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Instruction Set of 8086

An instruction is a binary pattern designed
inside a microprocessor to perform a specific
function.
The entire group of instructions that a
microprocessor supports is called
Instruction Set.
8086 has more than 20,000 instructions.

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 Types of Instruction formats
1. One byte instruction: Implied or register mode
2. Two-byte instruction: Register to/from
memory/register with no displacement
3. Three-byte instructions: register to/from memory
with 8-bit displacement
4. Four-byte instructions: register to/from memory
with 16-bit displacement
5. Five-byte instructions: immediate 8-bit data to
memory with 16-bit displacement
6. Six-byte instructions: immediate 16-bit data to
memory with 16-bit displacement
 Classification of Instruction Set
1. Arithmetic Instructions and Logical Instruction
2. Data Transfer Instructions
3. Branch and Loop Instruction
4. M/C control Instruction
5. Flag Manipulation Instructions
6. Shift and Rotate Instruction
7. String Instructions
1. Arithmetic And Logical
Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
ADD Des, Src:
 It adds a byte to byte or a word to word.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 ADD AL, 74H
 ADD DX, AX
 ADD AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
ADC Des, Src:
 It adds the two operands with CF.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 ADC AL, 74H
 ADC DX, AX
 ADC AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
SUB Des, Src:
 It subtracts a byte from byte or a word from word.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag.
 E.g.:
 SUB AL, 74H
 SUB DX, AX
 SUB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
SBB Des, Src:
 It subtracts the two operands and also the
borrow from the result.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 SBB AL, 74H
 SBB DX, AX
 SBB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 MUL Src:
 It is an unsigned multiplication instruction.
 It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two words to
produce a double word.
 AX = AL * Src
 DX : AX = AX * Src
 This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or AX.
 Src can be a register or memory location. And Flags-OF, CF
 Unused bits of destination register is always filled with sign bit
 IMUL Src:
 It is a signed multiplication instruction.
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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DIV Src:
 It is an unsigned division instruction.
 It divides word by byte or double word by word.
 The operand is stored in AX, divisor is Src and
the result is stored as:
 AH = remainder, AL = quotient (for word/byte)
 DX=remainder, AX=quotient (for D-word/word)

 IDIV Src:
 It is a signed division instruction.
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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CBW (Convert Byte to Word):
 This instruction converts byte in AL to word in AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AL
throughout AH.

 CWD (Convert Word to Double Word):

 This instruction converts word in AX to double word in
DX : AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AX
throughout DX.
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 Arithmetic Instructions
INC Src:
 It increments the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: INC AX
 INC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
DEC Src:
 It decrements the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: DEC AX
DEC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CMP Des, Src:
 It compares two specified bytes or words.
 The Src and Des can be a constant, register or memory
location.
 Both operands cannot be a memory location at the same
time.
 The comparison is done simply by internally subtracting
the source from destination.
 The value of source and destination does not change, but
the flags CF, ZF, SF are modified to indicate the result.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
NEG Src:
It creates 2’s complement of a given
number.
That means, it changes the sign of a
number.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition)
 It is used to make sure that the result of adding two BCD
numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
 It only works on AL register.

 For Subtraction : DAS (Decimal Adjust after

Subtraction)

⚫ It is used to make sure that the result of subtracting two

BCD numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
⚫ It only works on AL register
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 Arithmetic Instructions
 AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition):
 This Instruction Can be used to convert the contents of the
AL register to unpacked BCD result
 i.e. If lower nibble of AL>9 then
1. AL=AL+6 2. AH=AH+1
3. AL=AL AND 0FH
 This instruction does not have any operand.
 Other ASCII Instructions:
 AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction)
 AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication)
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 AAD (ASCII [email protected]
Adjust Before Division) 18
 Logical Instructions
⚫ These instructions are used at the bit level.

⚫ These instructions can be used for:

⚫ Testing a zero bit

⚫ Set or reset a bit

⚫ Shift bits across registers

 Logical Instructions
 NOT Src:
 It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s
complement of the specified operand.
 The operand can be a register or memory location.
 e,.g NOT AX

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 Logical Instructions
 AND Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 OR Des, Src:
 It performs OR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 XOR Des, Src:
 It performs XOR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 TEST Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, and src/Des can be
register or memory location.
 It is Non-Destructive And means Dest is not modified
only flags are affected.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
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 Logical Instructions
⚫ SHL Des, Count:
⚫ It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.

⚫ It puts zero(s) in LSBs.

⚫ MSB is shifted into carry flag.

⚫ If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
⚫ However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1,
then the count is put in CL register.
 Logical Instructions
⚫ SHR Des, Count:
⚫ It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.

⚫ It puts zero(s) in MSBs.

⚫ LSB is shifted into carry flag.

⚫ If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
⚫ However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1,
then the count is put in CL register.
 Logical Instructions
⚫ ROL Des, Count:
⚫ It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.

