AFRICAN AMERICAN

H E R B A L I S M

Exploring African American Wellness

Traditions, Herbs, Practices,
And Cultural Connections
 Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE
Origins of African American Herbalism

CHAPTER TWO
Vodou and Herbal Balancing

CHAPTER THREE
Native American Influence on African American Herbalism

CHAPTER FOUR
European Folk Medicine in African American
Herbal Practices

CHAPTER FIVE
Hoodoo: The Art of Rootwork

CHAPTER SIX
Evolution of African American Herbalism

CHAPTER SEVEN
Herbal Recipes

CONCLUSION

FURTHER STUDY
African American Herbalism Books
 Deepen your knowledge
The main goal of the BIPOC Herbalism Conference is to empower herbalists of all
backgrounds with tools to connect to ancestral knowledge from the diverse cultures that
shape the world of herbalism. With this eBook, we’ve partnered with Herbal Academy to shine
a light on an often underrepresented topic in herbalism—African American Herbalism.

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 “My journey into herbalism has been fueled by a
desire to go back to the ways of my great-
grandmother. She lived to be 102 years old!
My first herbal recipe was my fire cider, which
was inspired by my great-grandmother’s cha cha
recipe. It’s fiery and sweet and keeps colds
away! I want to learn more about my ancestors,
who I come from, and how they lived and make
their way of life a part of mine.”

– La’Sheita Henderson
@M.E.E.L.A_Apothecary

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora
 INTRODUCTION
The Power of Herbal Traditions

Imagine the wisdom and strength of a great-grandmother who lived to 102

years old, her life intertwined with the plants she used to heal and nourish her
family. As La’Sheita Henderson shared, her first herbal recipe was more than a
recipe; it was a spark that ignited a journey to rediscover ancestral traditions,
connect with her heritage, and bring the ways of her ancestors into her modern
life.

Herbal traditions are more than remedies—they are a living bridge

between the past and the present. For African Americans, these
practices represent resilience, survival, and innovation. Passed down
through oral traditions, often in whispers during the harsh realities of
enslavement, these healing systems were adapted to new environments
and challenges. Our ancestors transformed what surrounded them into
tools of empowerment, creating a legacy that has sustained
generations.

Reclaiming African American Herbalism

Reclaiming African American herbalism is an act of honoring the
profound legacy of our ancestors. Enslaved Africans brought with them
a wealth of botanical knowledge and healing practices, adapting to
unimaginable experiences with remarkable ingenuity. They transformed
the plants around them into remedies, creating a holistic system of
medicine that sustained them through centuries of hardships.

This reclamation is about redefining what it means to recover and

preserve a culture that systemic racism sought to erase. It is an
acknowledgment of the brilliance and resourcefulness of our ancestors,
whose healing traditions not only sustained their physical bodies but
also fortified their spirits. To reclaim this heritage is to celebrate their
legacy, ensuring that the wisdom they cultivated continues to thrive for
generations.
Recovering From Intergenerational Trauma
The trauma of slavery left deep scars, yet within this legacy lies a path
toward healing. By embracing the herbal remedies and practices of our
ancestors, we reconnect with their strength and wisdom, grounding
ourselves in a tradition that nurtures both the body and the soul.

Preparing and using ancestral herbal preparations becomes an act of

empowerment, a way to restore balance not only to the physical body
but also to the fragmented pieces of identity shaped by centuries of
oppression. It is through these practices that African Americans can
cultivate a profound sense of pride and connection, turning to the
resilience of their ancestors as a source of inspiration and healing.

Empowering Modern Herbalists Through Ancestral Knowledge

This connection to ancestral knowledge allows modern practitioners to
deepen their understanding of culturally meaningful wellness practices. It
empowers them to integrate the time-tested remedies and philosophies
of their forebears into their work, fostering a sense of pride and
continuity. Through this union of past and present, African American
herbalism becomes a vibrant, evolving tradition that enriches not only
individual well-being but also the collective cultural identity.

We invite you to explore this eBook with an open heart and a curious
mind ready to learn the untold knowledge, recipes, and stories within.
Through these pages, we celebrate the rich legacy of herbal medicine
created by enslaved Africans and passed down through generations.

This is more than learning about herbs—it’s about restoring our

connection to a culture that remains vibrant, innovative, and deeply
rooted in ancestral wisdom. Shall we begin this journey together?

Let’s dive in.

Abril Donea and the BIPOC Herbalism Team
 "As a descendant of the African diaspora, I was often
told that I had no culture—that my history began and
ended with slavery. But through my herbal journey,
I’ve discovered that my culture is one of rich ancestry,
healing, and magic that transcends time and continues
to influence the world today. While we often view
slavery through the lens of trauma, we must also
recognize the resilience and brilliance that emerged
from it. Our medicine, our food, our traditions—they
are a testament to our strength and deserve to be
celebrated, because they have shaped and inspired
everything around us."

– Abril Donea
Clinical Herbalist
BIPOC Herbalism Conference Founder
@beautyherbsandtea

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora:
CHAPTER ONE:
Origins of African American Herbalism

Influences on African American Herbalism: A Brief Overview

Have you ever wondered how African American herbalism came to be such a rich
and powerful tradition? Like many of us, you might feel disconnected from the
deeper roots of these practices—perhaps unsure of where they started or how
they evolved.

At its heart, African American herbalism is a blend of traditions passed down and
adapted across generations. It draws from three major influences: the wisdom of
African traditional practices, the shared knowledge of Indigenous American
methods, and the practical techniques of European folk herbalism. Each of these
influences brought unique plants, philosophies, and healing techniques to the
table, creating a system of herbalism that is both innovative and deeply rooted in
history.

This chapter is about understanding those roots—about exploring how these

influences came together to shape a tradition that has supported African
American communities for centuries. Let’s dive into this story of connection,
adaptation, and survival.

In this ebook, we will explore...

Traditional African Practices
This holistic system addresses physical, emotional, and
spiritual balance. In African wellness traditions, imbalance is
understood as having both natural and spiritual origins.
Herbal plans combine rituals, herbal preparations, and
spiritual practices.

Key Practices: Divination assesses the cause of

imbalance, while incantations and animal offerings might
accompany herbal preparations.

