1.1.
1 Use Case Diagram for preparation for coffee
Figure 1: Use Case Diagram of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
The Use Case Diagram maps the interactions between the User and the coffee
machine during the preparation phase. Its purpose is to outline critical tasks
required to set up the machine for brewing, ensuring prerequisites like power,
water, pods, and cups are ready.
The User initiates the process by :
1. Connecting to Electricity Supply: User plugs in the machine to activate it.
2. Checking Water Level & Fill Water: User ensures the water container is
adequately filled.
3. Inserting Pods & Place Cups: User loads a coffee pod into the housing and
positions cups under the dispenser.
4. Selecting Option (1 Cup/2 Cups): User chooses the brewing quantity via the
machine’s interface.
1.1.2 Business Requirements Model for preparation for coffee
Figure 2: Business Requirements of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
1. The machine should be used easily:
This requirement ensures the coffee machine’s design prioritizes intuitive
operation. A straightforward interface reduces user confusion, allowing
anyone to prepare coffee with minimal effort.
o The machine should have buttons: Physical buttons (e.g., for power,
1-cup/2-cup selection) provide tactile feedback and simplify
interactions. Buttons eliminate complex menus, ensuring users can
quickly start the preparation process.
2. The machine should operate consistently without frequent errors:
This requirement guarantees reliable performance during preparation,
preventing interruptions caused by missing inputs or system oversights.
o Indicate when pods are not inserted: Sensors detect if no pod is
loaded and trigger visual/audio alerts. This prevents wasted cycles
and ensures coffee pods are properly positioned before brewing.
o Indicate when water level is not sufficient: A water-level sensor
checks the container and alerts users if it’s empty or low. This
ensures brewing halts until water is refilled, avoiding damage from
dry operation.
o Indicate when cup is not placed: Sensors under the dispenser detect
missing cups and notify users. This prevents spills and ensures cups
are correctly positioned to receive coffee.
1.1.3 Functional Requirements Model for preparation for coffee
Figure 3: Functional Requirements of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
1. The machine should meet all performance specifications:
Ensures the coffee machine operates reliably under defined conditions
during preparation.
o Verify power stability (110–240V) before enabling operations:
Automatically checks voltage compatibility to prevent electrical
faults.
2. The machine should have different brewing options:
Provides flexibility in brewing quantity to meet user preferences.
o Offer 1 or 2 cup quantity selection via a button: Uses a dedicated
button to let users choose between single or double servings.
3. The machine should monitor performance specifications:
Monitors if everything is working correctly or not
o Monitor water level and trigger alerts: Detects low/empty water
containers and notifies users to refill before brewing.
o Detect missing pods and indicate errors: Alerts users if no coffee
pod is inserted, avoiding incomplete brewing cycles.
o Detect missing cups and indicate errors: Ensures cups are positioned
under the dispenser to prevent spills.
1.1.4 Activity Diagram Flow for preparation for coffee
Figure 4: Activity Diagram of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
Before brewing, the coffee machine performs a series of checks. First, it verifies
that the power supply is stable using a voltage sensor. If the voltage is within the
acceptable range (110-240V), it proceeds to check the water level. If there's
enough water, the user can select the desired brewing quantity (1 or 2 cups) using
a button. Next, the machine uses a pod detector to confirm that a coffee pod has
been inserted. If not, an alert prompts the user to do so. Finally, a weight detector
checks for the presence of cups in the designated position. Once all these checks
are successfully completed, the machine is ready to brew. If any check fails, an
alert (light or sound) is triggered, guiding the user to rectify the issue before
brewing can commence.
1.1.5 Functional Architecture Diagram for preparation for coffee
Figure 5: Functional Architecture of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
Defines the core functional components and their alignment with system
requirements to ensure reliable coffee machine preparation.
Key Functional Components:
1. Voltage Sensor:
o Monitors input voltage (110–240V).
o Directly supports Requirement 2.1 (meet performance specifications)
by ensuring safe electrical operation.
2. Check Voltage (110–240V):
o Validates stable power supply before enabling operations.
o Prevents damage from voltage fluctuations.
3. Select Cup Quantity:
o Allows users to choose between 1-cup or 2-cup brewing.
o Addresses Requirement 2.3 (different brewing options).
4. Water Level Indicator:
o Detects water availability in the container.
o Supports Requirement 1.3 (operate consistently) by preventing dry
operation.