⚫ MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.

⚫ If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
⚫ However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1,
then the count is put in CL register.
 Logical Instructions
⚫ ROR Des, Count:
⚫ It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.

⚫ LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.

⚫ If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the

immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
⚫ However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1,
then the count is put in CL register.
2. Data Transfer Instructions

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⚫ These instructions are used to transfer data from source to destination.

⚫ The operand can be a constant, memory location, register or I/O port

address.
 Data Transfer Instructions
 MOV Des, Src:
 It is used to copy the content of Src to Des
 Src operand can be register, memory location or immediate
operand.
 Des can be register or memory operand.
 Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at the same
time.
 E.g.:
 MOV CX, 037A H
 MOV AL, BL
 MOV BX, [0301 H]
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 Data Transfer Instructions
 PUSH Operand:
 It pushes the operand into top of stack.
 E.g.: PUSH BX

 POP Des:
 It pops the operand from top of stack to Des.
 Des can be a general purpose register, segment register
(except CS) or memory location.
 E.g.: POP AX
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 Data Transfer Instructions
 XCHG Des, Src:
 This instruction exchanges Src with Des.
 It cannot exchange two memory locations directly.
 E.g.: XCHG DX, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 IN Accumulator, Port Address:
 It transfers the operand from specified port to accumulator
register.

 E.g.: IN AX, 0028 H

 OUT Port Address, Accumulator:

 It transfers the operand from accumulator to specified port.

 E.g.: OUT 0028 H, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
LEA Register, Src:
It loads a 16-bit register with the offset
address of the data specified by the Src.
E.g.: LEA BX, [DI]
 This instruction loads the contents of DI
(offset) into the BX register.

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LDS Des, Src:
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and DS.
 The word is placed in the destination register and the
segment is placed in DS.
 This instruction Copies the word at the lower memory
address to the Des reg and the word at the higher
address to the segment reg i.e. DS.
 E.g.: LDS BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LES Des, Src:
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and ES.
 The Word is placed in the destination register and the
segment is placed in ES.
 This instruction is very similar to LDS except that it
initializes ES instead of DS.
 E.g.: LES BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LAHF:
 It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH.

 SAHF:
 It copies the contents of AH to lower byte of flag register.

 PUSHF:
 Pushes flag register to top of stack.

 POPF:
 Pops the stack top to flag register.

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 3. Branch/Program Execution Transfer
Instructions
 These instructions cause change in the sequence of the
execution of instruction.
 This change can be a conditional or sometimes
unconditional.
 The conditions are represented by flags.

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 Branch Instructions
 CALL Des:
 This instruction is used to call a subroutine or function
or procedure.
 The address of next instruction after CALL is saved onto
stack.

 RET:
 It returns the control from procedure to calling program.
 Every CALL instruction should have a RET.

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 Branch Instructions
 JMP Des:
 This instruction is used for unconditional jump from
one place to another.

 Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):

 All the conditional jumps follow some conditional
statements or any instruction that affects the flag.

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 Conditional Jump Table
Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition

JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0

JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0

JB Jump if Below CF = 1

JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1

JC Jump if Carry CF = 1

JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1

JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0

JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0

JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0

JPE Jump if Parity Even PF = 1

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 Loop Instructions
 Loop Des:
 This is a looping instruction.
 The number of times looping is required is placed in the
CX register.
 With each iteration, the contents of CX are
decremented.
 ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.

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 Program Execution Transfer Instructions
 INTO (Interrupt on overflow):
 This instruction generates type 4 interrupt (i.e.
interrupt for overflow) and causes the 8086 to do an
indirect far call a procedure which is written by the
user to handle the overflow condition.
 IRET
 To return the execution to the interrupted program

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4. Machine Control
Instructions
 Machine Control Instructions
HLT (Halt) :- It causes the processor to enter in to the halt
state. It can be stop by INTR,NMI or RESET pin
NOP (No Opration) :- It causes the processor to enter in
to the wait state for 3 Clock cycles.
WAIT :- It causes the processor to enter in to the ideal state.
Can be stop by TEST, INTR OR NMI pin
LOCK :- This instruction prevents other processors to
take the control of shared resources. For e.g LOCK IN
AL,80H

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5. Flag Manipulation
Instructions
Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STC:
 It sets the carry flag to 1.

 CLC:
 It clears the carry flag to 0.

 CMC:
 It complements the carry flag.

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Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STD:
 It sets the direction flag to 1.
 If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory
address to lower memory address.

 CLD:
 It clears the direction flag to 0.
 If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower
memory address to higher memory address.
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 Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STI:
 It sets the Interrupt flag to 1.

 CLI:
 It clears the Interrupt flag to 0.