Cultural Resilience: Enslaved Africans adapted these

systems to the Americas by finding local plants with
similar properties as those from their homelands.
Indigenous American Methods
The collaboration between enslaved Africans and Indigenous
tribes fostered the exchange of knowledge. African herbalists
learned to identify and use local plants while integrating
Indigenous ceremonial practices.

Shared Knowledge: Indigenous people introduced

enslaved Africans to plants like yellow root (Hydrastis
canadensis) for digestive support and Indian turnip root
(Arisaema triphyllum) for respiratory balance.

Community Support: Both groups shared a focus on

holistic balance, addressing physical, emotional, and
spiritual well-being.
European Folk Herbalism
European medicine practices during the period of slavery in
the Americas were rooted in Indigenous American
knowledge, medical knowledge of the era, and traditions and
practices of European herbalism, particularly during the
colonial era. Enslaved Africans incorporated these practices
into their own, creating a fusion of European techniques and
African innovation.

Adapted Practices: Enslaved individuals made use of

traditional preparations such as poultices and teas, as
well as tinctures introduced by Europeans, but often
modified them using local plants and African techniques.

Cultural Exchange: Enslaved Africans adopted the

European technique of making tinctures and extracts,
often using alcohol introduced by Europeans to preserve
the medicinal properties of herbs.
 “What shapes me today, right now are the whispers
in my ear, the memories, the sight of my
grandparents, their beliefs in herbal medicine, the
rootwork, the practices, the culture, the naming of
us kids, and the power in the meaning of the
names. My grandfather told me early on he did
not trust doctors or hospitals while living well into
his nineties without ever needing its care. This
kind of boldness has weaved itself into my African
American Herbal Practice”

–Ameasha Rakestraw
Community Herbalist
Youtube: Creative Living With Ameasha

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora
CHAPTER TWO:
Vodou and Herbal Balancing

Vodou’s Role in Balancing Wellness

What comes to mind when you hear the word “Vodou”? For many, it’s an image
shaped by movies, myths, or misconceptions. But what if I told you that Vodou is
not what Hollywood portrays—it’s about balance, healing, and connection?
Vodou is far more than a belief system; it’s a living, breathing framework of
spirituality and empowerment. Rooted in the spiritual practices of the Fon and
Ewe peoples of West Africa, Vodou was carried across the Atlantic during the
transatlantic slave trade. It became a vital source of strength for enslaved Africans,
helping them maintain a sense of identity, community, and resilience in
unimaginable circumstances.

Have you ever felt a disconnect between what you’ve heard about Vodou and
what it truly represents? Unfortunately, centuries of colonialism and racism have
led to widespread misunderstandings about this sacred tradition. Often portrayed
as malevolent or superstitious, Vodou has been misrepresented and even vilified.
But the reality couldn’t be further from the truth.

Vodou is a system of balance—bringing harmony between the physical, emotional,

and spiritual aspects of life. It’s a way of healing that connects the individual not
just to their community but also to the natural world. Plants, rituals, and prayers
are integral parts of this system, working together to restore equilibrium and
empower those who practice it.

What if we reframed how we think about Vodou?

Instead of seeing it as something to fear, we could celebrate its role in helping

enslaved Africans survive and thrive despite the harshest conditions.

Let’s explore together.

CHAPTER TWO:
Vodou and Herbal Balancing

How Society Demonizes Vodou

The demonization of Vodou began during the era of enslavement, when European
colonizers sought to suppress African spiritual practices that empowered enslaved
people. Vodou was seen as a threat because it fostered resilience, unity, and
resistance among African communities. In Haiti, for example, Vodou played a pivotal
role in organizing the Haitian Revolution, the first successful uprising of enslaved
people that led to the establishment of the first Black republic in the Americas.

In the centuries that followed, Western media sensationalized Vodou, presenting it

as a dark, sinister force. Images of “voodoo dolls,” curses, and zombies have
dominated popular culture, perpetuating harmful stereotypes that strip Vodou of its
depth and humanity. These portrayals not only misrepresent Vodou but also
contribute to the stigmatization of African-descended people and their cultural
practices.
CHAPTER TWO:
Vodou and Herbal Balancing

The Truth About Vodou

In reality, Vodou is far from the sensationalized images portrayed in movies and media.
It is a spiritual practice rooted in community, healing, and the celebration of life.

Key truths about Vodou include:

A Celebration of Connection A System of Healing

Far from isolating individuals, Vodou Vodou is deeply tied to herbalism,
emphasizes community and spiritual cleansing, and rituals that
collective care. Ceremonies bring promote physical, emotional, and
people together, fostering a sense spiritual well-being. Its practices are
of belonging and shared purpose holistic, addressing imbalances on
multiple levels.
Respect for Life and Nature
Vodou teachings highlight the A Legacy of Empowerment
interconnectedness of all living beings. For centuries, Vodou has been a
Plants, animals, and humans are part of source of strength and empowerment
a sacred ecosystem, and practitioners for African-descended communities,
strive to live in harmony with nature. offering a framework to navigate life’s
challenges with dignity and resilience.
Ancestral Connection
Vodou emphasizes honoring ancestors
and invoking spiritual forces for
guidance and protection.
CHAPTER TWO: Vodou and Herbal Balancing
Herbal Practices in Vodou
Vodou incorporates the use of plants and herbs as sacred tools for maintaining
harmony between the physical and spiritual realms. These herbal practices are
deeply symbolic and practical:

Offerings
and Rituals Herbs
Ceremonies often
Spiritual
feature offerings of Plants are prepared Cleansing
herbs, flowers, and in teas, baths, Herbal baths,
other natural elements poultices, or other fumigations, and
to appease and invoke forms to address washes are
the lwa (spiritual specific physical common practices
entities). Songs and ailments or spiritual used to cleanse
dances accompany imbalances. Each negative energies,
these offerings, setting herb carries its restore spiritual
the intention for healing unique properties, equilibrium, and
and balance. symbolic meanings, invite prosperity
and connection to or protection.
particular lwa.

Many enslaved Africans embraced the teachings of Vodou, drawing on its herbs,
rituals, and spiritual practices as powerful tools for survival during the hardships of
bondage.

So, how did they use these remedies to endure and heal? Let’s dive into some key
herbs and practices in Vodou and uncover their incredible uses.

