dian Baptists

orkin

Malcolm L. Orchard

BV
3265
069
 CANADIAN BAPTISTS
AT WORK IN INDIA

BY
REV. M. L. ORCHARD, M.A., B.D.

MISSIONARY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

OF THE
FOREIGN MISSION BOARD

223 CHURCH STREET, TORONTO.

1922
measure of our indebtedness to Miss K. S. McLaurin
who has so -generously and effectively co-operated in
this way. Scarcely less significant is the assistance
rendered by Messrs. Chute, H. Dixon Smith and Dr.
J. R. Stillwell, as well as by Mrs. Chute. Invaluable
assistance has been given by the General Secretary,
Rev. H. E. Stillwell, and Professor J. H. Farmer, of
McMaster University, who have read all the proof
and made, many valuable suggestions.
M. L. Orchard,
Toronto, July 20th, 1922.
 INTRODUCTION.
The Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board has
pleasure in sending forth to its Dominion-wide con
stituency this Mission study book prepared by the
Assistant General Secretary, Rev. M. L. Orchard,

M.A., BJD. Discerning readers will learn without

surprise that six and one-half years experience a
a missionary of the Board, at Bobbili, India, lies
behind the keen observation of the conditions and
problems of the Indian peoples and the intimate

knowledge of gospel work in all its phases which are

characteristic of the volume throughout. The
thoughtful and well ordered survey herein present
ed provides, in a concise and interesting way, all
the information which is needed for a good general
understanding of the various aspects of the work of
Canadian Baptists in India.
The volume has been written, at the request of the

Board, primarily for the Young People s Societies

of Canada, who have adopted it as their study text
for 1922-23; but is equally suitable for use by Wo
men s Circles. Mission Band leaders, also, will find
within its pages a wealth of adaptable story mater
ial. Attention is drawn to the unusually large num-
ber of photo-illustrations which help so greatly to
illumine an already vivid text. The price, 25 cents

per copy, or 20 cents for clubs of five or more, places

the book within the reach of all. Orders should be
sent to the Missionary Education Department, Can
adian Baptist Foreign Mission Board, 233 Church
St., Toronto.
H. E. Stillwell,
General Secretary,

Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board.

July 20th, 1922.

 CONTENTS.

Chapter Page
I. India as a Mission Field 11

II. The Finest Art in the World 41

III. The Field Lady-iMissionary, by Miss Kate

S. McLaurin 66

IV. Mission Laboratories 85

V. Christianity in Action Ill

VI. Following the Great Physician Among

the Telugus 129

VII. Making Themselves Useless 152

VIII. Unfinished Business 179

IX. Missionaries Now on the Staff. . .199

 ILLUSTRATIONS.

Irrigating by Hand 13
India 15

Milking a Hindu Cow 17

India s Girls , 21

Aryans Eating Dinner 22

Siva s Temple, Cocanada 25
An Outcaste Village and Drinking Pond 28
Rev. Samuel S. Day 31

Indian Potters 33

The First Cablegram 35

The Telugu Chapel, Cocanada 36
First Union Conference, October, 1913 38

A Village Preacher and Family 43

The Yellamanchili Chapel 45

A Village School 49

Some New Leaders 51

The Vuyyuru Staff 55

The Ox-Cart 57

A House Boat 58

The Missionary on Tour 60

A Chapel-School House 62

The Samalkot Mission House 64

Baby s Morning Bath 67

Caste Girls . 72
A Christian Woman 78

Looking- Our Way 82

Group of Bible Women 83

The Akidu Boarding School 86
A Native Group 88

Boarding School Girls 90

Central Boarding School 91
Some Raw Material 94

Vizagapatam High School 103

Hudson Hall 104

Hindu Priest 106

Christian Preacher 107

Indian Saw Mill 114
Mat Makers 123

Dr. Smith Pulling Teeth ".

135

Memorial Ward For Lady Missionaries 142

Lepers 148

Elephantiasis 150

Baptismal Scene 155

Building a Church, No. 1 158

Building a Church, No. 2 160

Building a Church, No. 3 164

Some Fruits of Hinduism 168

Some Fruits of Christianity 170

Miss Minnie DeWolfe 190

Miss M. J. Frith. . . 191

 CHAPTER I.

INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

I. THE LAND.
Proud Proportions. India was the first of the

great Protestant Mission fields and she is still first

in the number of her missionaries as well as of her
converts. In size it is about half as big as Canada ;

and even half of our Dominion is a very large land.

With her 1,876,000 square miles, India is about equal
to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains,
or as big as all Europe without Russia. Her great
est extent from east to west is about 2500 miles and
from north to south, 2000 miles. The good land
scape Architect of India has designed everything
upon a stupendous scale, and her mountains, rivers,
plains and forests are laid out in proud proportions.

The Roof World. The Himalayas, which

of the
in Sanskrit means abode of snow", stretch
"the

across the northern part of the peninsula and the ;

land of India lies in the lee of this "roof of the

In a single valley of this royal range you
world."

could hide all of Switzerland with her Alps, her val

leys and her lakes combined. Here is Mount Ever
est,the highest peak on earth. Lift up your eyes to
these hills and you see upon a score of peaks, 1000
12 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
feet of virgin snow yet untrodden by any foot of
man.
Great Rivers. The Indus and the Brahmaputra,
which rise in these mountains, are fed by their eter
nal snows and are among the greatest rivers of the
world. Here is the sacred Ganges which pours
twice as much water into the sea per second as does
our own St. Lawrence. The Godavari and the Kist-
na are rivers of considerable size in the Telugu coun
try farther south. All of these rivers carry down
immense quantities of silt which being deposited
builds up large and fertile deltas. It is estimated
that the amount of soil carried down by the Ganges
during the four rainy months alone would load
24,000 steamships of 14,000 tons each.
Vast Plains. -Watered by these rivers are vast
and fertile plains each of which sustains scores of
millions of people. Their chief features are their
featureless flatness, their splendid spaciousness, and
their numerous villages. The one plain watered by
the Indus and the Ganges sustains more than 15
times the total population of Canada.
Arable Land and Irrigation. Canada has about
300 million acres of land for farming, while India
fit

has some 350 million acres. In Canada 50 million

acres are actually under cultivation, in India more
than 200 million acres are cultivated. Owing to the
uncertainty of the rainfall irrigation is necessary
over very large areas. There is in all India a tract
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 13

oi nearly a million square miles, or more than one

halt of the entire country, which, in the absence of

Irrigating by Hand.

irrigation, cannot be deemed secure against the un

certainty of the seasons and the scourge of famine.
14 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
While very primitive methods of raising water are
much used by the Indian cultivator, Government ir
rigation of the most modern type is making extra
ordinary progress. In 1920 while the United States
was irrigating 15 million acres, India, through 66,000
miles of main and branch canals, was irrigating 30
million acres. At present good progress is being
made in new projects which will add 8 million
acres to the irrigated tract.

Agriculture. One of the best agricultural ex

periment stations in the world is to be found at Pusa,

India, where trained experts are working out her

problems. There are also seven agricultural col
leges in the land, and their work is being constantly
extended. "Great areas of land, at present either
wholly unutilized
or insufficiently exploited, lie
ready to yield, after the application of labor, man
ure, and water, tons of valuable crops." Already
the areas under improved varieties of crops are en
ormous in the aggregate and yet they are trifling
;

compared with what can be and will be done in the

future.

Rice. The total area under cultivation in the

prairie provinces of Canada
year was 36 million
last

acres, while the rice crop alone in India occupied 80

million acres. By the improvement of the seed the
more than 25 per cent. The
yield has been increased
demand for
improved seed supplied by the Agricul
tural Department far outruns the supply.
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 15

Rats and Rice. The

total rat population of India
is estimated at about 800 millions. Experiments
show that the average rat consumes about 6 pounds
of grain a year; and their upkeep costs the country

India

some 75 million dollars annually. These rats, how

ever, may contain the souls of deceased relatives or
they may be a manifestation of the wrath of the
gods; therefore, to protest against them would be
impiety. There are many other pests of course, all
ofwhich are being studied and fought as fast as the
apathy of the cultivator often born of religious be
lief can be overcome.
Wheat. The wheat acreage in India last year,
16 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

30,000,000 acres, slightly exceeded that of Western

Canada. The yield in Western Canada of 300 mil
lion bushels, on the other hand, quite exceeded In
dia s yield of 230 millions. The India crop is of a
low grade and does not fetch good prices in the
world s market. Improved seed, however, has al
ready made the crop worth $5 an acre more to the
cultivator.

