basics of Linux OS and comman commands

----------------------------------------
Agenda:
Linux Operating system
Ubuntu commands with AWS vm instance

Introduction to Linux essential commands for everyone

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What is Linux?
------------------
Open source Operating system:

The linux is free to use and everyone have freedom to contributed to its
development. The code used to create linux is free and available to the
public to view, edit and for users with the appropriate skill to
contribute to

Written in C and assembly

Developed by linus torvalds,1991

Arch of Linux Operating system

----------------------------------

Linux basics commands categories

--------------------------------------
System and hardware informatation
User informatation and mgt
File and directory commands
file editing and navigation inside files
Piping and i/o redirection
Analysis and file manipulation commands
Wildcard chars
Package management
Services and Process mgt
file permission

System and hardware informatation

----------------------------------
whoami #The whoami command displays your login name

uname -a # display linux system informations

uname -r # display kernel release informations

uptime # display how long system is running

hostname # display hostname of the system

last # when the system has been last rebooted

date

cal
free # allows you to check for memory RAM on your system or
to check the memory statics of the Linux operating system.

lscpu # get CPU information of the system

pwd #pwd command in Linux stands for "print working directory"

df # used to display the disk space used in the file system

echo # display the text passed in as an argument

histroy # lists and annotates the last 1000 commands issued in the terminal

id #print the real and effective user and group IDs

Linux directory structure

--------------------------
/ root of file syste

/root: home dir of root user

/home default dir of all users (except root user)

boot contain file used to boot the system

dev all device driver reside here hd user etc

etc system configuration files etc/os-release

mnt intended for mount points to removable or temporary files storage

opt installed 3rd party sw

proc info about running process store here

root home dir of root user

usr/sbin system binary used by admin store here

snap where the files and folders from installed snap packages appear on your
system

srv The /srv directory points to the location of data files for a specific
service.
For example, if you are running a web server,
your HTML files would go into /srv/http or /srv/www.
If you were running an FTP server, your files would go into /srv/ftp.

sys /sys is another virtual directory like /proc and /dev and
also contains information from devices connected to your computer

tmp used to store the data used by the system and user applications to
store the data that are needed for a short period of time

usr directory that contain files and utilities share bw the users

var contain files that can change size, logs etc

swich to root user:
-------------------
sudo su -
sudo su busycoderacademy
logout

File and directory commands

---------------------------
pwd

cd
ls
various options
-l long and details listing
-a hidden files
-t sort by modification time
-u access time
-r reverse listing
-R list sub directories

mkdir used to make dir

------------------------
create dir foo and bar

mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3

ls -R dir

mkdir -p dir4/{dir5, dir6}

absolute and relative path

-------------------------
. current working dir
.. parent dir

cd .
cd ..
cd ../../..

cd ~ : go to home dir
cd - : go to previous working dir

file editing and navigation inside files

----------------------------------
vi/vim/nano/gedit etc

India is a country in Asia.

sky is blue
India is the second most populated country in the world
India is the largest democracy in the world
India has many different cultures and religions
India is famous for its food, music, and dance
India has many beautiful places to visit, such as the Taj Mahal and the Himalayas
India is a land of great diversity, with people from all walks of life
India is a country with a rich history and culture
India is a country with a bright future
I am proud to be an Indian

cat

more
more /etc/services

less

head/tail

Ex:
head facts.txt
head -n 3 facts.txt
tail -n 2 facts.txt

copying , moving ,deleting files/ Copy Files and Directories in Linux

---------------------------------
cp

If the `cp` command contains two file names,

it copies the contents of the first file to the second file.
If the second file doesn’t exist, it is created, and the content is copied into
it.
However, if the second file already exists, it is overwritten without warning.

Ex:
cp hi.txt raj/
cp cats.txt /tmp/cat2.txt
cp f1 f2 f3 /tmp

copying dir with contents

--------------------------
mkdir cities
cd cities
touch delhi paris tokyo
ls cd ..

cp -r cities /temp : -r recursively copy files to an dir

Ex:
mkdir d1 d2 d3
cp -r d1 d2 d3 /tmp

moving one file : mv

----------------------
Two Distinct Functions of `mv` Command
1) Renaming a file or directory.
2) Moving a file or directory to another location

mv cats.txt /tmp
mv f1 f2 f3 /d2

move dir
----------
mv d3 d2 put d3 inside d2

mv d1 d2 big

Removing empty dir

-----------------
rmdir d1

removing files
----------------
rm file1 file2

removing non empty dir

-----------------------
rm -rf garbage

Piping and i/o redirection

-------------------------------
Pipe is used to send O/P of one command to the I/P of another command

Ex: redirecting std o/p

head -n 5 facts.txt | tail -n 1

lscpu | head -n 5|tail -n 1

I/P and o/p redirects:

linux commands works on 3 different steams of data

std input --> stdin terminal 0

std output --> stdout terminal 1
std error --> stderr terminal 2

Ex: redirecting std O/P

date > mydate.txt
echo "l love programming" > mydate.txt

What is file descriptor

date> mydate.txt ====> date 1>mydate.txt

1: refer file descriptor 1 (std output)

