld=
^) x $% ;]=ld=

cuf}6] / k5f}6] hftnfO{ $%x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 eg] dWo
df};dL hftnfO{ ^)x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]Kg'k5{ . cuf}6] hftnfO{ p7]sf]
8\ofË agfP/ /f]Kg'k5{ .

emf/kft lgoGq0f

emf/kftnfO{ a]nf–a]nfdf pv]n]/ a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

46 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
yk dn

kfgL ux'Ft

b'u{d If]qsf] nflu uxF'tsf] emf]n -! efu uxF't;Fu $ efu kfgL_ sf] k|of]u
pQd ljlw xf] . ux'Ftsf] emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf k|lt ju{ld6/
If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/ -;ft rf}yfO_ sf] b/n] df6f]df k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & *

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf af]6sf] jl/kl/ ;fgf] 8f]a agfP/ To;df
@ k6s @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtf / ^–*
xKtf k5fl8 k|of]u ug'{k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 47
 l;FrfO

df6f]df lr:ofgsf] sdL ePdf af]6sf] j[l4df gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . t/ sf]aL

‑km"n_ a9\g] a]nfdf lr:ofgsf] sdLn] cem a9L c;/ k'U5 .

afnL l6Kg]

sf]aLsf] aflx/kl§sf] y'Ëfx? 5'l§g ;'? u/]kl5 sfpnL l6Kg'kb{5 .

48 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
&
aGbf v]tL
v]tL ug{] df};d
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

t/fO{ vf]r+ tyf dWo kxf8df lxpFb g} aGbfsf] d'Vo v]tL ul/g] df};d xf] .
pRr kxf8df eg] j;Gt / jiff{ofddf v]tL ul/G5 .
nfdf] cjlw;Dd pTkfbg lng ;do ;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 u/]/ nufpg'k5{ .
hftx?
k|fOª ckm Ol08ofM cuf}6]
sf]kgx]ug dfs]{6M dWo
n]6 nfh{ 8«d x]8M k5f}6]
g;{/L

lr;f] xfjfkfgL / lxpFbofddf 5fgf xfn]sf] pFrf] Aof8sf] k|of]u

Knfli6ssf u'Dahsf] k|of]u ul/g] cuf}6] hftsf] a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{
x'Fbf d'VotM k5f}6] hftsf] a]gf{ jiff{ofddf pko'Qm x'G5 .
pdfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 49
 aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM #)–$) u|fd a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) k|lt/f]kgL .

k|lt/f]kgL
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

hUufsf] vghf]t ulx/f] x'g] u/L ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

50 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 p7]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ jiff{df lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

dnvfb

hUuf tof/ ubf{ &% 8f]sf] -sl/j !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u
ug'{k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 51
 # s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb pknJw ePdf # s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm
kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

$–% kft] a]gf{ ;fg'{ /fd|f] x'G5 / a]gf{ of] cj:yfdf cfpg ofdcg';f/ @%
b]lv #% lbg nfUb5 .
52 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 ^) x $% ;]=ld= $% x $% ;]=ld=

cuf}6] aGbfnfO{ jiff{ofddf /f]Kbf 8\ofËdf $%x$% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf /f]lkG5
eg] d'Vo ofddf p7]sf] Aof8df ^)x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]lkG5 .

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbgleq a]gf{ d/]sf] 7fpFdf gofF a]gf{ k'gM ;fg'{kb{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 53
 emf/kft lgoGq0f

afnLnfO{ c;/ ug]{ u/L emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

ykdn

ux'Ft
kfgL

ux'Ftsf] emf]n -$ efu kfgL;Fu ! efu ux'Ft_ åf/f yk dn b'u{d If]qsf]

nflu pQd x'G5 . ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf Ps
ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/sf] b/n] df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .
54 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * (

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] a]gf{
;f/]sf] #–$ xKtf / ^–* xKtfdf la?jfsf] jl/kl/ 8f]a agfP/ To;df dn
xfn]/ k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

l;FrfO

v]tL cjlwel/ df6f]df cfjZos lr:ofg sfod /fVg'kb{5 . t/ aGbfsf]

sf]aL afFlwg] ;do a9L ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 55
 l6kfO

xftn] 5fDbf ;fx|f] ePkl5 aGbf l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

56 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
*
ufh/ v]tL
v]tL ug]{ df};d
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r /
t/fO{

dWo kxf8sf] dflyNnf] If]q / pRr kxf8sf] tNnf] If]qdf ufh/sf] v]tL
jif}{el/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
#)–$% lbgsf] km/sdf k6s—k6s /f]k]/ cfk"lt{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .

hft
Go" s'/f]8f
gflG6;
aLpb/

aLpM @))–#)) u|fd k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] aLp nfUb5 .