Sugar. India has a larger area under sugar cane

than any other country in the world in fact, she has
;

half of the world sacreage. Her normal output,

however, is but one-fourth of the world s cane sugar
supply. In this as in the other cases the Agricul
tural Department is giving splendid assistance to the
cultivators. The prospect for Indian sugar may be
indicated by the recent organization of the Indiap
Sugar Corporation with a capital of 25 million dol
lars.

Cotton. Next to the United States, India is the

greatest cotton grower in the world, with an area of
23 million acres under cultivation. In one year,
recently, the Agricultural Department distributed
over three million pounds of improved seed in one
province alone.

Jute. The world s supply of jute fibre is ob

tained almost entirely from India. The annual crop
is worth about 125 million dollars.

Tea, Tobacco, Rubber and Coffee. These are all

 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 17

grown extensively. Enough tea is grown in India

each year to provide each man, woman and child in
Canada with 30 pounds. The tobacco crop weighs,
when cured, 500 million pounds that of the United
;

States about 600 million pounds.

Cattle. If we count buffaloes as well as oxen,

there are in British India 146 million head of cattle.
United States is the next great cattle country; but

Milking a Hindu Cow.

with twice the territory she has but half the num
ber. From the dairy standpoint the Indian cow is
very poor. An average cow will give two quarts of
milk a day if you feed it well and keep the calf to
start the milk.
18 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
Forests. The forest areas in India cover one-
seventh of the entire country and are owned by the
State. A considerable portion of this vast area has
been brought under regular scientific management
and yields a large revenue to the State. Fuel, tim
bers for construction, railroad ties and furniture are
largely produced. Teak wood is king both in qual
ityand quantity but deodar, sandalwood and black-
;

wood are extensively produced. The laws of Can

ada are enacted upon floors of teak grown in British
India.

Roads. There are 55,000 miles of metalled roads

in this great land with half of Canada s area. These
roads are, for the most part, lined on either side
with trees which convert them into shaded avenues.
Milestones and furlongstones tell the weary ox-cart-
travellerwhether he is making the usual progress of
two miles an hour.

Railways. Canada with her 39,000 miles of

track is the third country in the world in this re
spect and India follows with 37,000 miles. These
roads are practically all standard guage and laid up
on a macadamised road-bed. Through-trains, with
sleeping accommodation and dining-car service,
make as -good time as our own Trans-Canada trains.

Posts and Telegraph. The last man in the least

of India s 720,000 villages be reached by her
may
postal system which covers 160,000 miles of main
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 19

line and employs 100,000 officials. The mail runner

is employed on no less than 50 per cent, of the mail
lines. For the rest, railways, horses, sea and river
craft, mail carts, camels and tongas are employed.
The Telegraph Department operates 90,000 miles of
line and cable carrying 370,000 miles of wire. A
special Wireless Branch of the Telegraph Depart
ment, recently set up under English experts, is mak
ing considerable progress. Aviation, too, is receiv
ing attention and a Calcutta-Rangoon mail service is
being developed.

Value -Post-Pay able. The Parcel Post System is

perhaps here more complete than in Canada or the

United States. In Madras, Bombay and Calcutta are
large institutions similar to those in this country
known as "T. Eaton" and "Simpsons". These send
out catalogues galore. The customer makes out an
order and sends it in without the money. The order
is filled and presented to your own door by the "post-
peon", together with the bill called a "value-post-
payable." If the article has been delivered in a
satisfactory condition you pay the postman the price
and receive your goods.

Missionary Significance. One might go on writ

ing and writing of the almost unlimited resources
and their phenomenal development in this great
British Indian Empire. Enough has been said, how
ever, to give a hint of the commercial and economic
development which has taken place. That the en-
20 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

terprising British-India Government will go on west

ernizing India in a material manner is no longer a
question. The process is already fast being com
pleted. To materialize this land with its 320 mil
lions and not to give it the spiritual influence of

Christ, to westernize India and not to Christianize

her would be not alone a deplorable calamity to
the East but to the West as well. If the great war
-:

taught us anything it s surely this: The forces of

materialism, unguided, unrestrained and unrefined
by th ? finer principles of the Prince of Peace are no
longer safe and must not be trusted. To westernize
the East while we fa l to Christianize it is to pre
pare for another war so much greater than
the last that, compared with it, the last war will
seem like a school boy s skirmish. To think we
can escape the logical result of such a process is to
live in a fool s paradise. Now that the war is over
it Avill be worse than folly, it will be suicidal, if we

do not bend every energy to give the Gospel of peace

and love to these millions upon the other rim of the
Pacific whom no man can number and whom only
Christ can control. Some day India will be a great
self-governing unit within the British Commonwealth
of Nations. If that unit bo Christian, how glorious
will be its impact upon the rest of the world. If not
Christian, how inglorious! The missionary enter
prise thus becomes a great vital world serv ce of na
;

tional and international significance.

 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 21

II. THE PEOPLE

Three-fifths of the Empire. The population of
British India, as officially stated for 1921, is just un
This a ol! 1.2 per c:nt. in
der 320,000,000. is gain
ton years notwithstanding famin ,
plague, war and

India s Girls.

some eni gration. Although only half as big a::

Canada, India contains about 40 times our popula
tion and three-fifths of the people in the entire Bri;
ish Empire. There are people everywhere you g( .

It is hot in the daj^time, so they walk and talk; it :"s

cold in the nighttime, so they talk and walk. Day

or night, then, you are within sight or sound of these
moving murmuring millions.

Diversity of Races. Dark-skinned aboriginal

 22 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

tribes, the short squatty Dravidians, the fair Aryans,

and the Mongolians form the chief elements in the
mixed mass from which the peoples of India have
descended.

The Dravidians. Short, dark and with broad

noses, thesa people are found chiefly in the south,
where they form quite the leading- element in the
population. They probably came from the north
west and were pushed southwards by the Aryans.

The Aryans. The term "

Aryan" means noble

and the early Aryans were noble-featured, well-

Aryans Eating Dinner.

built, bright in mind, aggressive in spirit and de

voutly religious. Just where their ancestral home
was we cannot say with certainty. Two thousand
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 23

years, however, before the Christian era, and long-

before the days in which Moses led the children of
Israel out of Egypt, a stream of Aryans, moving-
south eastward, pushed through the Khaibar pass
and entered India from the north-west. Little by
little they spread south and east, overcoming the
aboriginal tribes, whom they included within the
pale of their religion, and pushing the Dravidians,
who were earlier in the land, farther and farther
south. As they did so, however, they inter-married
somewhat and accepted many non-Aryan ideas of
religion and culture.

Mongolians.At an early date large numbers of

people from the land now known as Ch na found
their way to the rich plains of the lower Ganges in
eastern Bengal. These, too, mingled with the super
ior Aryans, by whom their language was superseded.

Unity in Diversity, Five hundred years before

Christ these various racial elements met and blend
ed along the noble Ganges. The Aryans -greatly
predominated but every single idea and every ounce
;

of blood seems to have been used to produce the

culture, the philosophy, the religions, the races and

the varying characteristics which today make up that
all-inclusive yet very elusive idea INDIA. Despite
her many races, languages and religions, India is
still "a
unity, albeit in diversity."

Diversity of Languages. Varying statements are

made as to the number of languages spoken, but we
24 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
can safely accept that of W. E. S.Holland, who places
the number at 147. By far the most of these are
branches of two great families, th,? Aryan and J)ra-
vidian. More than 200 millions sp?ak some tongue
of the Aryan group which consists oL 12 major and
many minor branches. .Among these we mention
only Hindi, spoken by 82 millions, and Bengali, spo
ken by 48 millions. About .60 millions speak some
form of the Draviclian language which, has five .ma
jor and a number of minor representatives. Chief
among these are the Telugu, spoken by .23 millions,

and Tamil, used by 18 millions.

