GATEWAY INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
Jebadakal Street, Kazhipattur. Padur,
OMR Chennai 603103
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: PREPARATION OF SOAP
SUBMITTED BY: GOVIND KRISHNA
CLASS AND SECTION: XII B
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025
SUBJECT TEACHER: Mrs. ANILA
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CBSE ROLL NO.:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Govind Krishna
Reg.No ._____________of Class XII B of Gateway
International School has successfully
completed his project in Physics on the topic "
FORMATION OF SOAP" for the fulfilment of
AISSCE as prescribed by the CBSE during the
year 2024-2025.
School seal signatures of
Subject Teachers
Signature of Signature of
Principal External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thank Almighty god for showering me with divine
blessings.
With immense gratitude I thank Mrs. Susan Victoria, Principal,
Gateway International School for giving me an opportunity for doing
this project and for providing all the necessary facilities for completing
the project in time
I thank my Physics Teacher, , who guided and helped me in doing this
project completely. I wish to place a record of my profound feeling of
gratitude for her valuable guidance and support.
I would also like to thank my parents for their valuable practical and
theoretical guidance and constant encouragement that have been a
source of inspiration for this entire project.
Finally, last but not the least, my thanks to all my reputed friends for
helping me to do this project with good outlay and nicety.
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INDEX
S.NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 Introduction
2 Micelle
Apparatus
Chemical required
The making of soap
Properties
The universe of
soaps.
Biodegradable & non
biodegradable soaps.
Difference between
soap and detergents
Experiment.
Conclusion
Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION.
In chemistry, soap is classified as a salt of a fatty acid
and is primarily utilized as a surfactant for washing,
bathing, and cleaning purposes. Fats and oils consist of
triglycerides, where three molecules of fatty acids are
bonded to a single molecule of glycerol. The chemical
reaction known as saponification occurs when an alkaline
solution, often referred to as lye, is introduced. This
reaction breaks down the triglyceride molecules,
resulting in the formation of glycerol and fatty acid salts,
which constitute soap molecules.
Soap molecules possess a hydrophilic (water-attracting)
polar end and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) long non-
polar chain. This unique structure enables soap to form
emulsions by suspending oil in water. The polar end
interacts with water molecules, while the non-polar chain
interacts with oil molecules, facilitating the removal of
dirt and grease from surfaces when rinsed with water.
This property makes soap an effective cleansing agent
for a variety of applications
Fatty end of water soluble end
CH3-(CH2)n-COONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules
have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolve in water, as
well as a hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non-
polar grease molecules.
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MICELLE
micelle is a molecular structure that forms when certain
molecules, such as soap molecules (surfactants), are
dispersed in a liquid, typically water. In a micelle, the
surfactant molecules arrange themselves in a spherical
shape with the hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads
facing outward, interacting with the surrounding water
molecules, while the hydrophobic tails are oriented
inward, shielded from the water.
APPARATUS
Beakers ,stalagmometer(drop pipette) ,test tube ,petri
dishes ,stopwatch
CHEMICAL REQUIRED
The washing soap is prepared from the following
chemicals.
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Mahuwa oil =100g
Caustic soda =25g
Starch =25g
Water =150mL
PROCEDURE
1. Dissolve caustic soda in 150 ml of water. This solution
is called lye. Let this soda lye cool
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50 g starch with it.
Remove the flame and allow the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda lye are at about the same
temperature (which can be tested by putting a finger in
each of them at the same time), add soda lye to the oil in
a thin stream, stirring the mass constantly well with a
wooden rod till the whole lye has been added. A creamy
pasty mass is obtained.
4. Stirr the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained.
Transfer it into an iron mould or a wooden frame. Cover
the mould or frame with a wooden board or a gunny bag
and leave it for a few hours.
5. Remove the flame and take out the soda slab. Cut it
with the help of a wire into cakes of desired size. Soaps
from groundnut oil as well as coconut oil are prepared by
same procedure
THE MAKING OF SOAP
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There are three main ingredients in plain soap: oil or fat,
lye (alkali), and water. Other ingredients may be added
to impart pleasant Odors or colours to the soap or to
enhance its skin-softening properties. Some soap is
better made using soft water, which necessitates either
the use of rainwater or the addition of borax to tap water.
Lyes are extremely caustic and can cause burns if they come into contact
with the skin, blindness if splashed in the eyes, and can be fatal if
ingested. Therefore, it is essential to handle lyes and 'green' (uncured)
soap with care.
There are two types of soap: soft soap and hard
soap
Soft soap can be made using either a cold process or a
hot process, while hard soap can only be made using
the hot process.
A. Preparation of soap solution
(i)Weigh equal quantities (0.5 g) of the different
detergents.
(ii) Make the solutions of equal weight(0.5 g) of these
detergents in a fixed volume (100 mL) of water.
For making solutions, following precautions should be
observed.
1.Avoid foam formation: weighed quantity of
detergent is added to a preheated and premeasured
volume of water in a beaker. Solution is made by gently
swirling the solution or by gently stirring with a glass rod.
Solution is allowed to cool down to room temperature.
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2. Avoid gel formation: Soaps particularly form gels in
water at room temperature even when concentrations
are as low as about 5%. These will not flow from capillary
tubes. Either surface tensions are measured at
temperatures of 40°C or above or concentrations made
may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5%
3. Free from suspended particles: The solution should
be free from suspended particles which if present will
block the capillary tube. The solution is allowed to stand
for a while for insoluble
impurities to settle down. It may be filtered while hot, if
necessary.
B. Comparing their surface tensions
(i) Attach a small piece of clean rubber tubing (free from
dust), provided with a pinch screw to the upper end of
the stalagmometer (Fig.). The purpose of the pinch clamp
is to control the rate of flow of liquid by limiting the influx
of air.
(ii) Clean the stalagmometer with hot chromic acid
solution (K2Cr2O + conc. H₂SO₄) to remove grease, etc.,
and then wash it with distilled water and finally rinse it
with alcohol and ether, successively. Then dry it by
passing hot air.
(iii) To fill the stalagmometer, open the pinch clamp,
immerse the dropping tip in soap solution no. 1. suck at
the end of the rubber tube until the stalagmometer is
filled 1 - 2 cm. above the mark A and then close the
clamp. The pinch clamp is so adjusted as to allow 10-15
drops to come out per minute.
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Note: Filling in the stalagmometer is also done by very gentle
suction to avoid foam formation.
(iv) Clamp the stalagmometer in the stand. Solution is
then allowed to fall under its own weight and start
counting the number of drops when the meniscus passes
the upper mark A and stop counting-when it passes the
lower mark B. Make three or four measurements.
(v) Rinse the stalagmometer with alcohol and ether
successively and dry it by passing hot air.
determination of surface tension by stalagmometer using drop
number method
(vi) Suck the solution no. 2 and count the drops in the
same way as in the case of first solution and make three
or four measurements.
Check that the results do not differ by more than one
part in the hundred.
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