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 57
 hUufsf] tof/L

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

ulx/f] -! d'9]xft hlt_ vghf]tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

aLp /f]Kg] 8\ofªnfO{ df6f] dl;gf] kf/]/ vGg'kb{5 . ;'Vvfofddf Psgf;sf]

l;FrfOsf] nflu 8\ofªnfO{ ;Dd kfg'k{ b{5 eg] cuf}6] afnL nufpFbf lgsf;sf]
k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 .
58 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

hUufsf] tof/L ubf{ g} /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn ^) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=% d]=
6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
gkr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u / 9'Ëf jf u]u/ ePsf] 7fpFdf w]/} h/f
kmf6\b5 .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= # s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb kfOG5 eg] @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= / # s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f;
k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] pTkfbg
lng ;lsG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 59
 aLp /f]k0f

aLpnfO{ @$ 306f lehfP/ cfwf 306f cufl8 kfgL tx¥ofP/ aLp /f]Kgfn]
rfF8} aLp pd|G5 .

aLp /f]Kg'eGbf cufl8 aLpdf a/fa/ afn'jf jf v/fgL ld;fP/ /f]Kbf

Psgf;n] emb{5 .
60 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 $) ;]=ld=

aLp /f]Kbf $) ;]=ld= km/ssf] xf/df nuftf/ aLp v;fpg'k5{ .

la?jf $–% kft] ePkl5 !)–!) ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf la?jf 5f]8]/ c? la?jf
pv]n]/ kmfNg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 61
 emf/kft lgoGq0f

ufh/ v]tL ul/Psf] af/Ldf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

l;FrfO

ufh/nfO{ lgoldt¿kdf k|z:t l;FrfO cfjZos kb{5 . t/ aLp pd|g] /

h/f a9\g] a]nfdf l;FrfOsf] e"ldsf c? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
62 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
yk dn

kfgL ux'Ft

ux'Ft kfgL -! efu ux'Ft / $ efu kfgL_ sf] !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{+bf
ykdnsf] sfd ub{5 . Ps ln6/ ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ k|lt ju{ld6/
If]qkmn df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .

$ xKtf * xKtf

/f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] aLp /f]k]sf] $ / * xKtfk5fl8 !=% s]=hL=
o'l/of k|To]sk6s k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] xf/sf] 5]pdf 8f]a vg]/ xfNg'kb{5 .
dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 63
 afnL l6kfO

h/fdf sf7 k:g'cufl8 jf 8's' lg:sg'eGbf cufl8 g} ufh/ pv]Ng'kb{5 .

;fdfGotofM aLp /f]k]sf] # dlxgfdf ufh/ tof/ x'G5 .

64 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
(
d"nf v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r /
t/fO{

d"nf d'VotofM lxpFb]afnL xf] .

t/ dWo kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu / pRr kxf8sf] tNnf] If]qdf jif}{el/ d"nf
v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

nuftf/ l6kfO ug{sf nflu ;fgf]–;fgf] Kn6df #) b]lv $% lbgsf] km/sdf

aLp /f]Kg'kb{5 .

hft
ldgf]cnL{
rfnL; lbg]
6f]lsgf;L
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 65
 aLpb/

aLpM #)) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL .

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6
/fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg
;lsG5 .
hUufsf] tof/L

$) ;]=ld=

hUufsf] vghf]t ubf{ $) ;]=ld= -sl/j ! xft_ ulx/f] agfpFbf d"nf a9\g]
7fpFsf] df6f] xn'sf x'G5 . d"nf nufpg] hUufdf 8Nnf / 9'Ëf x'g'x'Fb}g .