Diversity of Religions. Yes three out of every

!

five British subjects live in India; and of this vast

throng 98.5 per cent bow not the knee to the Lord
Jesus. -Hindus, of course, are greatly m the major
ity and number about 220 millions. Close upon 70
million Mohammedans under this Government
live
which ismore than live under, ,jmy oilier yule.
far
Buddlrsts number 11 millions, Animists 10 million,
Sikhs 3 m llion, Jains 1 million and Christians Hoim
5 millions. All kinds of beliefs and every gradat on
of each belief, from the best to the worst, are repre

sented in this strange medley of religions from the

extravagant polytheism of the Hindus with their

330 millions of gods to the most rigid monotheism;
from the philosophic pantheism of higher Hinduism
to the simple demon-worship of the Animists ;
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 25

the cold and distant god of Mohammed to the warm

and immanent Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.

-IP? I.

Siva s Temple, Cocanada

A Typical Religion. India is evidently not a

country ot one religion and yet Hinduism is the ty
r

pical religion of the Land. It is the sincere expres-

26 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
heart which
"

sion of India s is incurably religious"

and represents the Hindu s real attitude to life.

G-ods and Books. Barring none, the Hindu

people are the most "incorrigibly religious" of all
the human race. Their gods number 330 million;
but amongall this innumerable host there is none

righteous, no not one. They yearned for more per

sonal gods, so they made for themselves incarna
tions but these are no improvement upon the others.
;

The sacred literature of India would make a volume

equal to six t .mes our Bible. It would contain the

most philosophical religious literature known, the

longest epic poems in existence, psalms, prose and
puranas (Gospels). What is the meaning of all
these gods and books? S mply this: they represent
the history of India s long and ardent search,
through 3000 years, for a good God, a -satisfying
Saviour and a holy Book.

Transmigration. This doctrine of Hinduism

teaches that each soul is an emanation of the divine
spirit which is born again and again, times without
number. The same soul may be in this life a man ;

in the next, a god and in the next an animal.

;

Karma. This is the belief that every bit of good

or ill the exact reward or just retribu
in this life is

tion of the good or ill done in a previous life. Every

item then in each life is irrevocably fixed before we
e-nter it and there is no power in heaven or on earth
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 27

which can change it. India iscaught within the grip

of this unyielding fatalism which cuts the nerve of
all social effort.

Caste. This is the heart and soul of her religious

life and the sum total of India s social life. If one
is a good caste man, he is a good Hindu no matter
how bad he may morally; and
be, if he breaks caste
rules, he is a bad Hindu no matter how good he may
b3 morally. The letter here is everything and the
spirit is nothing.In all there are about 2300 dis
and more than 100,000 sub-divisions, no
tinct castes
two of which can intermarry. A man s caste is de
termined by his Karma it is his fate. ;

People of the Fifth Estate. These are the Pan-

chamas or Outcastes who number about 60 millions.

They are outside the pale of Hindu society and live

either beyond or upon the outskirts of the villages.
Schools, temples, some streets and even the water
supply of the caste Hindus are absolutely forbidden
to these people. A distinguished Indian reformer
Sir Narayan Chandavarkar said last year: "The
curse of untouchability prevails to this day in all
parts of India. It is not mere untouchability. It is
worse than that. While all of the depressed classes
have been for centuries untouchable, some have been
unshadowable, some unapproachable and some even
unseeable by the higher castes, and this degradation
has been imposed by these castes of Hindu society
on one-fifth of the total population of their own
28 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

country, race and creed on 30 per cent, of the

Hindu population oi India. Out of every ten Hin-

An Outcaste Village and Drinking Pond.

dus, three are treated as beyond the pale of decent

humanity/ These people too are outcaste because

of Karma ;
it is their fate.

Does India Need Christ? Here is just a glimpse

of what is at once the most varied, most difficult,
most significant and most promising of all the great
Mission fields of the world. Here is just a glimpse
of India with her wonderful natural resources and

splendid variety of physical features; with her great

 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 29

number and various types of people; with her num

erous languages and medley of religions; with her
unyielding fatalism and unsocial caste system; with
her 60 million outcastes and 70 million Mohamme
dans with her intense religious nature and her long
;

patient search after God. Does India need Christ?

Do thse things constitute any challenge to Chr stian
Canada?

HI. OUR SHARE

Dividing the Land. India, as we have seen, is a
larire land; but that part in which Canadian Bap
tists are at work, is not very large. India has been
divided up and parcelled out among the loading Pro
testant denominations of the world. Each denom
ination has taken its share. own
Generally speak
ing, the land has been
claimed; but, for practical
all

purposes, large sections ar? so thinly manned, both

with missionaries and with Indian Christian work
ers, that it would b? an exaggeration to say it is all

"occupied." Mr. Holland says, in "The Goal .of In

dia": "One hundred and thirteen millions of the
people of India live in districts so thinly staffed with
missionaries and other workers that there is not even
one Christian worker, Indian or English, to each
100,000 of th? population ...
In the Bengal
area 21 million live in 15 districts where there are
no nvssionaries of any kind." Altogether there are
about 146 Protestant Societies working in India and
30 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
some 5500 missionaries including the wives of mis
sionaries.

A Thousand Miles of Baptist Territory. It has

so happened in the providence of God and the pro
vision of geography that the Baptists of England,
Australia, Canada and the United States have taken
up territory adjacent to each other along the east
coast of India. Thus we have a continuous chain of
Baptist missions extending from Madras to Calcutta,
a distance of 1000 miles.

English Baptists. More than 100 years ago, as

everybody knows, Wm. Carey began work in Ser-
ampore, near Calcutta. Ever since that time Eng
lish Baptists have been occupying the territory along
the east coast of India from Calcutta down to our

northern field of Sompetta. Great progress has

been made in recent years, and the increase in mem
bership in the past 10 years has been 60%.

American Baptists. For more than 100 years, as

everybody also knows, the Northern Baptist Con

vention of the United States has been working in In
dia. Their first work there was begun in Burma by
Adoniram Judson. Perhaps it is not so well known
that their pioneer missionary to the Telugu country
was Rev. Samuel S. Day who was born and bred in
Ontario. Now they occupy the land from the city
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 31

of Madras with half a million people right up the

its

coast as far as our southern field of Avanagadda.

Rev. Sj

Canadian Baptists. More than 100 years ago,

too, as everybody may not know, Canadian Baptists
first attempted Foreign Mission work. In 1814 the
Nova Scotia Association which was meeting at Ches
ter made their first offering for the poor heathen.
The contribution of 8-13-0 was sent to the Auxil
iary Bible Society at Halifax. From this time on
the missionary spirit of Canadian Baptists assumes
definite and active proportions.
32 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD

Ontario and Quebec Baptists. All those who

have read "Beacon Lights" must remember the
wonderful story which is told on page 8. It hap
pened in Ontario, 1867, when the Baptist Convention
of Ontario and Quebec was meeting at Ingersoll.
"Rev. A. V. Timpany and his wife were solemnly
set apart for work in the foreign field .. . .

Spontaneously the people began to give. Such holy

enthusiasm and earnest liberality was never wit
nessed before even by the oldest members. Not
till after midnight did the meeting break up, for the

people would not go away until they had given of

their substance to the Lord." As .yet there was no
distinctive Canadian Baptist territory so Mr. and
Mrs. Timpany labored under the direction of the
American Bapt st Foreign Mission Society. He be
came the founder and first Principal of the Rama-
patam Theological Seminary. Two years later Efr.
and Mrs. McLaurin went out. They also began
work under the auspices of the American Society but
,

were largely supported by the Canadian Auxiliary.

They were associated with Dr. and Mrs. Clough in
the work at Ongole.

Thomas Gabriel. A Telugu named Thomas Ga

briel,who had been born in a good caste and edu
cated in England, was led to the light through the
work of the Lutheran Mission at Rajamundry. He
was baptized in Madras by Anthravady Dass of the
English Baptist Mission. Although he was drawing
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 33

a good salary from his Government position in the

Telegraph Department and was soon to receive a

Indian Potters

comfortable pension, he gave these up and began to

preach the Gospel to his own people. Through his
preaching at Cocanada about 150 members were
gathered and school work was established. Embar
rassed financially by the growing work, Mr. Gabriel
appealed to the Baptists of Ontario and Quebec to
take up the work. Dr. McLaurin, through whom
the appeal was made, offered to sever his connection
with the American Baptist Missionary Union and
opened up a distinctive Canadian Baptist field.

