Chapters 5-8 Revolutionary War Review

1)Scots Irish-A group of relentless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape
religious oppression and poverty. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s.

2)Structure of society in the south-The power of the great planters continued to be bolstered by their
disproportionate ownership of slaves. The riches created by the growing slave population in the 18 th
century were not distributed evenly among the whites. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of the
largest slave owners, widening the gap between the prosperous gentry and the poor whites who were
more and more likely to become tenant farmers.

3)Jobs in the Colonies-Most honored of the professions was the Christian ministry. Most physicians were
poorly trained. At first the law profession was not favorably regarded.

4)Work in America-Agriculture was the leading industry, involving over 90% of the people. Fishing was
also rewarding. Manufacturing in the colonies was of only second importance. Lumbering was the most
important single manufacturing activity. Colonial naval stores were highly valued.

5)Triangular Trade- In the triangle trade, New England had lumber (raw materials), England had
manufacturing, and Africa had slaves. They traded their resources with each other. British naval stores
were placed around the colonies to help maintain Britain’s number one Navy. These were important
because it brought slaves to America.

6)Molasses Act of 1773-Aimed at squelching North American trade with the West Indies.

7)Major Churches-The Church Of England served as Americas major prop of kingly authority. The
Congregational Church was established in all New England colonies except Rhode Island.

8)New Light Ministers- The ones who supported the Great Awakening.

9)Ben Franklin- Colonial literature was sparse because most Americans rather farmed than using their
time reading and writing. However, Ben Franklin wrote the 1st autobiography. He also wrote Poor
Richards Almanac. It was the the most popular book in the colonies except for the bible. He also
invented the lightening rod, bifocal lenses, and the Franklin Stove.

10)Zenger Trial- John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, criticized the royal governor.

11)Samuel De Champlain- He was a soldier and an explorer. He was also the Father of New France
(Quebec)

12)New France Gov. and Econ. -was under rule of the king and only had a population of 60,000. Most
French went to the Caribbean. Beaver skin hats were the latest “in” thing and were spreading all over
France.

13)Washington French and Indian War-Fight over the Ohio Valley Region. France builds fort Duquesne
and Washington builds Fort Necessity. He fights France Guerilla Style, but surrenders to French.
14)Battle of Quebec- William Pitt organizes and plans a victory for Britain. They capture the major cities
of Canada.

15)Restless Colonies-The French and Indian War gave the colonies a moral boost. The British saw the
colonials as subordinate. Also saw Americans as traders due to smuggling. After the war the colonies had
more things in common than in England.

16)Proclamation of 1763-: Stated that no colonists were allowed to cross the mountains into the Ohio
Valley.

17)Mercantilism- The theory that a country’s wealth and power could be measured by the amount of
silver and gold that they have.

18)Salutary Neglect-: For 100 years, the British let the Americans do what they wanted. Now they gave
America rules.

19)Stamp Act-Stated any legal power had to have stamps on them. Used to raise revenue to support
troops.

20)Sons of Liberty/Committees of Correspondence/Sam Adams- The Sons of Liberty were led by Sam
Adams. They took the law into their own hands and also tar and feathered tax collectors. The
Committees of Correspondence established a political union among the thirteen colonies.

21)No Taxation without Representation-: From the French and Indian War, England had 140 million
dollars’ worth of debt. A large amount of that was from protecting the colonies. Due to this the British
Navy enforced the Navigation Act, Sugar Act, and the Quartering Act. Americans were unhappy with the
taxation because they had no representation in government.

22)Boston Tea Party- Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson took a stand against protestors. He
ordered the tea ships to not leave until they unload their tea. On December 16, 1733 the Sons of Liberty
dressed as Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor.

23)Intolerable Acts-Passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party.

24)General Thomas Gage-Ordered 700 soldiers from Concord to Boston to destroy the Minute Mens’
supplies.

25)First Continental Congress-: Met in Philadelphia on September 5 to October 26,1774. Every colony
was there except for Georgia which included 55 men, such as Sam Adams, John Adams, and George
Washington. They wanted to go back to the good old days so they wrote the Declaration of Rights.

26)Patrick Henry- One of the few colonists that expected a war of independence. He said the famous
words “Give me liberty or give me death.”

27)Lexington and Concord-The first shot was fired and 8 colonists died. On the way back, the British met
4,000 Minute Men on the Old North Bridge. April 19, 1775 was the start of the revolution.
28)Green Mountain Boys- Captured Fort Ticonderoga in New York. They stole 59ncannons and
gunpowder and used it against the British in the Battle of Bunker Hill. They were commanded by Ethan
Allen and Benedict Arnold.