Ex:
cat demo.txt blabla 2> error.txt
cat demo.txt blabla 1> output.txt
reading both std op and std error to the same file:
cat demo.txt blabla > all.txt 2>1

redirecting std error

cat blabla 2>error.txt

rm blabla 2 >> error.txt

discarting errors
cat blabla 2> /dev/null : /dev/null is just like gc

Ex: redirecting std i/p

read message < mydate.txt
echo $message

Analysis and file manipulation commands

----------------------------------------
diff : compare content of two files and highlight the difference
Ex:
cp f1.txt f2.txt
echo "i love linux" >> f2.txt
diff f1.txt f2.txt

du : disk usages file/dir size

du dir

wd : counting char/words/lines from a text

wc -l f1.txt lines
wc -w f1.txt words
wc -c f1.txt char

wc f1.txt

file : viewing file types

file /var directory

file f1.txt ASCII file

sort : sort text files

sort facts.txt
sort -r facts.txt

grep :searches a file for a particular pattern of characters and displays all
lines that contain that pattern

grep green facts.txt

ls | grep txt

grep -i earth facts.txt

-i case insensative search
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/grep-command-in-unixlinux/

sed :SED command in UNIX stands for stream editor and it can perform lots of
functions on file like searching, find and replace, insertion or deletion

sed 's/sky/cloud/' facts.txt : replace sky with cloud just display

sed -i 's/sky/cloud/' facts.txt : replace sky with cloud edit original

file

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sed-command-in-linux-unix-with-examples/

cut : cutting text print only portion of the file

cut -d ' ' -f 1,3 facts.txt

-d : delimiter
' ': seperator
f 1: first field
3 :third field

awk : Powerful tool to analysis and process text data

awk '{print $1}' facts.txt

awk '{print $1 $2}' facts.txt

Note ' ' is default delimiter

better then cut command, it can work even if have many spaces in the line

Wildcard chars
---------------
* ====> Match any char
? ==> Match single char
[char]====> Match char that are members of the set
ex [abc]
[!char]====> Not Match char that are members of the set
ex [!abc]

[[:class]]====>[[:alpha:]] all alphabets

Ex:
ls -l *.txt
ls -l f*
ls -l ???
ls -l ???.txt
ls -l [af]*
ls -l [!af]*.txt

touch one Two 7wounder GITA1

ls -l *[[:upper:]]*
ls -l *[[:digit:]]*

Package management
------------------
Package is compressed archive file that contains all the nessary file for a
particular s/w
to run

dpkg (debian package mgt)

rpm( redhat package mgt)

RPM and YUM are both package managers for Linux. R

PM is a packaging format, while YUM is the command used to install packages.

update all install packages

apt-get update (updated list of packages)
apt-get upgrade (actually update)

ex:

apt-get update #update list of packages

apt-get upgrade # actually update the packages

apt-get download cmatrix # donwnload

dpkg -c cmatrix_2.0-2_amd64.deb #content inside it
dpkg -i cmatrix_2.0-2_amd64.deb
runnning:
cmatrix

one go: apt-get install cmatrix

removing packages: apt-get remove cmatrix

remove package config files : apt-get purge cmatrix

Configure apache2
cat /etc/os-release

apt install apache2 -y

apt show apache2 getting package information

apt remove apache2

Services and Process mgt

--------------------------
Services?
Program that run in the background outside the intrractive control
of system user as they lacking interface

systemctl and services

systemctl list-unit-files # list all the servies that run in the background
like ssh cron
systemctl list-unit-files | grep ssh

Note: what is the difference bw enable and start

enable: means that service remain alive after system restart
disable: we need to manually restart

start: start the service

systemctl status apache2

systemctl stop <service>

systemctl stop apache2

systemctl start <service>

systemctl start apache2

systemctl disable <service>

systemctl disable apache2

systemctl enable <service>

systemctl enable apache2

service <service> start

service <service> stop
service <service> restart
service <service> reload
service --status-all
service <service> start