Aof8nfO{ dl;gf] / ;dtn agfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;'Vvfofddf Psgf;sf]

l;FrfO / jiff{df lgsf;sf] Vofn /fVg'k5{ .
66 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

hUuf tof/L ubf{ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_
hlt Ps /f]kgLdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

gkr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u / hldgdf 9'Ëf jf u]u/ ePdf h/f kmfl6g]
;d:of x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 67
 @ s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= # s]=hL= kf]6f;

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / #
s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf
k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

aLp /f]Kg]

d=
;]=%l
!% ) ;=]
ld=

xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= / af]6af6 af]6sf] b"/L !% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf,
k|To]s 8f]adf @ j6f aLp /f]Kg'k5{ .
kl5 la?jf @–# kft] ePkl5 ! dfq x'g] u/L c? pv]Ng'kb{5 .
68 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
emf/kft lgoGq0f

d"nfaf/Ldf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

l;FrfO

d"nfnfO{ lg/Gt/ l;FrfO lbP/ df6f] ;'Vvf x'g lbg'x'Fb}g .

ykdn

kfgL ux'Ft

yk dnsf] ?kdf k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu Ps ln6/ ux'Ft kfgLsf]

emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 69
 xKtf ) ! @ # $

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] aLp /f]k]sf] $ xKtfk5fl8 xf/sf]
Ps 5]paf6 @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . dn xfn]kl5
df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

afnL l6kfO

d"nfsf] 8's' cfpg'eGbf cufl8 jf h/f kmf]lS;g'eGbf cufl8 g} pv]Ng'kb{5 .

70 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
!)
Kofh v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

aLp

bfgf

dWo kxf8

aLp

bfgf
vf]+r /
t/fO{
aLp

bfgf

d'VotM Kofh dWo–kxf8 / vf]+r If]qsf] nflu lxpFb]afnL xf] / r}q–j}zfv

dlxgfdf ufgf vlgG5 .

;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 jf Kofh bfgf -;]6\;\_ /f]Kg] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/
hf8f]ofd -d+l;/–k';_ df klg Kofh pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 71
 hft
/]8 lqmof]n
Pg= %#
Pu|Lkmfp08 8fs{ /]8M jiff{df v]tL u/]/ hf8f]df afnL lng pko'Qm hft .

g;{/L

a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ ba]sf] Aof8 k|of]u ul/G5 .

;]6\;\sf] pTkfbg ug{ p7]sf] Aof8 g} pko'Qm x'G5 .

72 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM ufgfsf] nflu $))–%)) u|fd a]gf{M #$,)))–#%,))) k|lt/f]kgL

k|lt/f]kgL

aLpM ;]6\;\sf] nflu #)) u|fd bfgf -;]6\;\_M ^)–&) s]=hL=

k||lt/f]kgL k|lt/f]kgL
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

;]6\;\sf] tof/L

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]6\;\sf] pTkfbg ug{ %) ju{ld6/sf]

g;{/Ldf Aof8 /fVg'k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 73
 dlxgf cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q

Kofhsf] bfgfsf] uf]nfO u'Rrfhqf] -!=)–!=% ;]=ld= Jof;_ ePkl5 kmfu'g

dlxgflt/ l;FrfO lbg /f]Sg'k5{ / cfsfzaf6 kg]{ kfgLaf6 ;d]t hf]ufpg'k5{ .

a]gf{ ;'s]kl5 pv]n]/ @–# 3fddf ;'sfpg'k5{ .

w]/} ;fgf] -! ;]=ld= eGbf ;fgf] uf]nfO ePsf]_ / w]/} 7"nf] -#=% ;]=ld= eGbf w]/}
uf]nfO ePsf]_ nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ afFsL /x]sf]nfO{ dfq ;]6\;\sf] ?kdf k|of]u
ug'{k5{ .
74 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 ;]6\;\nfO{ em'Kkf agfP/ kfgLn]] gleHg] t/ xfjf v]Ng] :yfg -h:t} –
l;s'jfdf_ e'm08\ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .

hUufsf] tof/L

@%–#) ;]=ld=

@%–#) ;]=ld= ulx/f] vghf]tsf] cfjZos x'G5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 75
 a]gf{ /f]k]/ lxpFbdf v]tL ug{ ba]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ /f]Kg'k5{ .

;]6\;\af6 jiff{ofddf v]tL ug{ p7]sf] 8\ofË agfpg'kb{5 .

76 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
dnvfb

hUuf tof/Lsf] a]nfdf &% 8f]sf] -sl/a !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 .