KEY HERBS IN VODOU:

Saw palmetto & Garlic
HERBAL PROFILE:
Saw Palmetto
Historical and Indigenous Use
Saw palmetto was highly valued by both enslaved Africans and
Native Americans for its uses and spiritual significance. We
LATIN NAME:
can trace early uses of saw palmetto to the Seminole tribe of
Florida, who have traditionally used this to address Serenoa repens
inflammation, respiratory discomfort, and as a source of
energy and vitality. The berries have a history of use to COMMON NAME:
support strength and balance, particularly for urogenital and Saw Palmetto
reproductive wellness.
HERBAL ACTIONS
Enslaved Africans embraced saw palmetto for its physical and Anti-inflammatory
spiritual importance. In Vodou traditions, it was included in Hormone modulator
rituals for protection and balance, helping to ward off Antispasmodic
Tonic
negativity and maintain harmony within the spiritual realm.
The berries were also utilized to support the body during
periods of stress or weakness, serving as a powerful resource
SPIRITUAL RITUAL
for resilience and overall well-being.
Add a handful of
crushed saw palmetto
Modern Uses berries to a spiritual
Today, saw palmetto is widely recognized for its use in bath with other herbs
supporting prostate health and hormone regulation. Its anti- such as hyssop and
inflammatory properties are still utilized to help soothe rue for cleansing and
respiratory discomfort and urinary irritation. Additionally, it protection rituals. Light
has gained popularity for promoting hormonal balance and as a a white candle while
general tonic for reproductive wellness. focusing on releasing
negativity.
Preparation and Use
Saw palmetto berries can be consumed as teas, tinctures, or
capsules. They are often included in herbal blends aimed at
supporting hormonal health or reducing inflammation.

Harvesting Guidelines
“Saw palmetto is on the commercially exploited plants list and
requires a permit to harvest. This indicates it is in danger of
being harvested in large quantities and transported out of
state. Because it is a native species in Florida, the concern is
that harvesting millions of pounds annually may negatively
impact the wildlife that depend on it for food. Saw palmetto
berries are collected in their whole form after they ripen,
generally beginning in August and extending through October.”
- The Herbarium
HERBAL PROFILE:
Garlic
Historical and Indigenous Use
Garlic was a powerful herb for enslaved Africans, prized
for its dual purposes of physical healing and spiritual LATIN NAME:
protection. In Vodou practices, garlic was employed in Allium sativum
spiritual cleansing rituals and to protect against harmful
energies. Enslaved Africans used garlic-infused tonics to COMMON NAME:
combat infections, intestinal parasites, and imbalances
Garlic
caused by poor living conditions.
HERBAL ACTIONS
“Garlic is used around the entire northern hemisphere as
Antimicrobial
a panacea, and engenders varied responses — those who Antiparasitic
come into contact with it often either love it or are Immune stimulant
repulsed by it…it is a favorite to grow in the garden Hypotensive
because it is easy to grow and repels pests that threaten Cholagogue
the growth of brassicas and nightshades.” - The
Herbarium
SPIRITUAL RITUAL
Modern Uses Create a garlic
Garlic continues to be revered as a natural antimicrobial cleansing sachet by
and immune booster. It is used to support the immune placing three peeled
system and cardiovascular health, Additionally, garlic garlic cloves in a small
retains its reputation for supporting intestinal balance cloth bag with a pinch
of sea salt and dried
and detoxification.
rosemary. Carry it with
you or hang it in your
Preparation and Use home for protection.
Garlic can be consumed fresh, cooked, or as part of Replace monthly.
infused oils, tinctures, or capsules. Fresh garlic is often
eaten raw for its potent medicinal effects, while cooked
garlic offers milder therapeutic benefits.
 “We once thought the age-old tradition to “honor thy parents”
missed us, as we don’t follow the deen of Islam as our parents
do, but my Orí made it clear: it lives within us. We come from a
late Umi who saved eggshells and food scraps to feed seemingly
infertile soil, and an Abi who instilled that food is medicine.
Pouring libations and giving offerings, showing our gratitude to
the land fuels our herbal practice, as the Earth decides what
medicine grows for us—be it tulsi thriving through life’s
transitions, datura and mullein protecting and clearing unwanted
energies, or plants whose beauty alone aids in healing by creating
a visually soothing environment. Holding space for people to feel
this medicine encourages it to grow, and we honor these gifts by
sharing their wisdom in our blends”

– Rabiyah
Community Herbalist & Birthworker
@RabsRoots

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora
CHAPTER THREE:
Native American Influence on African American Herbalism

Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing

Have you ever thought about the power of connection during difficult
times? When enslaved Africans and Indigenous Americans crossed paths,
it wasn’t just a meeting of two groups—it was the beginning of a powerful
bond built on resilience and shared survival. Both faced unimaginable
challenges: displacement, enslavement, and systemic oppression. Yet, within
their struggles, they found common ground and a deep sense of solidarity.

This connection wasn’t just about survival; it was about thriving together.
They shared their traditions, their knowledge of the land, and their ways of
healing. Through this exchange, they preserved practices that sustained
their communities and kept their cultures alive. It’s a testament to the
strength and ingenuity of both groups, showing us how collaboration can
create something truly lasting, even in the face of adversity.

Let’s dive deeper into the ways this relationship shaped African American
herbalism, from the plants they used to the healing philosophies they
shared.
CHAPTER THREE:
Native American Influence on African American Herbalism

Shared Practices and Traditions

Spiritual Rituals
Shared values around
Ceremonial honoring the spirit Knowledge of Local
Uses of Plants world and the natural Flora
Both traditions use environment are central Enslaved Africans relied on
plants not only for to both cultures. Rituals Indigenous peoples to
physical healing but also involving prayer, song, understand the unfamiliar
for spiritual purposes. and the use of sacred plants of North America.
Smudging, herbal baths, herbs—such as sage, Indigenous guides shared
and plant-based sweetgrass, and cedar— their deep knowledge of the
offerings were created bridges land, introducing Africans to
incorporated into rituals between Indigenous plants like echinacea, black
to cleanse, protect, and and African traditions. cohosh, and wild yam. In
invoke blessings. turn, Africans shared their
knowledge of plants brought
over during the transatlantic
slave trade, such as okra,
kola nut, and tamarind,
enriching the herbal
knowledge of both groups.
CHAPTER THREE:
Native American Influence on African American Herbalism

How Herbal Information Was Shared

Geographical Overlap: Enslaved Africans and Native Americans often lived in
close proximity due to colonial expansion and forced displacement.
Plantations and colonial settlements were often established near Indigenous
territories, creating opportunities for contact.