Process Management
-------------------
A process in linux is a program in execution
it is a running instance of a program
any command that you execute start a process

process id: uniquly identified process

window taskmanager

process monitoring: every process need ram + cpu

to monitor we use various commands

Commands
---------
ps
kill
top
nice
umstat
df
pstree
free
ps: process state
------------------
ps : process of current terminal
ps -e : all process informations
ps -ef : full formate
ps -ef | more
ps -ef | grep -i ssh
ps -ef | grep -i apache

ps -aux | more very useful commands display cpu memory usages very similar to
taks manager

ps -u username process related to some user

ps -eH (process tree)

within one process, other sub process can run
to see all that in tree formate

kill command:
-----------
Kill command send signal to a process to terminate, start stop etc
This can terminalte a process, intrept/ suspend/crash
you must own that process
or login as root user

example:

kill -l : show all signals

1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP

6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
16) SIGSTKFLT 17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ
26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH 29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR
31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN 35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3
38) SIGRTMIN+4 39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8
43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 47) SIGRTMIN+13
48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12
53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7
58) SIGRTMAX-6 59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2
63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX

sleep 100 &

kill -2 pid

kill -1 pid : restart

kill -2 pid : ctrl +C
kill -9 pid : kill forcefully
kill -15 pid : kill gracefully

ps -ef |grep -i apache2

kill -1 pid restart apache2 server
top command
--------------
top command display resouces cpu, ram occupied by processes
dynamically
used to monitor load on machine

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+

PID: Shows task’s unique process id.

PR: The process’s priority. The lower the number, the higher the priority.

VIRT: Total virtual memory used by the task.

USER: User name of owner of task.

%CPU: Represents the CPU usage.

TIME+: CPU Time, the same as ‘TIME’, but reflecting more granularity through
hundredths of a second.

SHR: Represents the Shared Memory size (kb) used by a task.

NI: Represents a Nice Value of task. A Negative nice value implies higher
priority,
and positive Nice value means lower priority.

%MEM: Shows the Memory usage of task.

RES: How much physical RAM the process is using, measured in kilobytes.

COMMAND: The name of the command that started the process.

nice command
-----------------
nice and renine only super user cand run
renice: used to alter priority for running processes
nice: we can launch a process with user defined scheduling priorities

A process with -19 0 +20

highest lowest

Ex
sleep 400 &
ps -eo pid,euser,stat,pcpu,pmem,ni,command
ps -eo pid,euser,stat,pcpu,pmem,ni,command | grep -i sleep
renice -15 5332

renice -15 -u raj it will change priority of raj user

only superuser can increse priority
user mangement and permissions
----------------------------
user information is store in /etc/passwd

cat /etc/passwd

username: passwrd: user id: group id: comments: home dir: bash

users : system user

service user

Example: we want to create 4 users:

dev:

gun
kesh

tester:

ekta
vicky

first change password of root user:

------------------------------
sudo su -
sudo passwd
adding users:

----------------
switch back to root user:
su
and provide the password
--------------------------

useradd -m -s /bin/bash gun

useradd -m -s /bin/bash kesh

-m : make home dir for user

-s : use specific shell

adding more users

useradd -m -s /bin/bash ekta
useradd -m -s /bin/bash vicky

now assign passwords

--------------------
passwd gun
passwd kesh
passwd ekta
passwd vicky
 cat /etc/passwd
------------------
gun:x:1002:1003::/home/gun:/bin/bash
kesh:x:1003:1004::/home/kesh:/bin/bash
ekta:x:1004:1005::/home/ekta:/bin/bash
vicky:x:1005:1006::/home/vicky:/bin/bash

create and delete user:

------------------------
useradd -m -s /bin/bash foo
userdel -r foo

groups :collection of users share same role and purpose

cat /etc/group
group name: group pw: group id: hash value

gun:x:1003:
kesh:x:1004:
ekta:x:1005:
vicky:x:1006:

adding user to the group

-------------------------------
Primary group: login group
default same name as that of usre
only one

sec group: supplimenty group

optional

we want to add gun kesh --------> dev group

ekta vicky -----> tester group

steps :
groupadd dev # creating dev group
usermod -aG dev gun # add gun to the dev group
usermod -aG dev kesh

groupadd tester # creating tester group

usermod -aG tester ekta # add ekta to the tester group
usermod -aG tester vicky

Now use id command to check group of an user

---------------------------------------
id gun
uid=1002(gun) gid=1003(gun) groups=1003(gun),1007(dev)

let we add ekta to sec group ie dev group

---------------------------------------------
usermod -aG dev ekta
id ekta
uid=1004(ekta) gid=1005(ekta) groups=1005(ekta),1007(dev),1008(tester)

Now ekta is part of 2 groups

now try to switch to different user and check

su ekta

File Ownership and permission

---------------------------------
Every file is owned by specific user and group

su - gun

echo "some demo stuff by gun">> demo.txt

ls -l demo.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 gun gun 23 Jan 6 05:54 demo.txt

user gr

changing file owership (chown)

--------------------------
chown user:group file

ls -l demo.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 gun gun 23 Jan 6 05:54 demo.txt

chown kesh:dev demo.txt

Want root to be owner of the demo.txt

chown root demo.txt

File permission:
-------------
Every file is assigned permission to
3 different entities

R W X
4 2 1

owner
group
everyone else

find file permission

-----------------------------
chown gun:dev demo.txt

ls -l demo.txt
-rw-rw-r--

owner: gun: can read and write

group : read write
other: only read

now change the file permission

chmod 700 demo.txt

now switch back to kesh : he can not read the file

chmod o+w demo.txt