An Independent Mission. In 1873 the Board de

cided to take up the work begun by Mr. Gabriel.
34 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
The American Baptist Missionary Union cordially
though reluctantly, agreed to release Mr. McLaurin.
At 4 o clock on Tuesday afternoon, October 28th,
1873, Dr. Fyfe sent the following message from Bos
ton "Go to Cocanada on basis of your letter send
:
;

resignation." The message reached Madras in nine

hours and a quarter and was sent to Ongole by mail.
Dr. McLaurin received it at 6 o clock the next day.
On the 12th of March, 1874, Mr. and Mrs. McLaurin
reached Cocanada and occupied for Ontario and Que
bec Baptists the southern half of that 400 miles of
territory lying between the English Baptists on the
north and the American Baptists on the south. This
is the first station independently occupied by Cana

dian Baptists on a foreign field and this is the begin

ning of the Canadian Baptist work, "Among the
Telugus."

Maritime Province Baptists. As early as 1838,

24 years after the first offering for Foreign Missions
the Nova Scotia Association, which was a-gain
meeting in Chester, formed a "United Society for
the maintenance of Foreign Missions." For some
years this organization, like that of the Ontario and
Quebec, functioned as an Auxiliary of the American
Missionary Baptist Union and supported consider
able work in Burma. Its first missionary represent
atives were Rev. R. E. and Mrs. Burpee, who sailed
for Burma to work among the Karens. The first

single lady missionary from Canada to foreign fields

 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 35

*
Jj& X |

jagg-

The First Cablegram

 36 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
was Miss Minnie De Wolfe who went out under this
Society in 1867. Miss Norris, who
originated the
Women s Mission Aid Society, followed her to Bur
ma in 1871.

The Telugu Chapel, Cocanada

An Independent Mission. In 1871 it was decid

ed to start an independent mission and in Septem
ber, 1873, the Maritime Province Foreign Mission
Board sent forth its first seven missionaries. They
landed in Rangoon, January, 1874. After consider
able looking about for a suitable field of operation
either inBurma or Siam, they communicated their
findings to the Board which advised them to settl?
in the Telugu country whither they had been invited
by the missionaries already in Cocanada. The en
tire party therefore, with the exception of Miss
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 37

Armstrong, proceeded at once to Cocanada where

they were cordially welcomed, in July, 1875, by Mr.
and Mrs. McLaurin. Soon after they began to occu
py for the churches at home the northern half of
that 400 nr.les of territory between the English Bap
tists on the north and the American Baptists on the

south.

Separate Missions. For the next 35 years the

two Missions worked side by side harmon ously and
progressively. Each was a Canadian Baptist Mis
sion. Each worked among the Telugus. Each had
the same faith, same method and same aim. Their
territories in India were contiguous their constitu
;

encies at horn? were side by s de why should they

:

not unite? This thought, present from the begin

ning, gradually came to a conviction first in India
and then at home.
A
United M ssion. In May, 1911, an Act to unite
the two missions received the Royal assent. In May,
1912, a meeting was held in McMaster University.
Toronto, to organize the "Canadian Baptist Foreign
Mission Board". In July, of the same year, both
conferences met in Cocanada and organized the
Canadian Baptist Missionary Conference in India.
Thus it came to pass that all the Baptists in Canada
from Halifax and Dartmouth on the east to Vancou
ver and Victoria on the west 144,000 communicants
in 1200 congregations were united in one Foreign
Mission Endeavor.
38 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
OurResponsibility. Our share in India, then, is
a strip of eastern coast line lying half way between
Calcutta and Madras, its length, about 400 miles;

First Union Conference, October, 1913

its average depth, about 40 miles. Not so very large,

you say at once. Compare this 16,000 square miles
with the size of your own province. In this little

strip of sea coast, however, there are 7000 towns

and villages and 5,000,000 people. Considerably
more than half of the total population of Can
ada. Among these 7000 towns and villages Cocan-
 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD 39

ada, Vizagapatam and Vizianagram have each a

population of 45,000 and upwards. Several others
range from 8,000 to 20,000 in population. The great
mass of these five millions, however, live in small
rural villages varying from 300 to 3000 in popula
tion.

Our Task. The supreme business of Canadian

Baptists in India is to preach the
Gospel to this
great throng so plainly and so persistently that each
Telugu among the 5,000,000 may have an adequate
opportunity in this generation to hear and to under
stand the message of God s love and of his saving

grace. It is known throughout Protestant Christ

endom and it is registered in Heaven that this is
Canadian Baptist territory. Other denominations,
therefore, do not pretend to work over this terri
tory. They are busy upon their own part of China
or India or elsewhere. If these 5,000,000, then, are
ever to hear the Gospel message, if the son of God is

to have an opportunity to do His work in their lives,

the Canadian Baptist churches must be the agency,
for how shall they hear without a preacher, and how
shall they preach except they be sent? Suppose we
fail to them the opportunity to learn of our
give
Saviour, then they go up to a just Judge and to a
good God as the Telugus who wished to hear of Him
and could not, while we will go up to the same good
God and to the same just Judge as the people who
had the message and for some reason or other failed
40 INDIA AS A MISSION FIELD
to send it. Robert Burns once said he was afraid to
meet Jesus Christ. Shall we be ready to meet Him
if we do not do our utmost to take, or help another

to take, His message to the 5,000,000 Telugus in

those 7,000 towns and villages so entirely dependent
upon us? This then is our share and this is our
task.
"There s the work of God half done
There s the Kingdom of His Son,
There s the triumph just begun
Put it through.

To you the task is given

By you the bolt is driven
By the very God of Heaven
Put it through.

The purpose of the following chapters is to show

justwhat we are doing to put this task through, how
we are doing it and with what results.
 CHAPTER II.

THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD.

Man-Size Jobs. We have -gone into "our share"
of Indiaand divided it into 22 distinct "fields," as
we them in India, or pastorates as we might say
call
at home. Our general policy is, to have one mis
sionary family and two single lady missionaries for
each field, for purposes of evangelistic work. Each
one of these fields is, on an average, 25 miles long
by 25 miles wide. Look for instance at the Bobbili
field: it extends some 25 miles in one direction and
about 35 miles in the other. The town of Bobbili,
where the missionary resides, has about 20,000 in
habitants, and he is generally the only Avhite man
in the vicinity. Outside of the town and scattered
over the entire field you will find another 286 vil
lages, ranging from 300 up to 3000 population. The
missionary feels that he is sent, not to preach the
Word in his home town alone, but in these 286
other villages also. Now you can readily see that
each man on our India fields has a man-size job.

I. TEUJCHI TIMOTHIES.
Paul could not reach every place in Asia in per
son, and he could not stay long in those places which
he did reach. He therefore discovered and devel
oped his Timothies who would continue what he be-
42 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
gan. With 300 villages upon his field, and with
nearly 300,000 Tehigus dependent upon him for an
adequate opportunity to hear of Jesus Christ, our
missionary has far and away more work to do than
he can ever hope to overtake alone and unaided.
He simply must discover and develop many Telugu
Timothies through whom he can repeat himself and
reach the people. These Timothies, remembering
Jesus Christ and possessing His spirit, will preach
His gospel in each of His villages, and so establish
in India, His church against which the -gates of hell
and the curse of caste will not prevail. This is the
high calling of the general and evangelistic mission
ary under God, to mark and make men for the
ministry, to discover and to develop Telugu Tim
othies. It is the finest art in the world, it is the big

gest business of to-day. Who is sufficient for such

things ? God is, through Jesus Christ our Lord ;
and
He will give them the victory.

II. THE VILI*AGE PREACHER.

The Preacher. Pedda David is a good preacher
and an excellent singer with a cordial sunny dispo
sition. Pedda means bi-g, and David is big in heart
as well as in body. The village of Pedda Penki
where he is going to make his home is purely hea
then, with not one known Christian in this or any
nearby village. There is a piece of land here belong
ing to the Mission but no building, so we must first
;

of all build a parsonage.