!=% s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb pknAw ePdf !=% s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/]6
ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf df6f]df
ldnfPdf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 77
 a]gf{ ;fg]{÷;]6\;\ /f]Kg]

&–* kft] cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg{ l7Ss x'G5 / of] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug aLp /f]k]sf]
#%–$) lbg nfUb5 .

d'Vo ;dodf a]gf{ ;fbf{ !%x!) ;]=ld=sf] km/sdf ba]sf] Aof8df ;fg'{kb{5 .

78 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 @) ;]=ld=

@) ;]=ld=

;]6\;\nfO{ p7]sf] 8\ofËdf @)x@) ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf ;txeGbf l7s tn kg]{u/L
/f]Kg'k5{ .

!=%–@=% ;]=ld= Aof; -uf]nfO_ ePsf] ;]6\;\nfO{ ufgf pTkfbgsf] nflu / @=%–
#=% ;]=ld= xl/of] Kofhsf] nflu /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 79
 emf/kft lgoGq0f

Kofhsf] uf]8d]n u/]/ emf/kft lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 / To;f] ubf{ xNsfdfq

vGg'k5{ .

ykdn

kfgL ux'Ft

b'u{d If]qsf] nflu k|lt ju{ld6/ Ps ln6/sf] b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf

ykdnsf] ¿kdf ux'Ft–kfgLsf] emf]n df6f]df xfNg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
80 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !%

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] $ / !@ xKtfk5fl8 !=&%

s]=hL= o'l/of k|To]s k6s xf/sf] 5]pdf s'n;] f] agfP/ lbg'kb{5 . dn
xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ &

;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] cj:yfdf !=&% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] ;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] #
/ ^ xKtfk5fl8 xf/sf] 5]paf6 dn lbg'k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'//]
l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 81
 l;FrfO

KofhnfO{ l56f] l56f] l;FrfOsf] cfjZostf kb{5, t/ ufgf nfUg] / ufgf

a9\g] cj:yfdf eg] a9L ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 .

ufgf vGg]

d'Vo ;dodf v]tL ubf{ Kofhsf] ;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] ! dlxgf k5fl8b]lv

af]6 9n]kl5 ufgf pv]Ng'kb{5 . xl/of] af]6 pv]n]/ t/sf/Lsf]
?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
82 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 ;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm}+ af]6 g9n]df sl/a # dlxgfkl5 ufgf vGg'eGbf
!–@ xKtfcufl8 af]6 9flnlbg'k5{ .

;'sfpg]

e08f/0f ug'{eGbf cufl8 ufgfnfO{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfpg'k5{ . ;fgf] 3fF6L

ePsf] ufgfsf] e08f/0f Ifdtf df]6f] 3fF6L ePsf] ufgfeGbf a9L x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 83
!!
wfg v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8
vf]+r /
t/fO{

wfg d'VotM jif]{afnL xf] .

tNnf] kxf8 / vf]r + sf] l;l~rt If]qdf r}t] wfg klg nufpg] ul/G5 .

hft
pRr kxf8 M 5f]d/f]ª, rGbggfy ! / rGbggfy #
dWo kxf8 M v'dn $, v'dn %, v'dn &, v'dn * / v'dn (
vf]+r÷j]+;L M /fwf $ / xlb{gfy ! -dWo kxf8df r}t] wfg_
aLpb/

aLpM Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu @=% s]=hL= aLpsf] cfjZostf k5{ / @% ju{ld6/

If]qkmnsf] g;{/L cfjZostf k5{ .
u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .
84 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
k'i6 aLp 5fGg] tl/sf

! s]=hL= g"gnfO{ ^ ln6/ kfgLdf g"gkfgLsf] 3f]ndf aLp 8'Ag]u/L

3f]Ng] . vGofpg'k5{ .

aLpsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm

aLpsf] nflu pko'Qm

ck'i6 bfgf / kj6fx? t}l/G5g\ / y]lu|Psf k'i6 bfgfx?nfO{ g"g

k'i6 bfgfx? lkFwdf y]lu|G5g\ . kvflng] u/L /fd|f];Fu w'gk' 5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 85
 aLp lehfpg]

aLpnfO{ @$ 306f kfgLdf 9fl8Psf]÷leh]sf] aLpnfO{ kfgL

lehfpg'k5{ . tsf{P/ @$ 306f;Dd 6';fpg
af]/fdf u'D:ofpg'k5{ .

