System Development Life Cycle

Information Gathering
Requirement Analysis
System Design
System Implementation
System Deployment
System Maintenance

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System Development Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a formal way
to develop an information system.
 SDLC is a traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain and replace information.
 It is a complete set of steps that is followed by database
designers, programmers, analysts, ... to specify,
develop, maintain and replace information system.
 It consist of many steps and involves different persons.

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Information Gathering
 This phase is also called information digging.
 After project selection and identification, Information
gathering is the most important phase of SDLC.
 Information gathering contains finding information
about the current system
– Current system
– Current documents
– Drawbacks

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 Cont....
● Information could be gathered via:
– Quessionairs
– Meetings
– Conference
– Seminar
– Workshop
– Symposium
– Lectures
– Survey
Requirement Analysis
 This phase contains analyzing of
– Current system
– Current documentation
 Performing special techniques & formulas to eximine
existing system
 To find drawbacks of current sytem
 Proposed system
– Advantages
– Required funcionalities.
– ...
Cont...
● The following questions would be solved in this
phase
- What data items are required for an efficient
decision-making system?
- What are the problems in the existing system
and how they could be fixed?
- Which problems exists in the current system?
- Which features will have the proposed system?
Note

 The requirements collection and analysis phase can

be quite time-consuming.
 But it is crucial to the success of the database system.
 Correcting a requirements error is much more
expensive and difficult than correcting an
error made during implementation.
 In the requirements specification many special
techniques like DFDs (data flow
diagrams) etc, are used.

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System Design
 Preparing on algorithm for the proposed system of an
organization is called System Design.
 This phase contains three types of design:
– Conceptual Design
– Logical Design
– Physical Design
 The database designers will study the documents
prepared by the analysts in the requirements analysis
phase and then will go about developing a system .
 In this phase the designers will try to find answers to
the following questions:
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Cont..…
 How should the data be structured?
 How will each user access the data?
 How much data will be added to the database each
day/week/year?
 Which technologies will be used in the required
system?
 Which ERDs/DFDs would be used in the proposed
system?

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Cont..…

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Types of Designing
 There are three types of Designing in the Software
Development Life Cycle
Conceptual Design:
●
This kind of design contains a conceptual design in mind as a
high level design rather then doint it practically.
Logical Database Design:
Ø Logical Database Design used to transform the conceptual
data model into Relations.
Ø create Relational schema and normalization.
Ø produce a well structure for database development
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Cont.……

Physical Database Design:

Ø Physical database design is the process of selecting
the data storage and data access characteristics of the
database.
(A) Define Database to DBMS.
(B) Decide on physical organization of data.
(C) Design Database processing programs.

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Cont...

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 System Development
●
This phase is also called Coding or System
Implementation.
●
Coding should have / be:
●
Clear sementic
●
Comments
●
MVC
●
Separate Functions
●
Internationalized code
●
Reusability concept
●
...
System Deployment

this phase is used to:

●
Deploy the developed system
●
Installed - application software is installed on different
hardware.
●
Supported - documents and training programs are
provided to the end users.
Tested - programmers and analysts tested individual
programs and entire system to find errors and correct
them.

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Cont..…

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Testing & Debugging
●
Tested - programmers and analysts tested individual
programs and entire system to find errors and correct
them.
●
Testing
●
Unit Testing
●
System Testing
●
Debugging
●
It is a kind of testing, to provide solution/s for an
occurred problem.
System Maintenance
 this phase provides analyzing of Database and
Database Application to ensure that involving
information are met.
 It is a repetition of other life cycle phases and it is not a
separate phase.
 The main tasks in this phase are:
1. Database backup and recovery.
2. Performance alteration.
3. Software maintenance & support
4. Database access management.
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Cont..…

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Data Model
 A representation of real world objects, events and
their associations is called a Model.
 The model helps the user to understand the
complexity of the real world environment.
 A collection of concepts to describe and manipulate
data, relationships between data and constraints on
data is called Data Model.
 Different types of data models are as follows:
1. Object based data model.
2. Record based data model.
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3. Physical data model.
Cont..…
1. Object based data model:
Ø Object based data model uses the concepts like
entities, attributes and relationships.
2. Record based data model:
Ø Record based data model used to develop and
specify the logical structure and provide some
options for implementation of the design.
3. Physical data model:
Ø Physical data model used to describe storage of data
in computer and represent the information such as
record structure, record orderings and access path.
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