MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
GEOMETRIC
DESIGNS
WEEK 9
POLYGONS
• A polygon - is a closed figure made up of line segments (not
curves) in a two-dimensional plane.
• Polygon is the combination of two words, i.e. poly (means
many) and gon (means sides).
POLYGONS
• Polygons are either simple or complex.
SIMPLE COMPLEX
POLYGONS
• Polygons are either concave or convex.
CONVEX CONCAVE
POLYGONS
• Polygons are either regular or irregular.
REGULAR IRREGULAR
POLYGONS
• The interior angles of a polygon are the angles inside the shape.
SHAPE NUMBER OF NUMBER OF MEASUREMENT
SUM OF INTERIOR
SIDES DIAGONALS OF EACH ANGLE FOR
ANGLES
REGULAR POLYGON
Triangle 3 0 180 degree 60 degree
Quadrilateral 4 2 360 degree 90 degree
Pentagon 5 5 540 degree 108 degree
Hexagon 6 9 720 degree 120 degree
: : : : :
: : : : :
Any Polygon n n(n-3)/2 (n-2) x 180 degree (n-2) x 180 degree / n
SOLIDS
• A solid or form is the geometry of a three-dimensional
space, the kind of space we live in.
• Solid have properties, such as volume and surface area.
• There are two main types of solids, namely: polyhedral
and non-polyhedral. Polyhedron is a solid made of flat
surfaces; Non-polyhedral are solids with curved surfaces
or mix of curved and flat surfaces.
PLATONIC SOLID
• Platonic Solid is a convex polyhedron whose faces
are all congruent convex regular polygons.
• There are five platonic solids, namely;
1. Tetrahedron
2. Cube
3. Octahedron
4. Dodecahedron
5. Icosahedron
FIVE PLATONIC SOLID
Tetrahedron Octahedron
• 4 faces • 8 faces
• 4 vertices • 6 vertices
• 6 edges • 12 edges
Cube Icosahedron
Dodecahedron
• 6 faces • 20 faces
• 12 faces
• 8 vertices • 12 vertices
• 20 vertices
• 12 edges • 30 edges
• 30 edges
PRISM • is a polyhedron whose sides are all flat. It has the
same cross section all along its length, and its
shape is a polygon.
SQUARE PRISM TRIANGULAR PRISM CUBE
PYRAMID • is a polyhedron made by connecting a base to an
apex.
TRIANGULAR SQUARE PENTAGONAL
PYRAMID PYRAMID PYRAMID
NON-POLYHEDRA
• Sphere is a perfectly round object in a three -dimensional space.
NON-POLYHEDRA
• Cylinder is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by a curved
surface and two parallel circles of equal size at the ends.
NON-POLYHEDRA
• Torus is a solid formed by revolving a small circle
along a line made by another circle.
NON-POLYHEDRA
• Cone is made by rotating triangle. The triangle has to be a right-
angled triangle, and it gets rotated around one of its two short
sides.
TRANSFORMATIONS
Geometric Transformation of shapes is a
change of its size, orientation, or position
following certain techniques in
mathematics. The original shape is called
the object, and the new shape is called
the image.
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
1. Translation is a transformation of an object where every point
of it moves a fixed distance and a given direction.
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Example: Translate 6 units right
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
2. Rotation is a transformation of an object by
rotating about a given through a given angle.
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Example: Rotation 90 Degree
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
3. Reflection is a transformation of an object where every point
of its image is of the same distance from the line of symmetry.
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Example: Reflection over x-axis
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
4. Glide Reflection is a composition of translation and reflection
in a line parallel to the direction of translation.
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
5. Dilation is a transformation of an object by resizing to either
reduce it or enlarge it about a point with a given factor.
SYMMETRY
Look at these two images of butterflies. What
difference do you see?
LINE OF SYMMETRY
Any line splitting a shape into two parts such that the two parts are
the same is called a line of symmetry. These parts are also said to
be symmetrical to each other.
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
If a figure can be rotated about a point in such a way that its
rotated image coincides with the original figure, the figure has
rotational symmetry.
ROSETTE PATTERN
•
FRIEZE PATTERN
• An infinite strip with a repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern,
or sometimes a border pattern or an infinite strip pattern.
TESSELLATION
• A tessellation is defined as a pattern of shapes that
covers a plane without any gaps or overlaps.
ACTIVITY 8
Make a portfolio of the
different patterns and
designs made by the local
indigenous tribes.