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6. Shift And Rotate Instructions
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHL/SAL Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.
 It puts zero(s) in LSBs.
 MSB is shifted into carry flag.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHR/SAR Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.
 It puts zero(s)(for SHL) and Sign bit (for SAL) in MSBs.
 LSB is shifted into carry flag.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROL Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
 LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROR Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
 MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCL Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
 LSB to MSB then MSB is transferred to CF and CF to
LSB.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCR Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
 MSB to LSB then LSB is transferred to CF and CF to
MSB.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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7. String Manipulation
Instructions
 String Manipulation
Instructions
 String in assembly language is just a sequentially
stored bytes or words.
 There are very strong set of string instructions in 8086.
 By using these string instructions, the size of the
program is considerably reduced.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation Instructions

❑ String : Sequence of bytes or words

❑ 8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement, comparison, scan, load and
store.

❑ REP instruction prefix : used to repeat execution of string instructions

❑ String instructions end with S or SB or SW. S represents string, SB string byte and
SW string word.

❑ Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and that of the
destination operand is stored in DI register.

❑ Depending on the status of DF, SI and DI registers are automatically updated.

❑ DF = 0  SI and DI are incremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

❑ DF = 1  SI and DI are decremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫ CMPS Des, Src:
⚫ It compares the string bytes or words.

⚫ SCAS String:
⚫ It scans a string.

⚫ It compares the String with byte in AL or with word in

AX.
 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫ MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:
⚫ It causes moving of byte or word from one string to
another.
⚫ In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
and destination string is in Extra Segment.
⚫ SI and DI store the offset values for source and
destination index.
 String Manipulation
Instructions
⚫ REP (Repeat):
⚫ This is an instruction prefix.

⚫ It causes the repetition of the instruction until CX

becomes zero.
⚫ E.g.: REP MOVSB STR1, STR2

⚫ It copies byte by byte contents.

⚫ REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX becomes

 String Manipulation
Instructions
 MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:
 It causes moving of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI and destination string is in Extra
Segment referred by ES:DI.
 For e.g. movs str1,str2
 Movsb
 Movsw
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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 LODS / LODSB / LODSW:
 It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI transferred to Accumulator.
 For e.g. lods string
 lodsb
 lodsw

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 STOS / STOSB / STOSW:
It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one string to
another.
In this instruction, the string is in Extra Segment referred by
ES:DI transferred to Accumulator.
 For e.g. stos string
 stosb
 stosw

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 CMPS Des, Src:
 It compares the string bytes or words.

 SCAS String:
 It scans a string.
 It compares the String with byte in AL or with word in
AX.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 REP (Repeat):
 This is an instruction prefix.
 It causes the repetition of the instruction until CX
becomes zero.
 E.g.: REP MOVSB
 It copies byte by byte contents.

 REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX becomes zero.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation
Instructions
REP

REPZ/ REPE While CX  0 and ZF = 1, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS (CX)  (CX) – 1
until ZF = 0)

REPNZ/ REPNE While CX  0 and ZF = 0, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS (CX)  (CX) - 1
until ZF = 1)

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Processor Control Instructions
⚫ These instructions control the processor itself.

⚫ 8086 allows to control certain control flags that:

⚫ causes the processing in a certain direction

⚫ processor synchronization if more than one

microprocessor attached.
Processor Control Instructions
⚫ STC:
⚫ It sets the carry flag to 1.

⚫ CLC:
⚫ It clears the carry flag to 0.

⚫ CMC:
⚫ It complements the carry flag.
Processor Control Instructions
⚫ STD:
⚫ It sets the direction flag to 1.

⚫ If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory

address to lower memory address.

⚫ CLD:
⚫ It clears the direction flag to 0.

⚫ If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower

memory address to higher memory address.
 Control Transfer
Instructions
⚫ These instructions cause change in the sequence of the
execution of instruction.
⚫ This change can be through a condition or sometimes
unconditional.
⚫ The conditions are represented by flags.
 Control Transfer
Instructions
⚫ CALL Des:
⚫ This instruction is used to call a subroutine or function
or procedure.
⚫ The address of next instruction after CALL is saved onto
stack.

⚫ RET:
⚫ It returns the control from procedure to calling program.

⚫ Every CALL instruction should have a RET.

 Control Transfer
Instructions
⚫ JMP Des:
⚫ This instruction is used for unconditional jump from
one place to another.

⚫ Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):

⚫ All the conditional jumps follow some conditional
statements or any instruction that affects the flag.
 Conditional
Jump Table
Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition
JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0
JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0
JB Jump if Below CF = 1
JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1
JC Jump if Carry CF = 1
JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1
JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0
JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0
JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0
JPE Jump if Parity Even PF = 1
JPO Jump if Parity Odd PF = 0
JZ Jump if Zero ZF = 1
 Control Transfer
Instructions
⚫ Loop Des:
⚫ This is a looping instruction.

⚫ The number of times looping is required is placed in the

CX register.
⚫ With each iteration, the contents of CX are
decremented.
⚫ ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.
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