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Phrase and Clause

The document explains the concepts of phrases and clauses, highlighting their definitions and examples. It details different types of clauses, including independent and dependent clauses, as well as various conjunctions used to connect them. Additionally, it outlines four sentence patterns: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, providing examples for each type.

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8 views4 pages

Phrase and Clause

The document explains the concepts of phrases and clauses, highlighting their definitions and examples. It details different types of clauses, including independent and dependent clauses, as well as various conjunctions used to connect them. Additionally, it outlines four sentence patterns: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, providing examples for each type.

Uploaded by

prarthana nambiar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Phrase - A phrase is a group of words that function together as a single unit but do not contain
all the components necessary to form a complete sentence.

• shiny gold watches


• the smelly socks
• the beautiful flower (Noun phrase)
• hitting nails with a hammer (Gerund phrase)
• has been peacefully sleeping (Verb phrase)
• of my favourite movies (Prepositional phrase)
• really small (Adjective phrase)

Clause - A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause mostly
conveys a complete idea/information.

• Meera sings
• Raju paints
• She is dancing
• Alice eats mangoes

✓ Independent Clause: An independent clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence.


❖ I am allergic to peanuts, but I like them.
❖ I saw a man, he was crying.
❖ He bought an expensive car.
✓ Dependent Clause: A dependent clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence.
Typically, a dependent clause begins with a conjunction or a pronoun, that connects it
to the rest of the sentence
❖ Since I am allergic to peanuts, I cannot eat them.
❖ I saw a man, who was crying in the corner.
❖ After years of saving up, he bought an expensive car.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The most common conjunctions are FANBOYS – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (used to
create compound sentences)
Subordinating Conjunctions (used with dependent clauses)
after how that whether
although if though while
as much in order unless whether
as/as soon to/in order
as/as long as that
as though once until
because since when/whenever
Conjunctive Adverbs / Connective Adverbs / Linking Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are transition words or phrases.

Sentence Patterns (4)


1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is a short sentence consisting of a subject and a verb. In other words, it can
be said that a simple sentence is one independent clause – a complete thought.

• Grace opened the door.


• I cried yesterday.
• Raju likes sports.
• We learned English today.

2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is a combination of two simple sentences, combined using a comma
(,)+/_, or a coordinating conjunction.
(Subject +Verb) +(,)+/-*(coordinating conjunction)+ (Subject Verb)
➢ The father and daughter fought angrily for a long time.
➢ The boy smiled and nodded, yet he was hurt inside.
➢ I have not met Jhon, nor have I met Susan.
➢ Ricky is studying with me, and I am helping him.
➢ He is poor but honest.
➢ Roy likes cakes and all sweet things.
*Usage of Comma:
Two complete/independent sentences joined together = comma (subject in the second half)
Two parts of a sentence joined together = no comma
3. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause.
Independent Clause + Dependent Clause

• I went to the park (IC) while my sister was sleeping (DC).


• When he won the award (DC), everyone cheered (IC).
• Now that I have saved up (DC), I can buy a bike (IC).
• I took my umbrella (IC) because it was raining outside (DC).
• She can play (IC) after she completes her homework (DC).

If a DC begins the sentence, we use a comma to separate the sentence.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence comprises a compound and a complex sentence. This means
that a compound-complex sentence has two (or more) independent clauses, and at least one
dependent clause.

• I woke up in the morning (IC) and I brushed my teeth (IC) even though everyone else
was sleeping (DC).
• There are some ruins near my house (IC); I go there sometimes (IC) when I need to
think (DC).
• While waiting for the bus, Angela played games on her phone, and Lizzy read a book.
• As I put the kettle on, I looked in the jar for biscuits, but I couldn't see any in there.
• While Jessica likes rom-coms, Sarah likes thrillers, but Ellie only watches
documentaries.

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