29)Olive Branch Petition- Professed American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent
further hostilities. King George II refused after the incident at Bunker Hill and declared war.

30)Battle of Bunker Hill-Sparked because of the siege of Fort Ticonderoga. It was fought on Breeds Hill.
Although a defeat for the colonists, the battle quickly proved a moral victory for the Patriots.

31)Common Sense- A 46-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine which sated that time had to come to
break away and that our government should be a republic.

32)General Washington Victories- In July 1776, 500 British ships with 35,000 men landed in New York.
Washington only had 18,000 men. He loses the battle of Long Island and escapes to Manhattan and goes
through the Delaware River to Pennsylvania on December 26. He then surprises 1,000 Hessians at
Trenton, New Jersey. He also wins at Princeton.

33)Baron Von Steuben-: From Prussia, Germany. In the winter of Valley Forge, he set up bayonets
training. He taught military tactics.

34)Battle of Saratoga-: Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold led the Americans to a small, but costly win
over John Burgoyne and the British. The American victory convinced the French government to formally
recognize the colonists cause and enter the war as their ally.

35)French Allies- The French provided them assistance after the battle of Saratoga on the colonist’s side.

36)Guerilla Style- They didn’t attack straight on as traditional fighting. It involves ambushes, sabotage,
and raids. It is a much more mobile tactic.

37)George Rogers Clark- Traveled west of the Appalachian Mountains and captured 4 British forts.

38)John Paul Jones- Led privateers to pirate British ships. He got into a battle and began to sank and said
the famous words “I have not yet begun to fight”. He ended up winning the battle.

39)Cornwallis at Yorktown- This was the last major battle. Washington and Rochambeau seal of the area
by land and the French sail of the Peninsula trapping Cornwallis and his troops at Yorktown. He then
surrenders his 7,000-man army.

40)Declaration of Independence Importance/Enlightenment/Declaration compared to Common Sense-

In the mid-1700s, France and England both wanted the land of the Ohio Valley Region. At the
end of the war, England had won but they were in major war debt. To pay off this debt, Britain began to
tax the colonies. This sparked anger within the colonies and this anger eventually led to the Revolution.
Taxes/protests, poor leadership and strategy, and American international helped lead to the failure of
the British in the American Revolution.
First, taxes and protests were one of the reasons why the British failed to stop the Revolution.
These taxes and acts that were passed led to violent protest from the colonists such as tar and
feathering tax collectors. One act that was passed that angered the colonists was the Stamp Act. The
Stamp Act was made in order to help the British pay off the French Indian War debt and it stated that
any legal power had to have stamps on them. Another act was the Quaternary Act. The Quaternary Act
required colonists to provide food and housing for soldiers. This angered colonists because they felt
their private property was being invaded. Lastly, another act was the Sugar Act which taxed incoming
sugar from the West Indies. These acts angered the colonies and made them want to push harder and
harder for independence which eventually led to the Revolution.
Next, poor British leadership and strategies led to British failure. One example of this is King
George refused the Olive Branch Petition. The Americans wanted to make peace and loyalty, but King
George refused. He then declared war and the Revolution began. Another example of poor leadership
would be how general Howe was more focused on his girlfriend then the war. This was an issue because
one of the main British generals was not operating to his full potential due to his poor concentration.
Lastly, an example of poor leadership would be John Burgoyne. Due to his slow movement it gave
Americans enough time to prepare. He eventually got surrounded and led to his loss at Saratoga. Poor
leadership ultimately led to Britain’s loss in the American Revolution.
Lastly, one of the main reasons Britain lost was because the Americans received help from
foreign alliances. One example would be how France helped at Yorktown. They helped the Americans
trap in the Cornwallis and the British on sea because the Americans did not have a Navy. This eventually
led to Cornwallis surrendering. Another example would be the help of Baron von Steuben at Valley
Forge. Von Steuben was from Prussia, Germany and he helped train Americans and taught them military
tactics. One last example would be the help of Lafayette. He was appointed the major general by the
Continental Congress before France had officially entered its alliance with the United Sates. His help
greatly impacted the war. American foreign alliances were a major key in Britain’s defeat.
Taxes/protests, poor leadership by the British, and American international help led to the failure
of the British in the American revolution. If the French and Indian War would’ve happened, Britain
probably would’ve avoided the American Revolution and would not have to had gone through war.
These things were major contributors in Britain’s defeat.