Runaways Seeking Refuge: Many enslaved Africans fled plantations and

sought refuge with Native American tribes. Tribes like the Seminoles in Florida,
Creek in the Southeast, and others provided sanctuary to escaped slaves,
leading to the formation of close-knit communities like the Black Seminoles.

Intermarriage and Family Bonds: Over time, some enslaved Africans

intermarried with Native Americans, creating blended families that combined
cultural practices and traditions.

Underground Networks: In areas where Africans and Native Americans

coexisted, underground networks of resistance often formed. These networks
facilitated the sharing of survival strategies, including the use of plants for
healing and protection.

Key Indigenous Herbs Adopted by African Americans

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Indian turnip root (Arisaema triphyllum)
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
HERBAL PROFILE:
Sassafras
Historical and Indigenous Use
Native American people have a history of using sassafras
extensively as a spring tonic to renew vitality after the long
LATIN NAME:
winter months. Early uses of sassafras can be traced to the
Cherokee, Delaware, and Iroquois people, have traditionally Sassafras albidum
brewed it into teas to cleanse the blood and support
digestion. The aromatic bark and roots have been used to COMMON NAME:
soothe skin conditions, reduce inflammation, and serve as a Sassafras
gentle diaphoretic during illnesses.
HERBAL ACTIONS
Enslaved Africans adopted sassafras for similar purposes, Anti-inflammatory
brewing their roots into tonics to support liver health and Diaphoretic
reduce inflammation. It was also a key herb for fevers and Carminative
used in detoxification practices to maintain overall wellness.
Sassafras tea became a common preparation for its
restorative properties and ability to reduce discomfort
caused by poor living conditions.

Modern Uses
Sassafras is recognized today for its role in traditional
medicine, although its use has diminished due to concerns
about the safety of safrole, a compound found in the plant's
oil. Modern herbalists use sassafras sparingly to support liver
health, reduce inflammation, and improve digestion. Its
diaphoretic properties make it useful for supporting fevers
and promoting perspiration.

Preparation and Use

Sassafras has been traditionally used in root beer, however,
modern use of the herb in food and beverages has decreased.
Sassafras can be consumed as infusions or tinctures.
Sassafras-infused oils are applied topically to soothe
inflammation and skin irritations.
HERBAL PROFILE:
Indian Turnip Root
(Jack-in-the-Pulpit)
Historical and Indigenous Use LATIN NAME:
Native American tribes including the Iroquois have Arisaema triphyllum
traditionally used Indian turnip root for respiratory issues,
including asthma, bronchitis, and coughs by boiling, drying COMMON NAME:
and powdering the root to neutralize the needle-like
crystals of calcium oxalate which are toxic to humans when
Indian Turnip Root,
ingested. It was then steeped in water as an infusion to ease Jack-in-the-Pulpit
congestion. The root has been applied topically to soothe
skin irritations and reduce inflammation.
HERBAL ACTIONS
Expectorant
Demulcent
Enslaved Africans integrated Indian turnip roots into their Antiseptic
wellness practices for similar purposes. It was used in
infusions to address respiratory ailments and applied as a
poultice to soothe inflamed or irritated skin. The root
became a staple remedy for its versatility for both internal
and external conditions.

Modern Uses
Dried Indian turnip root is valued in traditional herbalism
for respiratory support and addressing skin conditions. Its
expectorant and antiseptic properties make it a useful
addition to formulas aimed at easing congestion and
soothing inflamed tissues.

Preparation and Use

Indian turnip root must be dried and processed to
neutralize irritants. It can be steeped as an infusion for
respiratory support or mixed into a poultice for skin
irritations. Use sparingly and combine with herbs like mullein
for added effect. Avoid fresh root to prevent irritation.
HERBAL PROFILE:
Mullein
“A multitude of colloquial names reflect humanity’s
perception and use of mullein over a long span of time and
a wide range of places. Blanket herb, velvet herb,
fluffweed, Adam’s flannel, and woolen allude to mullein’s LATIN NAME:
thick, downy-soft leaves. Its tall flower stalk is reflected in Verbascum thapsus
other names like shepherd’s staff, while its traditional use as
COMMON NAME:
a tonic for the respiratory system is seen in names such as
Mullein
clown’s lungwort and bullock’s lungwort.”
-The Herbarium HERBAL ACTIONS
Expectorant
Historical and Indigenous Use
Many Native American tribes have traditionally Demulcent
Anti-inflammatory
relied on mullein to support respiratory ailments by Analgesic
brewing the leaves and flowers into teas to address
coughs, bronchitis, and congestion, and drying the
leaves and flowers for smoking to help clear the lungs
and respiratory passages. Mullein is highly valued for
its demulcent and anti-inflammatory effects in
promoting respiratory health.

Enslaved Africans traditionally adopted mullein as a

critical herb for respiratory health, preparing teas to
support persistent coughs and colds. They also applied
poultices made from the leaves to reduce muscle and
joint pain, appreciating the plant’s versatility in their
herbal practices.
HERBAL PROFILE:
Mullein
Modern Uses
Mullein remains a widely used herb for respiratory
health, particularly for supporting the respiratory
system. Its topical application continues to be popular
for soothing muscle soreness and inflammation. The
herb’s demulcent and expectorant properties make it
essential for herbal respiratory support.

Preparation and Use

Mullein can be consumed as a tea or applied topically.
Its dried leaves and flowers are commonly brewed for
respiratory support, while fresh or rehydrated leaves
can be used in poultices for external application.
 “Our ancestors didn’t just survive—they thrived in
the ways they could, using the plants around them
as their armor and shield. They transformed what
little they had into medicine by using herbs like
plantain leaves for wounds, sassafras for balance,
and garlic for protection. Learning this herbal
knowledge is my way of honoring their resilience.
Every tea I brew or oil I craft feels like a small
offering to those who came before me, a way to
say, ‘I see you, and I will carry this forward.’