Aof8sf] lsl;d
w'n] g;{/L

kxf8df kfgLsf] sdL ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm x'G5 .

o:tf] Aof8df d?jf /f]usf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5 .
86 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
lxn] g;{/L

emf/sf] k|sf]k sd x'G5 .

g;{/Ldf kfgL a9L rflxG5 .
aLpnfO{ !=% b]lv #=) ;]=ld= sf] ulx/fOdf /f]Kg'k5{ .

g;{/LnfO{ dlnnf] agfpg chf]nf, tLt]kftL / c;'/f]h:tf j:t' s'xfpg'k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 87
 hUufsf] tof/L

/f]kfOF ug'{eGbf sDtLdf @ xKtfcufl8 g} sfGnf v's{g], cfnL nufpg] /

d';fsf Kjfnsf] dd{t ug]{h:tf sfo{x? ug'{k5{ .
ux|fdf kfgL hdfP/ emf/kft s'xfpg'kb{5 .

dnvfb

9}+rf nufP/ xf];\ jf cGo xl/of] dn x'g] k|hfltx?, h:t}M c;'/f], lv/f]{,
tf/fd08n OToflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ltgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu lj36g x'g lbg'k5{ .
k|lt/f]kgL v]tdf !@ 8f]sf] -sl/j #)) s]=hL=_sf] b/n] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u
ug{'kb{5 .
88 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL @=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf lxNofO;s]kl5 $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= /
@=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

a"9f] a]gf{ @)–@% lbgsf] -^ kft] _ a]gf{

#) lbgeGbf a9L l5lKkPsf] a]gf{ ;fg'{x'F+b}g .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 89
 @) ;]=ld=

@) ;]=ld= @–# ;]=ld= ulx/f]

Pp6f ufFhsf] nflu # j6feGbf w]/} a]gf{ ;fg'{ kb{}g .

@–# ;]=ld= sf] ulx/fOdf a]gf{sf] /f]kfOF ug'{k5{ .

kfgL Joj:yfkg

kfgLsf] ;tx

xKtf ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !$ !^ !& !* !( @)

kfgLsf] #–% ;]=ld= %–& ;]=ld= v]tnfO{

ulx/fO ;'Vvf kfg]{

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @ xKtf;Dd l5kl5k] / To;kl5 !^ xKtf;Dddf %–& ;]=ld= kfgL

/fVg'k5{ / To;kl5 ;'sfpFbf x'G5 .
90 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
emf/kft lgoGq0f

wfgsf] slnnf] cj:yfdf emf/kft a9]df w]/} gf]S;fgL u5{ .

ykdn

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

wfg /f]Kg] ufFh xfNg] cj:yf kf]6fpg] cj:yf

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf k|To]s k6s )=%–)=&% s]=hL= o'l/of
k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] ufFh xfNg] a]nfdf / wfg kf]6fPsf] cj:yfdf k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 91
 afnL s6fO

*) b]lv () k|ltzt bfgf kx]+lnPkl5 wfg sf6\bf u]8f emg]{ ;d:of x'Fb}g .

aLpsf] 5gf}6

:j:y, alnof / hftLo u'0f ePsf af]6x? klxnf] uf]8fOb]lv g} 5fg]/ afnL
sf6\g'eGbf l7s cufl8 kSsf ug'{kb{5 . aLpsf] nflu 5flgPsf af]6x?nfO{
5'6[} sf6]/ / ;kmf;''U3/ u/L csf]{ jif{sf] nflu aLpsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
92 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 aLp /fVg] efF8f]

aLpnfO{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfP/ aLp /fVg] efF8f] jf lr:ofg gl5g]{ af]/fdf
xfn]/ yGSofpg'k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 93
!@
ds} v]tL
nufpg] ;do
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r /
t/fO{

hft
pRr kxf8L If]q M u0f]z
dWo kxf8L If]q M dgsfdgf !, dgsfdgf #, b]ptL, ZfLtnf, kf]lifnf] ds} !
j]+;L tyf vf]+r / gbL lsgf/ M /fdk'/ sDkf]lh6, c?0f @

aLpb/

aLpM ! b]lv !=% s]=hL= k|lt/f]kgL

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .
94 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
hldgsf] tof/L

sl/j @) ;]=ld= ulx/f] x'g] u/]/ 7f8f] xnf]n] hf]Tg] .

k|fËfl/s dnnfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf ux|fdf dn 5/]kl5 ;f]xL lbg

v'Nnf g5f]8\g] jf y'k|f] kf/]/ ux|fdf hf]t]/ k'g'{k5{ .
nfdf] ;do;Dd g/fVg] .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 95
 uf]7]dn tyf ljsf;] dnsf] dfqf

v]tL ug]{ hldgdf k|lt/f]kgL #%–$) 8f]sf] dn xfNg] .