5. Pod Detector:
o Checks if a coffee pod is inserted.
o Aligns with Requirement 1.3 to avoid incomplete brewing cycles.
6. Cup Detector :
o Confirms cups are placed under the dispenser.
o Ensures spills are avoided, fulfilling Requirement 1.3.
7. Indicate Missing Inputs:
o Triggers alerts (light/sound) for missing pods, cups, or low water.
1.1.6 Logical Architecture Diagram for preparation for coffee:
Defines how logical components interact to enforce input validation, error
detection, and user communication during preparation.
Figure 6: Logical Architecture of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
Key Logical Components:
1. Alert Indicator:
o Role: Communicates alerts (lights/sounds) to the user for missing
inputs (water, pod, cup).
2. Input Validation Controller:
o Role: Validates all inputs (power, water, pods, cups) before allowing
brewing.
o Sub-Components:
Power Supply Validation: Checks voltage stability (110–240V).
Water Level Sensor: Detects water availability.
Cup Detector Sensor: Confirms cups are placed.
Pod Detection Sensor: Verifies pods are inserted.
3. Function Interconnection Models:
o Voltage Sensor: Directly feeds data to Power Supply Validation to
ensure safe operation .
o Water Level Indicator: Monitors water levels and sends alerts
via Alert Indicator .
o Cup Detector: Validates cup placement and triggers alerts if missing .
o Pod Detector: Checks pod insertion and notifies the user if absent .
o Select Cup Quantity: Allows users to choose 1/2 cups via a button.
Interconnections:
Sensors (Water Level, Cup, Pod) → Input Validation Controller → Alert
Indicator.
o If inputs are missing, the controller triggers alerts to resolve issues.
Power Supply Validation → Voltage Sensor → Ensures stable voltage .
1.1.7 Cyber Physical System Diagram for preparation for coffee:
This layer represents physical components of the pod coffee machine that
interact with logical elements (software/control systems) in other layers (i.e.,
Functional, Integration).
Communication flows as:
Physical Asset → Logical Element → Main Control System
Figure 7: Cyber-Physical System of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
1. Power & Validation Subsystem: This subsystem ensures the machine has a
stable power supply and that all components are functioning correctly. The power
supply validator monitors the voltage (110-240V) and sends its status to the
Preparation Control System, which acts as the central brain of the machine.
2. Monitoring & Safety Subsystem: This subsystem is responsible for the safe
operation of the coffee machine. The water level monitor tracks the amount of
water in the reservoir and alerts the control system to prevent dry heating. The
alert system, using a buzzer, LED, or display, notifies the user of any issues such as
low water levels or pod misalignment. Finally, the pod & cup validation unit
ensures that both the coffee pod and cup are correctly positioned before brewing
begins.
3. User Interaction Subsystem: This subsystem facilitates user interaction with
the machine. The user input interface, typically consisting of buttons, allows users
to select their desired no.of cups. These inputs are then translated into
instructions for the control system. Additionally, an interface, likely using
indicator lights, provides feedback to the user on the brewing progress and any
potential errors.
4. Core Control Subsystem: This is the central system of the coffee machine. The
preparation control system, likely a microcontroller, gathers data from the various
sensors and validators in the other subsystems. It then uses this information to
execute the brewing process, coordinating all the steps involved in making a cup
of coffee.
1.1.8 PPR DIAGRAM for preparation for coffee:
Figure 8: PPR of CD Layer for preparation for coffee
PRODUCTS:
The water level sensor ensures there is enough water for brewing, while a button
allows users to select their preferred cup quantity. A cup detector verifies the
presence and correct placement of a cup, and a pod detector ensures that a
coffee pod is properly inserted. If any issues arise, an alert indicator (LED or
buzzer) provides visual or auditory warnings, such as low water levels, missing
pods, or power instability.
PROCESS:
The power stability check ensures that the machine operates within a safe voltage
range (110-240V) and triggers alerts if fluctuations occur. The water level
validation process prevents brewing if there is insufficient water. The cup quantity
selection process allows users to adjust brewing parameters based on their
selection. Additionally, the pod and cup detection process ensures that both
components are in place before brewing begins. If any of these conditions are
unmet, the trigger alerts process activates LEDs or buzzers to notify the user.
RESOURCE:
At the core of the system is the microcontroller, which serves as the central
control unit, managing inputs from these sensors, executing processes, and
triggering necessary outputs like heating water or activating pumps