– Jasmine
Herbal Apprentice of the BIPOC Herbalism Community

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora
CHAPTER FOUR:
European Folk Medicine in
African American Herbal Practices

Colonial Era Wellness Practices

During the colonial period, American folk medicine was a mix of European
traditions, ancient Greco-Roman practices, Indigenous American influences, and
early experimentation with natural substances. This system of wellness was often
rudimentary, relying heavily on herbs and simple preparations.

Enslaved Africans, often tasked with maintaining the health of plantation owners,
their families, and other enslaved people, became active participants in these
medical practices and methods. They learned European techniques out of
necessity but frequently adapted them to suit their own needs under the harsh
conditions of slavery. Their innovations, born of survival, led to a unique and
enduring fusion of herbal traditions.

However, the participation of enslaved Africans in colonial medicine practices was

not always voluntary. They were often victims of medical experimentation and
exploitation, a dark reality for many enslaved Africans. Let’s explore how African
Americans adapted European folk medicine, creating a legacy of innovation and
resilience that continues to inspire today.

Midwives and Childbirth Experts

Have you ever thought about the unsung heroes of childbirth during the era of
slavery? Enslaved women often served as midwives, their expertise deeply rooted
in the generational knowledge of African traditions. They were the ones who
supported both enslaved mothers and plantation wives through pregnancy,
childbirth, and postpartum care. Their skills went far beyond delivering babies—
they were caretakers and sources of strength for their communities. In a world
that offered little kindness, these women brought compassion and wisdom,
passing down their knowledge like a lifeline through the generations.
CHAPTER FOUR:
European Folk Medicine in African American Herbal Practices

Common Adopted European Practice Examples

Did you know that enslaved Africans adapted European herbal practices to
develop a style uniquely their own? Tinctures—herbal extracts made by steeping
plants in alcohol—were a common preparation used among European physicians.
While tincture-making was already familiar to many enslaved Africans, they refined
and adapted this method to fit the limited resources available on plantations.

Whiskey as a Base
Whiskey, often distilled on plantations or purchased cheaply, became the
primary alcohol used for tincture-making by physicians due to its availability
and ability to extract beneficial compounds from plants. Because whiskey was
readily available, it often became the alcohol of choice to make herbal
preparations.

Blackberry Root Pine Needle Willow Bark

in Whiskey Whiskey Tincture Whiskey Tincture
Used to support Prepared to boost Utilized to ease pain
digestive issues due immunity and support and reduce
to lack of tone. respiratory ailments. inflammation.

Enslaved Africans, already well-versed in herbal methods from their own traditions,
adapted and modified other European techniques to create a range of herbal
preparations using the plants available to them. Through observation and
ingenuity, they refined practices such as poulticing, infusing herbs as teas,
fermentation, and extraction methods commonly used by European physicians,
blending them with their own knowledge to meet the needs of their communities.
CHAPTER FIVE:
Hoodoo: The Art of Rootwork

Hoodoo’s Syncretic Origins

Have you ever considered the ways our ancestors fought for more than survival?
They fought for protection, for healing, and for hope. Hoodoo is one of those
powerful tools they created to navigate a world of relentless challenges.

Hoodoo, often misunderstood as mere superstition, is a deeply rooted spiritual

and wellness tradition created by enslaved Africans as a means of protection and
survival. In the face of relentless oppression, Hoodoo served as a powerful system
for safeguarding the body, spirit, and community. Its rituals and practices were
tools of empowerment, healing, and resistance, shielding individuals from harm
and providing strength in the struggle for survival.

By blending ancestral African practices with Native American and European

influences, Hoodoo became a uniquely African American tradition. It stands as a
testament to the ingenuity and resilience of its creators, offering protection and
sustenance for both spirit and body under the harshest conditions. Far from being
mere superstition, Hoodoo embodies the profound wisdom and adaptability of
those who relied on it to endure and resist.
 CHAPTER FIVE:
Hoodoo: The Art of Rootwork

Herbal Practices
Rootwork combines herbal
Healing Through Herbs
preparations with spiritual intentions Hoodoo practitioners skillfully use
to support physical and emotional plants to address illnesses, injuries,
balance. The term "rootwork" reflects and emotional distress. Herbs are
Hoodoo's reliance on plants, roots, and often accompanied by prayers or
natural elements to create extracts rituals to enhance their
and rituals that address both physical effectiveness.
and spiritual needs.
Symbolic Tools
Spiritual Foundation Charms, amulets, and mojo bags—
Hoodoo incorporates ancestral small, hand-sewn pouches filled
veneration and the use of symbolic with herbs, roots, and symbolic
items like charms and mojo bags. items—are central to Hoodoo.
Practitioners honor their ancestors, These objects are prepared with
seeking their guidance, protection, and specific intentions, such as
blessings. protection, luck, or love, and are
believed to carry the power of
both the practitioner and the
spiritual realm.

Key Herbs and Practices in Hoodoo

Calamus root (Acorus calamus)
Black pepper (Piper nigrum)
Asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida)
HERBAL PROFILE:
Calamus Root
Historical and Indigenous Use
Calamus root has traditionally been used by Native
American peoples, including the Delaware, Muskagee, and LATIN NAME:
Iroquois, for digestive issues and respiratory ailments. Acorus calamus
Enslaved Africans adopted the calamus root for both
COMMON NAME:
physical and spiritual purposes. It became a key herb in
Hoodoo practices, where it was revered for attracting good Calamus Root,
fortune, strengthening personal power, and providing Sweet Flag
protection. The root was often carried in pouches or
incorporated into spiritual floor washes to clear negative HERBAL ACTIONS
energy and draw prosperity. Digestive tonic
Carminative
Nervine
Modern Uses
Today, calamus root is primarily used in traditional
SPIRITUAL RITUALS
herbalism to aid digestion, alleviate stomach discomfort, and
Commanding Powder
calm the nervous system. Its spiritual significance remains for Influence and
strong in Hoodoo, where it is used to attract success, Control: Grind dried
protect homes, and enhance one’s control in situations. calamus root into a fine
powder and mix it with
Preparation and Use powdered licorice root.
Calamus root can be carried, brewed, or burned for spiritual Sprinkle the mixture
purposes. discreetly in places
where you wish to exert
Floor Wash for Protection and Luck: Boil calamus
influence, such as an
root in water, strain, and add a few drops of your office or workspace. This
preferred cleansing agent (like vinegar). Use the practice, rooted in
infusion to wash floors and doorways to attract Hoodoo, is believed to
prosperity and protect the home. enhance personal
authority and help sway
Charm for Personal Power: Carry a small piece of outcomes in your favor.
calamus root in a red flannel pouch with a coin to
strengthen confidence and draw success in business or
personal matters.