% s]=hL= o'l/of # s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= @=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

pknAw ePdf % s]=hL= o'l/of, # s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / @=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm
kf]6f; klg xfNg] .
96 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
aLp lehfpg] -k|fOldË_

aLpnfO{ * 306f kfgLdf lehfpg] . To;kl5 aLpnfO{ 5xf/Ldf

cv|fpg] .

aLp /f]Kg]

% ;]=ld= ulx/f]

aLpnfO{ % ;]=ld= df6f]n] k'l/g] u/L l;of]df /f]Kg] .

/fd|f] pdf/sf] nflu df6f]df kof{Ktdfqfdf lr;f]kgf x'g'kb{5 / lehfP/ /f]k]sf]
cj:yfdf k|z:t lr:ofg cfjZos x'G5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 97
 aLp /f]Kg] xft] d]l;g k|of]u u/]df aLpsf] ;b'kof]u x'g'sf ;fy} Psgf;n]
pdf/ kfpg ;lsG5 .

@% ;]=ld= &% ;]=ld=

Ps af]6 ds} nufP/ cGt/afnL gnufpg] ePdf &% ;]=ld= xf/sf] b"/L /
@% ;]=ld= af]6sf] b"/L /fVg'kb{5 .
98 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
 %) ;]=ld= !)) ;]=ld=

b'O{ af]6 ds} Ps} 7fpFdf / ldl>t afnL nufpg] ePdf xf/sf] b"/L !))
;]=ld= / af]6sf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= /fVg'kb{5 .

ds} afnLleq ldl>tafnLsf] ?kdf sf];]afnL nufot cGo afnLx? -cb'jf,

uf]ne]+8f, sfpnL, aGbf, d"nf, e06f h:tf afnLx?_ klg nufpg ;lsG5 .
o;/L ldl>tafnL nufpFbf kf]ifs–tTjx?sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ug{'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 99
 uf]8d]n

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

ds}nfO{ b'O{rf]l6 ps]/f lbg'kb{5 . klxnf] ps]/f aLp pd|]sf] b'O{ xKtfkl5 /
bf];|f] af]6 3'F8f;Dd cfPkl5 lbg'kb{5 .

ds}sf] la?jf 3F'8f;Dd cfPkl5 bf];|f]k6s ps]/f lbg'k5{ / pknAw 5 eg]

@ s]=hL= o'l/of dn k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] xfNg' a]; x'G5 .
100 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
ds} efFRg]

ds}sf] 3f]uf ;'s]kl5 efFRbf x'G5, ;Dk"0f{ af]6 ;'s'Gh]n;Dd s'g{'kb}{g . kfgL
gk/]sf] a]nfdf ds} efFRg'kb{5 .

ds}sf] 3f]ufnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'sfP/ dfq e08f/0f ug'{k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 101
 aLpsf] 5gf}6

aLpsf] lglDt pko'Qm la?jfsf] klxrfg ubf{ l7Sssf] prfO, 7"nf] 3f]ufsf]
cfsf/ ePsf], 3f]ufaLrsf] cfFVnfdf nfu]sf], vf]]:6fn] /fd|/L 5f]k]sf] tyf s'g}
k|sf/sf] /f]u gnfu]sf] :j:Yf af]6 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 .
aLpsf] nflu ds} /f]Kbf pGgt / :yfgLo hftnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf gnufO{ 5'§}
/f]Kg'kb{5 .

3f]ufsf] 6'Kkf] / k]mb Ps Ps efu 5f8L aLrsf] @ efusf] bfgfdfq aLpsf]

nflu k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .
102 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
!#
ux'F v]tL
v]tL ul/g] ofd
dlxgf
If]q
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q
pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r /
t/fO{

ux'F Ps lxpFb] afnL xf] .

hft
pRr kxf8 M 8An'=s]= !@)$, kf;fªNxfd', cGgk"0f{ !, cGgk"0f{ #
dWo kxf8 M 8An'=s]= !@)$, kf;fªNxfd'', cGgk"0f{ #, cGgk"0f{ $
tNnf] kxf8 M aL=Pn= !$&#, aL=Pn= !!#%, e[s'6L, uf}td
aLpb/

lgVnf] afnLsf] nflu ^ s]=hL= aLp k|lt/f]kgL cfjZos k5{ .