 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 43

A Village Preacher and Family

The Parsonage. A mud-wall room, 14 feet by

15, with bamboo poles for rafters and a thatched
roof, made of rice-straw or Palmyra palm leaves.
44 . THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
The back verandah is enclosed for a cook-room
and a small hole in the wall lets out most of
the smoke; the rest works out gradually through
the thatch. The cook stove is made of dried mud
and your two fists would fill the firebox. The fuel
is dry twigs, branches and cow-manure. The cook
ing utensils, which are mostly of baked clay, were
shaped, on a potter s wheel, just as Jeremiah saw
them being shaped so long ago. The living-room,
dining-room and sleeping-room are all one. No glass
being used, the window is a small door, which ad
mits some light and air when opened. There is a
crude cot, made by the village carpenter, a small
table, a few books, a chair, a miniature lamp and
a lantern may also be found. An alarm clock, a
small mirror, some Sunday School pictures upon the
wall, and a few boxes, about complete the furnish
ings. To build this parsonage costs some $30.00,
and to keep it in good repair costs not more than
$ 5.00 a year.
The Parish. Suppose we take David s parsonage
as a centre and draw a circle around it, on a radius
of four miles. You will find that we have enclosed
at least ten villages, and, in some parts of our Telu-
gu Mission, we could enclose as many as 20 villages
in such a circle. Without going more than four
miles from his home, then, in any one direction,
David can reach at least ten other villages, and he
is to be the preacher for this entire circle.
A Day s Work. Each morning David slips his
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 45

bare feet into a pair of sandals, hoists his well-worn

umbrella, fills his pockets with Gospels, takes his

New Testament and hymn-book and walks out to

one of these villages. He sits down upon or near a
verandah, where a couple of goldsmiths are at work.
After some talk with them he moves on to a carpen
ter s shed which, with its open sides, is a likely place
for the people to gather. David sings a hymn and
the people flock around, then with an apt reference

The Yellamanchili Chapel

to the Hindu carpenter, he introduces them to the

Carpenter of Nazareth. In the simplest language he
tells them of a God who is love and of a Saviour
who saves from sin. If any can read, he endeavors
to sell them Gospels at a half cent each. Thus he
46 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
preaches and teaches/ sells the Gospel and sings it;
and then, after visiting another village in the same
way, he returns home. In the afternoon and even
ing he does intensive work in the village where he
lives and seeks to build up a church and congrega
tion there with regular worship. To-morrow morn
ing he goes to the other villages, and so on around
his entire circle.

The First Seven. Three months after David set

tled in this raw heathen village, the writer visited
him and we baptized five adults. Two months later
we baptized two more. Since then, each year, oth
ers have followed the first seven in the way" and
now there is a Christian community in the midst of
these villages a light to lighten this circle within
which more than 5000 Telugus are living.

Praise, Prayer, Preaching-. The congregation in

Pedda Penki will meet in a small chapel-school house
with mud walls and thatched roof. It serves for a
school-room by day and a church at night or on Sun
day. "The door and window frames frames
only,
for no glass is used, are of the cheapest wood,
and the floor neatly coated with cow-dung.
is
The
"

furniture consists, of a blackboard, a table and a

chair, with, perhaps, an alarm clock, and the entire
equipment probably costs thirty-five dollars. Fre
quently it is more convenient and more pleasant to
gather in the open space in front of the preacher s
home. The singing is in the
Telugu, of course and
the sermon is very simple. All of
this, externally
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 47

at least, is quite different from worship as we are

accustomed to There is no stately church, ,no
it.

gowned choir and no scholarly sermon. Neverthe

less, the three essential elements of worship praise,
prayer and preaching are just as real and just as
effective in David s meeting, beneath a thatched
roof or the starry sky in India, as they are in the
noblest church building in Canada.

III. THE EVOLUTION OF A CHURCH.

The Teacher-Evangelist. As the number of
Christians in this circle of villages begins to grow
a church organization is evolved which is peculiar
to the situation. In one of these outlying villages
which David visits, a work of -grace begins and a
number of Telugus are baptized. Teacher-Evan A
gelist is then stationed in this village who teaches
a school, does the work of an evangelist and gives
Christian leadership to this detachment of the con
gregation. The Christians are all members of the
central church which has its home in David s village ;

but each Sunday, the Teacher-Evangelist conducts

his own service in the chapel-school house in his own
village. This be repeated in five or eight or
may
even more villages within the same circle, so the vil
lage church comes to be composed of several vil
lage congregations each presided over by a Teacher-
Evangelist, holding its own meetings, and taking its
own collections, and all supervised by the general
pastor who resides at the central village.
48 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
General Meetings of the Church. On the i ourth

Sunday in the month these village congregations or

representatives from them meet together at the cen
tral church home for the "monthly meeting." This
is the great meeting of the church when the mem
bers from the various village congregations worship
together, observe the ordinance of the Lord s Sup
per, turn in their collectionsfrom the village col
lection-boxes and also make their monthly contri
butions. Candidates for baptism are generally re
ceived and often baptized upon these occasions. A
quarterly business meeting of the church as a whole
is also held. The general pastor presides over these
united meetings of the church and has general super
vision over the various village groups which com
pose his church. In many cases, where the number
of village congregations is large, there is also a gen
eral evangelist to assist the pastor in the general
work of the church throughout the circle.

IV. THE VILLAGE SCHOOL.

The School House. The building, which serves,
as a chapel for the village congregation, is about 14
by 15 feet, inside measurement. The walls and floor

are of mud and the roof of rice straw or palm-leaves

upon bamboo poles. The walls are two feet thick
at the bottom and somewhat thinner at the top.
About 20 inches can be built up to-day; and then it
must dry in the sun for a time, when another sec
tion can be added, and so on until they are about
seven feet high. The equipment consists of a desk,
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 49

a chair, a blackboard and a register. The total cost

is about $35 ;
and $5 a year in thorough
will keep it

repair; fix the thatch each year before the rains be

gin and the mud walls grow harder and harder.

A Village School

The School at Work. The enrolment varies from

15 to 40, but averages about 20. The teaching pro
ceeds through the fourth grade. It is difficult to
keep the boys in school because they are poor, be
yond what one in Canada can imagine, and must
make the most of any opportunity to transplant the
rice, watch the cattle, or do other forms of work.
50 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
In addition to this there is little or no public opin
ion in the village to support the teacher, so the boys
are absent on the slightest possible pretext. the It"

missionary coming the school has a full attend

is

ance, for the teacher has ways of his own to find

out about these visits. There are neither seats nor
desks, so the skinny brown forms with bright eyes
and eager faces are ranged upon the floor around
three sides of the room.

The Four R s. The school opens with the sing

ing of hymns and a prayer. One of the older boys
leads while the others join in the Lord s* prayer.
Secular studies follow, and later on Bible study.
The four R s reading, riting, rithmetic and right
eousness are taught here daily. These little folks
have good memories, and you will find that they
know their New Testament as well or even better
than a group of the same age at home. Dr. Wolver-
ton says he visited a village school in which, twen
"

ty or twenty-five stood in a line and recited in uni

son, the ten commandments, the twenty-third Psalm,
the Lord s Prayer and ten or twelve texts; they
could also sing through eighteen or twenty Telugu
Hymns." The writer once attended a prayer meet
ing in one of these schools when one of these little
fellows arose and said: "0 Lord, please forgive my
sins;" "0
Lord, please forgive my sins." A
simple enough prayer but much like one which
Jesus, in His day, highly recommended. A year
later we heard this same boy offer a prayer which
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 51

for Christian vision and content compared favor

ably with the prayer of many an older Christian at
home. In our own Telugu Mission we have 375 of
these schools wi th an average daily attendance of
10,000. Hundreds of these boys and girls are gen
uine Christians, and it is not too much to say that
the future leadership of the new democracy in In
dia is to-day being trained upon the mud floors and
beneath the thatched roofs of these mission schools
scattered over the country.

The Real Revolution. These schools are the liv

ing springs of India s new national life through

Some New Leaders.

which new truth and life and light are welling up
to take the place of what is false and
superstitious
52 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
and corrupt. Right here in these lowly places your
missionary enterprise is moulding men and women

who will help most largely to make India, in the not

far distant future one of the brightest gems in the
British Commonwealth of Nations. The real revolu
tion of India is going on within these bare brown
bodies seated upon the mud floors of our mission
village schools; some of her strongest spiritual and
social leaders will come from among these humble
sons of the most humble householders in the land.
The key men in this magnificent movement are the
village teacher-evangelists and their leaders, the
missionaries men in whom the Spirit of God is and
through whom the Spirit of God works to produce
the new India which is being born again, spiritually,
socially and politically.