Harvesting Guidelines
“Harvest the second- or third-year rhizome in late autumn
or early spring, while it is still firm and fleshy and before it
becomes hollow.” - The Herbarium
 HERBAL PROFILE:
Black Pepper LATIN NAME:
Piper nigrum
Historical and Indigenous Use
Since colonial times, Native Americans have widely valued black COMMON
pepper for its warming and stimulating properties, using it to NAME:
support digestive comfort, encourage circulation, and reduce Black Pepper
inflammation. Among them, the Cherokee traditionally
incorporated black pepper into their practices as a staple for HERBAL
addressing physical concerns and promoting overall wellness. ACTIONS
Digestive
Enslaved Africans incorporated black pepper into Hoodoo stimulant
medicine for both its physical and spiritual benefits. Spiritually, it Antimicrobial
became essential in Hoodoo practices for protection, banishing Circulatory
stimulant
negativity, and creating a shield against harm, often used in
Anti-
rituals to safeguard individuals and spaces from malevolent inflammatory
forces.
SPIRITUAL
“Versatile, flavor-enhancing, warming, and delicious, Piper nigrum was RITUALS
once a rare and highly valued commodity carried as currency in some Banishing Spell for
places. Perhaps because of its ubiquity and popularity as a flavoring Negativity: Combine
agent, its place in herbalism may not immediately come to mind, black pepper with
however, black pepper has been used in herbalism since ancient times.” sea salt and cayenne
- The Herbarium pepper in a small
bowl. Sprinkle the
Modern Uses mixture outside your
Black pepper is now widely used for its digestive benefits, pain- home, starting from
the front door and
easing properties, and ability to stimulate circulation. In spiritual moving clockwise
work, black pepper is burned as incense, sprinkled around spaces, around the building,
or added to protection spells to clear negativity and ward off to create a
harm. protective barrier.
This ritual, rooted in
Hoodoo practices, is
Preparation and Use believed to dispel
Protection Incense: Mix black pepper with frankincense and negative energies
burn as incense to cleanse a space and ward off negative and prevent harm
energies. from entering your
Sprinkle for Protection: Sprinkle black pepper in corners of space.
rooms, across doorways, or around the perimeter of your
home to protect against harmful spirits and unwanted
energies.
Body Cleansing Bath: Add a pinch of black pepper to a
spiritual cleansing bath with salt and hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis) to release negativity and boost spiritual strength.
 HERBAL PROFILE:
Asafetida LATIN NAME:
Ferula
Historical and Indigenous Use assa-foetida
Asafetida, known for its pungent odor, has historically been
valued by enslaved Africans for its potent qualities. COMMON
NAME:
Asafetida held both practical and spiritual significance. In Asafetida,
Hoodoo practices, it became a powerful tool for banishing Devil’s Dung
negative spirits, breaking hexes, and protecting individuals from
harm. Its strong presence was often used in rituals to create HERBAL
barriers against malevolent forces and ensure safety. ACTIONS
Antimicrobial
Expectorant
Modern Uses Antispasmodic
Asafetida remains a staple in spiritual practices for its ability to Carminative
clear heavy, negative energy. It is also used in herbalism as a
digestive aid and for respiratory support due to its
SPIRITUAL
antispasmodic and antimicrobial properties. RITUALS
Barrier of
Protection: Mix
Preparation and Use powdered asafetida
Banishing Incense: Burn asafetida on charcoal to cleanse with crushed
spaces of heavy energy and banish negative spirits. Combine eggshells and a
with a small amount of black pepper for added potency. pinch of cayenne
Hex-Breaking Sachet: Place a small pinch of asafetida in a pepper. Sprinkle the
black cloth pouch with salt and protective herbs like rue. mixture across
thresholds,
Carry it or place it near your doorway to break hexes and windowsills, or other
protect against harm.. entry points of your
home to create a
spiritual barrier
against malevolent
forces. This Hoodoo
ritual is believed to
block harmful
energies and keep
the home spiritually
safe.
 “As we collect our tears, fears, anxiety,
disdain, pain….inside of a smoldering
cauldron of blood, shed by our ancestors,
may the ways of the Indigenous continue
to provide the weaponry to help us proceed
into battle unwilling to concede.”

– Mawiyah Bomani
Author of Conjuring The Calabash: Empowering
Women With Hoodoo Spells & Magic
@mawiyahbomani

Roots & Remedies Spotlight: This section highlights the voices of African American
herbalists and aspiring healers, sharing their perspectives on the rich legacy of herbal
medicine within the African diaspora
CHAPTER SIX:
Evolution of African American Herbalism

The Modern Resurgence of African American Herbalism

African American herbalism is experiencing a powerful revival as more people seek
to reconnect with the ancestral wisdom that once sustained their communities.
Modern practitioners are drawing on these time-honored practices to address
contemporary health challenges, such as hypertension, diabetes, and other
stress-related imbalances, which disproportionately affect the African American
community.

Herbs like hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), burdock (Arctium lappa), and sassafras
(Sassafras albidum), once essential to survival, are now being integrated into
modern wellness practices. This resurgence goes beyond just herbs for supporting
healing—it is a movement of cultural reclamation, empowering individuals to
restore their health while honoring the resilience and ingenuity of their ancestors.

By embracing these herbal traditions, African American practitioners are

preserving a vital cultural legacy, proving that these ancient practices continue to
inspire and transform lives today.

What Herbs and Practices Are Still Used Today?

Many herbal preparations from the past remain in use today, either in their original
form or modified for modern applications. In addition to several that were already
discussed above, below are more plants and their preparations for use.