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 103
 ldl>t afnL nufpFbf % s]=hL= ux'Fsf] aLp;Fu @ s]=hL= s]/fp jf @%) u|fd
tf]/L k|lt/f]kgL /f]Kg'kb{5 .

hUufsf] tof/L

@)–#) ;]=ld=

df6f]sf] ulx/fOcg';f/ @)–#) ;]=ld= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hf]Tg'k5{ .

104 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
@–# k6s hf]t]/ df6f] dl;gf] kfg{ ;lsG5 .

lr:ofg hf]ufpgsf] nflu k|To]s hf]tfOk5fl8 k6fxf÷xNn'8 nufpg'k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 105
 dnvfb

/fd|/L kr]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dn #) 8f]sf] -sl/a &%) s]=hL=_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n]

k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

# s]=hL= o'l/of %=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= !=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ux'Fdf a9L k|rlnt 5 . # s]=hL= o'l/of, %=% s]=hL=
8L=P=kL= / !=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] clGtd hf]tfOsf]
a]nf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
106 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
aLp lehfpg]

aLpnfO{ !^ 306f lehfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 aLpnfO{ 5xf/Ldf @

306f cv|fpg'k5{ .
aLp /f]Kg]

aLp lehfP/ /f]Kbf a9L pTkfbg x'G5 t/ lehfPsf] aLp /f]Kbf hldgdf
k|z:t lr:ofg eg] x'g'kb{5 .

% b]lv ^ ;]=ld= ulx/f]

aLpnfO{ %–^ ;]=ld= ulx/f]df ‑r'/f]6sf] nDafOhlt_ /f]Kg'kb{5 .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 107
 @) ;]=ld=

kxf8df ;lhnf]sf] nflu ux'F 5g]{ rng k|rlnt 5 . nfOgdf nufpFbf

xf/b]lv xf/sf] b"/L @) ;]=ld= /fvL aLpnfO{ xf/df nuftf/ v;fpg'k5{ .

aLp 5/]kl5 ln8"Nsf] nufpg'kb{5 .

108 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
ldl>t afnL

ldl>t–afnLsf] ?kdf s]/fp a9L pko'Qm ePklg tf]/L klg ;kmntfk"j{s

nufOG5 . o;f] ubf{ @ xf/ ux'Fsf] aLrdf ! xf/ s]/fp nufpg'k5{ .

l;FrfO Joj:yfkg

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !$ !% !^ !& !*

aLp /f]Kg] d's'6 h/f cfpg ufFlhg] k;fpg] b"w k:g] bfgf l5lKkg]
;'? x'g] cj:yf cj:yf cj:yf cj:yf cj:yf
l;+rfO k|fyldstf klxnf] kfFrf} bf];|f] rf}yf] t];|f]

olb l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf 5 eg] dfly pNn]lvt k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df l;FrfO

lbg'k5{ .
d's'6 h/f cfpg] cj:yf, k;fpg] cj:yf / bfgf l5lKkg] cj:yfsf] l;FrfO a9L
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
cl;l~rt cj:yfdf rfF8f] kfSg] / ulx/f] h/f hfg] hftx? nufP/ 5fkf]
lbg'k5{ .
s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 109
 emf/kft lgoGq0f

emf/kft pv]Ng] sfo{ aLp /f]k]sf] $) lbgk5fl8 jf #–$ kft] cj:yfdf

ug'{k5{ .

sl/a PsltxfO pTkfbg emf/kftsf] c;/n] dfq 36\g ;Sg] x'Fbf emf/kft
lgoGq0fdf ljz]if rgfvf] x'g'k5{ .
110 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
afnL sf6\g]

em08]kft kx]+lnPkl5 afnL sf6\g'k5{, jf ha bfFtn] 6f]Sbf u]8f 6'qmG5 ta

sf6\g'kb{5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw 111
 sf6]kl5 @–# lbg ;'sfP/ afnL r'6\g'kb{5 .

aLpsf] 5gf}6

aLpsf] nflu nufOPsf] ux|faf6 /f]uL / a]9ª\usf -cUnf jf xf]rf_

af]6x?nfO{ pv]n]/ kmfNg'k5{ .
112 s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw
;Gbe{–;fdu|L
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