An Evening Service. As we have already inti

mated, school teaching is only a part of the teacher s

work. In the section where our school is located
the homes are one-roomed, mud-walled, thatch-roof
ed houses. Here the rice is cooked and here grand
father, grandmother, father, mother, brothers and
sisters live. They do not home, it is just a
call it a
house a place to stay over night and a rallying
place for the family members. There can be no home
life here, so when the day s work is done and supper

is over the folks gather in the school house or in the

clean open space before the school room door. The

men come first and then the women. The men come
first because they eat first no hindu woman may
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 53

eat until her husband and sons have eaten. The

teacher-evangelist sits in the door-way with hymn
book and NewTestament while the school children
are a choir to lead off. The young men take up the
hymn and with good memories they soon know the
words if not the tune. The teacher reads the Gos
pel and talks to them of sin, salvation and a Sav
iour. Questions are asked and answered, so the
evening goes by, and who can tell what seed has fall
en upon good -ground. To-morrow these men are
following their oxen at work. Two miles an hour is

the speed limit, and they seldom break it, so there

is plenty of time for thought, and they are wonder

ing what thisnew Gospel means. Who is this Jesus

of whomthey have been singing and hearing, and
what can He do for me ? These and other questions
they will carry back to the school house to-night,
and the teacher has a new opportunity to preach
Christ. After a while the enquirer becomes a learn
er and then a convert. In this way the teacher-,
evangelist builds up a Christian community in his
village, each member of which belongs to the church
where the general pastor of the circle lives.

Social Service. In addition to his teaching and

evangelistic work, the fact that this helper is some
times the only man on his street who can read and
write enables him to do a considerable amount of
social service for his people. Many a time he
stands between his folks who cannot read and the
usury of the money lender who would take advan-
54 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
tage of their ignorance to charge them an exorbi
tant rate of interest on more money than they ac
tually received.
The Great Permission. The teacher-evangelists
receive on an average 1 our and five dollars a month.
"It is more blessed to give than to receive" and we
are here "not to be ministered unto but to minister."
This is a most gracious opportunity to give and a
most strategic manner in which to minister to the
spiritual and social need of India s most needy chil
dren. Here is a front Lne trench ol foreign mis
sionary endeavor. Let us prayerfully and persist
ently provide the funds. Then the missionaries can
provide the teacher-evangelists and God through
them will provide the converts and build His
churches. Inasmuch as ye do it unto the least of
these, His Telugu children, ye do it unto Him.

V. THE MONTHLY MEETING OF FIELD

WORKERS.
Once a month, as a rule, the preachers, teacher-
evangelists, and frequently the Biblewomen also,
meet for a conference which is generally held at the
mission station, though occasionally at some other
village upon the field. One of the things for which
the workers come together is their "jeetum" or
wage the three or four or even five dollars which
they receive from the Mission for their month s
worK. This, however, is neither all nor chief. The
two or three days of the conference are filled to ca-
THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 5b

I
3
*-
9
> .
56 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
pacity with a number of things, chief among which
is the series of inspirational meetings. These seek
not alone to deepen the spiritual life of the work
ers themselves, but through them to uplift the
Christians and evangelize the non-Christians upon
the whole field. Other matters dealt with are the
more serious questions of church discipline, the al
location of workers, the extension of work in new
villages and other such problems. TTie conference

over, the workers return to their churches and

schools, and the missionary follows if this season is
suitable for touring and other pressing business
does not prevent.

VI. THE TOUR.

The Restrictions of Caste. The missionary has
no caste and therefore cannot mix freely with the
people. Certainly, he cannot live in their houses
when he Therefore, he must provide his own
tours.
dwelling place or tent with all that he needs for
furnishing, eating and sleeping. First of all, carts
must be secured, and the dickering may take some
time. Cooking utensils, table, cot, mattress, tent
and boxes must be loaded upon the ox-carts. The
drivers will not start until evening when it is cool
to travel. Loaded up and ready to start, at 9 or 10
o clock the missionary spreads his cot mattress ttpon
the tent and goes to sleep. After a bit the driver
goes to sleep, and later on the oxen too go to sleep.
Now you wake up to find the cart stock still be
neath a tree. Call to the driver and he twists the
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 57

oxen s tails, for he sits where he can reach both con

veniently. They wake up suddenly and start off,

accompanied by a yell from the driver, at about four

The Ox-Cart.

miles an hour, in ten minutes they settle down to

the re-gular speed limit- -two miles an hour and the
58 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
night proceeds. Next morning you arrive at the vil

lage where your preacher lives. Erect your tent

beneath a good-sized tree and you are ready for
work. If the Missionary has a "Ford", and if the
roads permit, he may send the carts ahead and fol
low the next morning. Having spent the night at
home he arrives with his strength conserved for the
real work. Another way he may go is astride an
Indian pony, or, as stated above, he can ride with

A House Boat

the stuff in the cart. On the Ramachandrapuram

and Akidu fields the many canals enable the mis
sionary to tour in a house-boat. One way or another
he arrives, and now for the real business.
A Morning Walk. We must rise early, for the
sun is hot in India. With the light of your touring
lantern, cho.ta hazri little breakfast is soon over.
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 59

Next morning worship. Now the sun is rising and

is

you are accompanied by a T elugu preacher. Your

off",

1
rusty topee sun helmet your old umbrella with
its white cover, your hymn book, New Testament,

and some Gospel portions must all go along. A mile,

more or less, across the paddy fields, your path fol
lowing the little banks that separate the paddy
plots, and you reach the first village. The preacher
and the missionary take their stand beneath a tree,
under a carpenter s shed or wherever people are
likely to gather. We sing a hymn. The singing is
not always the best, but the people come out to hear
what the noise is and we have an audience. The
missionary will preach briefly, and then questions
are answered. The Telugu preacher takes his turn
giving some simple scripture exposition, keeping all
the time pretty close to the life of Christ. Now we
offer our Gospels for sale at half a cent each. The
Government has a small village school in a street
near by, so we will go there next. The teacher al
lows us to step in and tell the children a Gospel
story, perhaps teach a hymn also. This is good
ground for selling Gospels. Every boy wants one,
and with the teacher s consent he scurries away
home to get a Kani to buy it with. Every boy can
not get the coin, so he says, will you take an egg?
It is risky, but we consent, and altogether sell a
dozen Gospels. Thus young India is introduced to
the Carpenter of Nazareth, who was the greatest
oi Easterners, and will one day have His greatest i oi-
60 THE FINEST ART IN THE WOKLD
lowers from among these same village school boys.
It is stated on good Hindu authority that Indian
school boys in government schools know the Bible
better than they know their own sacred literature.

The Missionary on Tour.

A mile further across the rice fields and we reach

another village. The same sort of work is done
here, and now it getting beyond 10.30 o clock.
is

The sun is high and hot, so we turn back to the tent

which is from two to four miles distant.
An Afternoon s Task. From noon until three
o clock the earth is heated hotand the sun is at its
best, so the traveller is caught between two fires.
The result is that man and beast for these two or
more hours get into the shade, and "the world in
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 61

India" is quiet. After a breakfast of rice and curry

the missionary takes his "noon rest" too, and has
some time for reading and writing. At 3 o clock
is tiffin light tea then a visit to the village near
which you are tenting and in which the pastor or
teacher-evangelist is living. The members of the
church here need your help and advice much as
Paul s churches needed his advice. Many a mis
sionary could write letters not unlike some which
Paul had to write. Again and again he repeats
Paul s advice. Then soma of these churches seem to
do as well or better than some of Paul s apparently
did. The preachers, too, need advice and admon
ition, for these Telugu Timothies are immature and
dependent upon their missionary for inspiration and
encouragement. If there is a mission school here
the work which we have already described in this

chapter must be examined, and this will take con

siderable time.