Collards (Brassica oleracea)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Yellow root (Hydrastis canadensis)
Castor oil (Ricinus communis)
HERBAL PROFILE:
Collards
Historical and Indigenous Use
Enslaved Africans relied on collards not only as a food
source but also for their medicinal benefits. The greens were
LATIN NAME:
often boiled into a nutrient-rich broth that provided
essential vitamins and minerals during times of scarcity. The Brassica oleracea
broth was consumed to soothe respiratory issues, strengthen
the immune system, and restore vitality, particularly during COMMON NAME:
the colder months when illnesses were prevalent. Collards

Modern Uses HERBAL ACTIONS

Today, African American herbalists continue to honor Nutritive
collard greens for their nutritional and healing-supportive Anti-inflammatory
properties. Collard broth is used for respiratory balance, Immune-supportive
providing warmth and nourishment during times of
imbalance. Collards are also celebrated for their ability to
support heart health, digestion, and immune wellness due to
their high content of vitamins A, C, and K, along with
calcium and antioxidants.

Preparation and Use

Boil collard greens in water with garlic and onions. Strain
the broth and sip warm to soothe the respiratory system
and replenish nutrients during illness. Incorporate collards
into daily meals as soups or sautés to support overall
health.
HERBAL PROFILE:
Okra
Historical and Indigenous Use
Enslaved Africans valued okra for its versatility and
healing properties. The mucilaginous (slippery) texture of
LATIN NAME:
okra was traditionally used to soothe inflammation in the
digestive tract, easing stomach discomfort and irregularity. Abelmoschus
It was also consumed for its cooling and hydrating effects esculentus
during hot climates and strenuous labor, helping the body
retain moisture and energy. COMMON NAME:
Okra
Modern Uses
African American herbalists continue to use okra to HERBAL ACTIONS
support digestion, reduce inflammation, and nourish the Anti-inflammatory
body. Okra’s rich fiber content helps regulate the digestive Demulcent
system, while its antioxidants and anti-inflammatory Digestive support
properties make it useful for managing chronic inflammation
and improving heart health.

Preparation and Use

Soak a few okra pods in water overnight. Drink this
mucilage-rich water in the morning to soothe digestive
discomfort and support hydration. Include okra in stews or
soups to provide nutrients and support digestion.
HERBAL PROFILE:
Yellow Root (Goldenseal)
Historical and Indigenous Use
Enslaved Africans frequently used yellow root as a
powerful support for the immune system. The roots were
LATIN NAME:
harvested and brewed into a tea to reduce inflammation,
strengthen the immune system, and provide relief during Hydrastis
respiratory ailments. Its bitter nature made it a natural canadensis
tonic for digestive wellness and detoxification, particularly
helpful for those exposed to harsh working conditions. COMMON NAME:
Yellow Root,
Modern Uses Goldenseal
Although yellow root faces endangerment due to
overharvesting, modern African American herbalists are HERBAL ACTIONS
committed to preserving its legacy by using cultivated Immune-supportive
sources. Yellow root tea can be used for boosting the Anti-inflammatory
immune system and reducing inflammation. It is also prized Digestive tonic
for supporting liver health and serving as a gentle, natural Bitter
detoxifier.

Preparation and Use

Yellow root can be prepared into a decoction, though it is
often tinctured due to its strong bitter taste. The tea or
tincture can be taken as a digestive tonic before meals to
stimulate digestion and support liver health. It is also used
to boost immunity and reduce inflammation, especially
during cold and flu season. However, due to its endangered
status, it is recommended to use alternative herbs for
digestive health, such as barberry (Berberis vulgaris) or
sustainably cultivated Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium),
which offer similar benefits without compromising
conservation efforts.

Sustainability Note
“Goldenseal is on United Plant Savers’ “At-Risk” list due to
declining populations in the wild, so it is important to seek
out sustainably cultivated sources or seek alternative plants.
Note that some organic goldenseal is wild harvested, so be
sure to look for something specifically labeled as cultivated.”
- The Herbarium
HERBAL PROFILE:
Castor Oil
Historical and Indigenous Use
Castor oil was historically regarded by enslaved Africans as
a universal remedy for various ailments. It was the go-to
LATIN NAME:
solution whenever someone fell ill, valued for its
effectiveness in addressing a wide range of issues. In Ricinus communis
addition to being taken internally to cleanse the body,
castor oil was applied topically in poultices to soothe dry, COMMON NAME:
inflamed skin and promote the healing of wounds or skin Castor Oil
irritations.
HERBAL ACTIONS
Modern Uses Laxative
African Americans have carried the traditions of castor oil Emollient
use into modern times, where it remains a staple in many Anti-inflammatory
households. For generations, families have traditionally
relied on castor oil for constipation, often giving it to
children for digestive discomfort. Beyond its internal use,
castor oil packs are used for detoxifying the body
supporting digestion, and the reproductive system. Castor oil
is also a go-to as a nourishing hair oil to promote hair
growth and health.

Preparation and Use

For external use, castor oil packs can be applied to the skin
to promote detoxification. To make a castor oil pack, soak
a cloth in castor oil, place it on the abdomen, and apply
gentle heat. This practice helps stimulate the liver, promote
lymphatic drainage, and reduce inflammation. To stimulate
bowel movements and support detoxification, take 1–2
teaspoons of castor oil internally. Castor oil is not suited
for use in infants and topical use as a pack can be
employed for constipation in younger children. Please note
that taking stimulating laxatives on a regular basis can lead
to dependency due to a decrease in bowel function.
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Herbal Recipes

Restore & Strengthen

This traditional soothing blend, rooted in the healing practices of enslaved Africans
and Indigenous Americans, brings comfort and supports the body’s natural healing
process during times of seasonal imbalance. Boneset promotes gentle sweating and
helps lower body temperature, sassafras supports the immune system and restores
balance to the body, and calamus root strengthens overall vitality. Note: This blend
is intended for short-term use only and should not be used continuously or in large
amounts.