The Evening- Programme. Dinner is the next

item. For you return to the tent probably ac
this

companied by a score or more of school boys. About

eight o clock, with lantern and New Testament we
will go to the village a-gain for a congregational
meeting in the chapel-schoolhouse. The men here
may have been Christian for some time, and it is
good to hear them sing hymns of praise written by
their own countrymen. Prayers in which they lead
are followed by a Gospel sermon of a simple and
practical nature.
 62 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
The Prayer Register. Everyvillage congrega
tion has a for keeping the records
"prayer register"
of the congregation. This is made out in quarterly
sections for the year and contains spaces for the
name of the member, his or her attendance, and also
the amount of the collection for each
Sunday. There
are also columns for recording the number of times

A Chapel-School House
present and the total collection for the quarter for
each member in the register. After the first
quar
ter there are columns for the totals
up to the end
of that quarter whether it be second, third or fourth.
Thus at the end of any quarter the total in this col
umn shows the record for each member up-to-date.
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 63

Inspection in these lists is one of the duties of the

missionary when on tour, and it is usually done
while the congregation is in session in order that
the necessary remarks may be made to the whole
church. In matters requiring the discipline as well
as in many other affairs this record supplies just the
evidence required. The first evidence sought by the
missionary asgeneral state of a village
to the
congregation or in respect to the fitness of an ap
plicant for baptism is this village "prayer regis
ter."an applicant for baptism cannot show a
If
record of fairly regular attendance at prayers and
of Sunday offerings to the church it is taken for

granted that his interest in Christian things is not

sufficient tomake an examination of his personal
experience worth while. It is one of the duties of
the teacher-evangelist while conducting the meet
ings of his village congregation to call this register
and keep it entered up for the inspection of the gen

eral pastor or the missionary while visiting the vil

lage.

Tent. Having finished the work and

Moving"

visitedmost of the villages about this centre we take

down our tent and move on ten or more miles to where
another preacher or teacher-evangelist is at work,
and follow much the same programme here. On
some fields, such as those of Akidu, Vuyyuru, and
others, the Christians are numerous, and the mis
sionary s time is entirely consumed in examining the
churches and schools; on other fields where the
64 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD
Christians are fewer in number his surplus time is

spent in preaching- among the villages Touring in

this way through the cooler season conducting

The Samalkot Mission House

monthly conferences with the helpers, working in

and about the station during the hot season when
touring, because of the heat, is out of the question
keep him busy; and so the term goes by like a tale
that is told.

The Purpose of it All. To discern by the Spirit

of God within him, future teachers and preachers
while they are still boys in the village schools, to in
spire and encourage them as they go on through
Boarding School, to assist, in a score of ways, their
passage through Normal School or Seminary or
 THE FINEST ART IN THE WORLD 65

High School, to stand with them as they establish,

at a strategic point on his field, a Christian School
or Church, to see himself multiplied in these men all
over his great parish of three hundred villages, to
be their spiritual adviser and support as, under
God, they seek to establish His Kingdom, to live and
love, to labor and pray with the growing churches
among 300,000 people this is the task of the gen
eral missionary. A
larger one or a nobler one than
this is not open to-day to any man in any part of
God s world. We may close as we began by saying:
this is the finest art and the biggest business in the
world.
 CHAPTEE III.

THE FIELD liADY MISSIONARY

I. INTRODUCTION.
The life of the field lady-missionaary is undoubt
edly full of intense interest and variety. Not only
has she the town or city in which she resides, i.e.,
the Mission Station, to work in, but she has also the
surrounding field (taking its name from
the Mission
Station which is itscentre and headquarters) con
taining many towns, villages and hamlets which she
must travel over, going from village to village visit
ing the women of every caste and no caste at all,
with the Good News as often and as regularly as
she can in the great endeavor to win them to Christ
and build them into His Kingdom.
There are 22 fields in our Canadian Baptist Mis
sion. The smallest of these, Pithapuram, has 35
towns and villages, with a population of 70,000. The
largest, (as to population) Yellamanchili-Anaka-
palle,has 700 towns and villages with a population of
690,000 people. Thus it will easily be seen that any
fieldlady-missionary in our Mission, even the one on
the smallest field, has a marvellous opportunity for
life-investment. To reach the women amongst all
these villages she must -go on tour, and that iswhat
makes her work of such surpassing interest. As she
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 67

travels about her field she meets them women of

every caste, class and condition, in almost infinite

and, at very puzzling variety hundreds and

first,

hundreds of women. To the novice they all look very

much alike only some seem better off than others.
But she is assured, sometimes with considerable

Baby s Morning Bath.

warmth, if she has made a damaging mistake, that

there are great and radical and very important dif

ferences that go much deeper than the external slight
differences in dress or ornament, which should have
been her guide in distinguishing caste rank and pres
tige but which she, as a mere ignorant foreigner, had
68 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
failed to observe As she -grows better acquainted
!

with them her biblewomen are a great help to her

here she learns to distinguish between the castes at
a glance and, after passing through a longer or
shorter probationary period of chastening, the for
eigner becomes eligible for promotion to friendship
and then the really interesting and enriching stage
of her experience begins. She learns how to adapt
herself to these new
friends, as she comes into close
and intimate contact with them. And when they
are convinced that here is an understanding friend,
she is taken into confidence on many important per
sonal problems and shares in their own spiritual ex
periences and conflicts. She learns just how and
where the wonderful Gospel fits into the lives of all
these different kinds of women, when interpreted to
them by the sympathetic heart. In this close per
sonal contact lies the great charm of the field lady-
missionary s Precious and lasting are the ties
work.
that are formed, enlarging her heart and binding
her fast to the land of her adoption.
Added to this absorbing interest, is a spice of ad
venture as she explores her field from end to end
discovering remote hamlets where she may be the
first white visitor or, at any rate, the first white
woman visitormeeting often with prejudice and op
;

position and put to it to overcome them with all the

grace, -grit and wit she can command learning much ;

of the goodness of God in strange places, and how

He has "left not himself without witness" in any
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 69

place crossing turbulent rivers in flood, fording

;

streams of uncertain depth; racing along well-kept

government roads in her Ford, or, in the great irri
gated areas, picking her precarious way on foot or
horseback, over the narrow slippery dykes between
the flooded rice-fields which await the unwary on
either side or even, when everything else breaks
;

down, not disdaining to achieve two miles an hour in

the prehistoric ox-cart General opinion has it that
!

touring in a houseboat on the canals belonging to

one of India famous irrigation-systems, is
s justly
the method But each has its advantages,
de luxe.
highly appreciated, and each has its disadvantages
lightly held. For it is in the day s work", and
"all

each is only a way to reach the villages.

II. ON TOUR.
The missionary who tours in a houseboat has her
home always with her, ready, like the snail, only
it carries her, instead of her having to carry it;
while the missionary who tours in a tent has to pack
and unpack all her personal effects, camp supplies,
every time camp is struck and moved, every few
etc.,

days or so. Moving and settling so often is indeed a

tiresome business. The houseboat has an attractive
little living-room, bath, and pantry for the
suite

missionary herself, and quarters small but compact

for her assistants, the biblewomen, and her crew. On
her little front deck she may sit of a quiet evening
at the end of a hot hard day, watching the sunset
70 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
colors fade and the beautiful soft Indian night ad
vance while the banks, reflected in the still water,
glide past as the coolies tow her to her next stopping
place. With the boat moored to a selected spot she
will walk or ride to the villages within reach until all
are visited, and then move on and repeat the process
from another point until the whole field is covered.
The missionary who tours on "dry land" hires an
ox-cart for the transportation of her camping outfit

personal effects, commissariat, literature, S. S.

supplies and prizes, tents and tent-furniture, grain

for the pony and some medicines. The loaded cart,

resembling a small mountain in its proportions,

swings creakingly off and then she becomes aware
that the load has somehow become decorated with a
variety of supernumerary pots, cans and rag stream
ers, whose use is hidden from the intelligence that
planned but which nevertheless are indispensable
(so she is earnestly informed) to the success of the
expedition !

The camp is pitched at the particular point where

the missionary plans to begin her tour where there
issome shade, water close by, and near (but not too
near) the town or village which will be her base for
the time. Here she unpacks and "settles in",
mak
ing herself as tidy and comfortable as she can with
her camp furniture, her books, writing material and
supplies the Bible-women s tent close by, the kit
chen-tent within easy call. The pony she came on is
contentedly nibbling at his fodder, tethered under a
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 71

neighboring tree. If she came in a jinrickshaw, that

is under a tree, and the whole countryside, appar
ently, is standing by, watching.
In this fashion housed and furnished, in boat or
tent, one can spend weeks, sometimes months, at a
time out on the field,moving from place to place,
visiting villages adjacent and then moving on until
the whole field is covered receiving replenishments
for wardrobe and larder from time to time from
home by rail or coolie, and mail through the many
branch village post-offices very efficiently managed
by the servants of the celebrated Indian Postal Ser
vice.
We are now ready for our field-work, camped in
tent or boat, right out among the villages. The
people know that we
are in the neighborhood and,
in all probability, are looking for a visit, for news
soon flies the passers-by see to that !