Ingredients Preparation Method

2–3 teaspoons dried 1. Bring water to a boil in a pot with the calamus
boneset (Eupatorium root and simmer for 20 minutes.
perfoliatum) aerial parts
2 teaspoons calamus 2. Turn off heat and add boneset and sassafras.
(Acorus calamus) root 3. Steep covered for 15–20 minutes.
1 teaspoon dried
4. Strain well and sip warm. Add a touch of honey
sassafras (Sassafras
albidum) root for taste if desired.
12–16 fluid ounces water
Pot Liquor Healing Broth
Pot liquor, the nutrient-rich broth left behind after cooking greens, has long been
celebrated in African American tradition as both food and medicine. Enslaved
Africans recognized its restorative power, using it to nourish the body, support
digestion, and replenish strength during times of illness or exhaustion. Packed with
vitamins, minerals, and the essence of healing greens, pot liquor remains a simple yet
powerful remedy.

Ingredients Preparation Method

1 large bunch collard 1. Wash the greens thoroughly and roughly chop
greens, turnip greens, or them.
mustard greens
4–6 cups bone broth, 2. Add broth, greens, garlic, onion, salt, and pepper
mushroom broth, or to a large pot.
vegetable broth
3. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce to a
2 cloves garlic, chopped
1/2 onion, chopped simmer. Cover and cook for 30–45 minutes, or
1 teaspoon sea salt until the greens are tender and the broth is rich.
1/2 teaspoon black pepper
4. Strain the liquid (pot liquor) into a separate bowl
1 tablespoon apple cider
vinegar or jar. Reserve the greens for another use.
A pinch of red pepper 5. Taste the broth and add apple cider vinegar or
flakes
red pepper flakes for extra flavor and
therapeutic warmth.
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Herbal Recipes

Blackberry Root Digestive Tonic

One of the go-to alcohols for tinctures was whiskey, as it was readily available to
enslaved Africans on plantations. Blackberry root, which grew naturally throughout
the South, was prized for its astringent properties and was frequently used to support
digestive issues and overactive bowels caused by food poisoning or poor-quality food.

Ingredients Preparation Method

¼ cup dried blackberry 1. Place the chopped dried blackberry root in a
(Rubus fruticosus) root, clean glass jar.
chopped
1 cup whiskey 2. Pour the whiskey over the blackberry root,
1 clean glass jar with a ensuring the herb is fully covered.
tight-fitting lid
3. Seal the jar tightly and shake gently to combine.
4. Store the jar in a cool, dark place for 2–4 weeks,
shaking every few days to ensure the root
infuses well.
5. After the infusion period, strain the mixture
through cheesecloth or a fine mesh strainer into
a clean jar or bottle.
 CONCLUSION
Honoring Past Connections, Healing the Future
As we reach the end of this eBook, we hope the stories, traditions, herbs, and
remedies shared within these pages have inspired a sense of pride in your
heritage or offered a fresh perspective on a culture often overlooked in the
conversation around herbalism.

This isn’t just history—it’s a legacy that shapes herbal practices today.
African American herbalism has deeply influenced modern Western
herbalism, weaving together knowledge from many Indigenous cultures.

The journey doesn’t end here. The upcoming Herbal Academy Conference
offers a chance to dive deeper into these connections and celebrate the
diverse traditions that make herbalism such a rich and inclusive practice. This
is an invitation to explore, learn, and grow with a community committed to
uplifting these stories.

RSVP to the FREE

brought to you by Herbal Academy,

premiering February 16-21!

GRAB YOUR FREE TICKET HERE!

If you’re eager to learn more about the healing practices and herbs
used by enslaved Africans, we encourage you to explore the
conference VIP Access Ticket with exclusive access to over 20
classes and ebooks in the Conference Bonus Portal.

Including two resources from the BIPOC HERBALISM CONFERENCE:

Healing Medicine of Enslaved Africans Class: Discover the

remedies and practices used for survival and healing.

30-Day Free Trial to Our BIPOC Herbalism Community

School: Gain access to Indigenous medicine classes, book
clubs, herbal meetups, and more.

A VIP Access Ticket also includes Lifetime Access to all 25+

conference masterclasses including transcripts and audio files, a
90-minute Speaker Film on Chamomile: Herb of the Year, and a
special invite to The Heirloom Recipe Collection Course.

GRAB YOUR VIP ACCESS TICKET HERE!

Website
tickets.herbalismconferences.com/2025-virtual-herbalism-conference/

Instagram
@herbalacademy + @herbalismconferences
Thank you for joining us on this journey through the history, wisdom,
and resilience of African American herbalism. If you have questions
or want to explore more through our past BIPOC Herbalism
Conference and other Indigenous medicine offerings, we invite you
to connect with us through the resources below:

Website: https://bipocherbalism.com/
Instagram: @bipocherbalism
Email: [email protected]

This is just the beginning. May the knowledge in these pages inspire
you to honor the past, celebrate the present, and shape a future
rooted in healing and connection.
 Recommended Reading:
AFRICAN AMERICAN HERBALISM
To further connect with these healing traditions, we’ve curated a list of essential
books on African American herbalism, written by African American authors. These
works honor the resilience, cultural identity, and plant wisdom passed down through
generations, providing historical context, practical remedies, and invaluable insights
into ancestral practices.

"Working the Roots: Over 400 Years of Traditional African American Healing"
by Michele E. Lee A comprehensive exploration of African American herbal
healing traditions, featuring stories, interviews, and remedies passed down
through generations.

"African American Folk Healing" by Stephanie Y. Mitchem This book explores

the intersection of spirituality, herbal medicine, and African American folk healing,
rooted in African, Indigenous, and Western traditions.

"The Healing Power of African American Spirituality" by Stephanie Rose Bird A

powerful look at African American spiritual and herbal healing practices,
emphasizing ancestral wisdom and its relevance in modern applications.

"Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies, Roots, and Rituals" by Faith

Mitchell A focused study on Gullah healing traditions, highlighting herbal
remedies, rootwork, and spiritual practices that bridge African and African
American heritage.

"African-American Slave Medicine" by Herbert Covey An in-depth examination

of the medical knowledge and herbal practices used by enslaved Africans,
shedding light on their resourcefulness and reliance on plant-based healing.

"Conjuring the Calabash: Empowering Women With Hoodoo Spells & Magic" by
Mawiyah Kai EL-Jamah Bomani. This empowering book highlights Hoodoo
traditions, celebrating the magic, strength, and healing practices rooted in African
American culture.