III. WITCH THE CASTE WOMEN

Let us begin with the nearest village, and with the
caste women in it, for their need is very great and
they are dependent upon us for hearing the Good
News. The work among the women of the higher
castes isdone almost altogether in their homes as
social custom does not permit of their standing in
mixed audiences to listen to street-preaching. And
that, moreover, is one of the chief reasons why
women must take the Gospel to India s women.
And it is better so. In the quiet and intimacy of
 72 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
thehome one can get closer to the hearts of one s
hearers. They feel freer to ask questions, and the
work is less open to interruption. The best time to

Caste Girls.

visit the caste women is at midday and early after-

 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 73

noon, for then the men of the house are usually out
and the women are at leisure and free from the re
lords (for such indeed
"

straint of the presence of the

they are in India!) of creation." The restrictions
ci^ caste forbid that the missionary and her Bible-
women should be invited inside the house the ver
andah, or the open courtyard, about which the house
usually as far "ben" as they get; in this
is built, is

hot climate the more open the place the better. The
home of a well-to-do caste woman is often a substan
tial brick house, w ith
r
and cement floor
tiled roof
sometimes even an imposing house of more than one
story with terraced roof and balconies. In almost
every case it is devoid of what we would call furni
ture and decoration but it may, notwithstanding,
be clean and attractive for Indian women are, after
their own fashion, good housekeepers.
The highest caste of all, the Brahmins, are, as a
rule, hard of access. They are so thoroughly en
trenched in the doctrines and ceremonial of their
own religion that they are hardly conscious of any
need to listen to us. As a class they are entirely self-
satisfied and self-righteous and their social prestige
and caste pride have erected high barriers between
them and the rest of mankind. ".We do not need"
is the phrase most often heard from their lips in re

sponse to our invitation to listen. But they must, be

won; "feelings lie buried," and underneath that fro
zen hauteur hides of ttimes a wistful heart. And when
they are won (for they can be won) to a listening,
74 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
what rare intelligence and quick understanding they
often bring to the consideration of our Message !

The women of the merchant caste, also, are hard

to reach. They are engrossed in the pursuit of riches,
and "

hardly shall they enter." But.it is the

women of the great Sudra or middle castes the
farmers, weavers, potters, carpenters and so on
who form our largest and most accessible groups of
hearers. They, too, are very intelligent and inclined
to friendliness. the missionary and
To be sure when
her Biblewomen appear at their gates for the first
time the women will often through fear, misunder
standing or suspicion, present an unfriendly front,
and strenuously oppose, apparently, any attempt to
make friends or preach anywhere on the premises.
But the truth that they are more than likely long
is,

ing to hear but are afraid, and usually the exercise

of a little patience, tact and real friendliness, the
soft answer, and above all a sample of our wares a
snatch of a hymn (for they love music) or a refer
ence that will arouse that desire, universally latent,
to know what these things mean" will break down

opposition, win an entrance in a surprisingly short

time and, almost before they know it, the missionary
and her helpers are seated on mats on the verandah
or in an open shed with a crowd of women and child
ren around them and a great opportunity confront
ing them.
Religion is a real live topic for discussion, a ques
tion of absorbing interest any day in India, and that
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 75

makes it easy for the preachers common ground is

not hard to find. Read us something from that big
i

black book" may start the ball a-rolling. Or per

haps the preliminaries of getting acquainted in
quiries about our country, the journey, our families
and their welfare will create a sympathetic atmos
phere but the women are soon listening, and some
;

times will listen for hours as the matchless story is

read, sung and expounded to them by the mission
ary and her helpers in turn. Questions are asked
and answered, problems stated, fears openly express
ed. "If we neglect the idols will not the spirits
take revenge upon us?" "Will our husbands con
sent?" "Is not our Krishna the same as your
Christ?" "May we believe in Christ and continue in
r
caste ? Long quiet talks ensue with frequent refer-
ences to "the Book" for a word of promise, warn
ing, or reassurance and this is the very heart of the
fieldlady-missionary s work. Here heart meets:
heart before God Himself; impressions are made that
may never fade and influences started that will work
on to eternity. "Teach us a prayer" says one wo
man, "something that we can say to Him." "Teach

us a little bit tokeep us in remembrance until you

come again". This starts another "when will you
come a^ain?" Ah, when? you think of your 100,
200 or 700 villages ;
all like this ;
full ofwomen wait
ing waiting for this. "When" indeed! What can
you say? Your heart fails you, but, hoping for the
best you say, "Next year." "Next year?" they
76 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
echo and how can you expect us to believe if you
"

7
only come to tell us once a year?
Then we bring out our tracts, prepared specially
for women readers, and give them all they will take,
to read or have by them for others to read to them ;

and also scripture portions for sale half a cent

each and often these. are bought in quantities. The
growing demand for education for women has cre
ated an interest in the printed page which is a great
help to us in our work and makes it possible to leave
with them the Word of Life.
But one remembers with compunction not only
other villages on the field, but other women in this

very village and so, even in the midst of protests,

the missionary and her Biblewomen say good-bye
and, promising to come again "next year", "with
out fail" (if at all possible) they go on to another
street, another home, to give the women there their
chance and so, to every street, trying to respond to
the invitations that come thick and fast now. No
need for the missionary to coax and solicit now
the invitations have become very pleading in tone,
invitations which must be complied with until every
woman who will hear may hear has had her chance,
anyhow; until every quarter of the village where
the weavers, the potters, the swine-herds, even, live
all all have had their chance. Until every village
that we can reach has heard the Good News.
TTappy indeed though very rare is the lady-mis
sionary who has an efficient and sufficient staff of
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 77

Biblewomen placed in different centres on her tield

to carry on the work between her visits on tour, and

give the women the definite and regular teaching

that many of them crave. When that is possible the
missionary s tour is a more joyful and fruitful pro
ceeding, and results more abiding and plentiful.
Otherwise, at first, it seems almost entirely fruitless
and one apt to become discouraged because it
is

seems as if, in such uncongenial soil, and with such

little care, the tender plant must die for lack of nour
ishment. But it is a wonderful, living Word after
all, that will not "return unto Him void"; and the
Spirit that where he listeth" is in every
"bloweth

place ;
and in a few years and with the help of the
literature we have distributed, we find that although
at first it seemed hope that they would ever
idle to

grasp and hold on to even the rudiments of our first

tremendous message that God is One and indivis
ible and good they do, in time, get it it sinks in ; ;

and they -.sro on to a fuller understanding of the whole

Gospel. Here and there, as we visit again and again
the same villages, and meet and teach the same
women, there emerge from the group or crowd of
casual listeners those who hear to believe, who reach
out and grasp eternal life, and whose lives show evi
dence of the influence of Jesus. A few have really
joined our churches many still await the day of
emancipation from the bondage of caste. Even un-
baptized, they witness for Him in their community
"Oh, yes, she is one of your Christians," said a
78 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
caste woman one day of a young neighbor who had
gone to get her Bible and hymn-book "she is of
you, not of us."

IV. WITH THE CHRISTIAN WOMEN

But what of the non-caste women? They live
over there, in the outcaste quarters of the town, sep-

A Christian Woman.
arate, "untouchable" not in brick mansions but in
thatched mud
hovels or huts, crowded and squalid
and unlovely; and yet there, too, are precious jew-
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 79

els, souls He "

lived, loved and died for," and

there too the field lady-missionary finds great work
to do.
In those fields of our Mission where converts have
come in numbers from the ranks of the outcaste
people, the outcaste women are best reached through
the Christian women residing in their midst,
who are their relatives and friends. To this
end the field lady-missionary of the fields in
the southern end of the mission Akidu, Avani-
gadda, Vuyyuru, Ramachandrapuram, Tuni and
others where this principle holds good, does a good
deal of what may be called "pastoral work" among
the Christian women of her field, knowing that as
they "grow and in the knowledge of the
in grace
Lord Jesus Christ" their witness and influence will
do more for their unbelieving neighbors than she can
ever hope to do. More and more on these fields the
men and women of our local Indian churches are as
suming the responsibility for the evangelization of
their own non-caste communities, and are more and
more leading off in this work. For the better train
ing of the women of the churches, they have been
organized, in their village congregations, into Wom
en s Helpmeet Societies under the leadership of In
dian women sometimes the resident Biblewoman or
pastor s or teacher s wife. The threefold object of
these local societies is Bible instruction, (given reg
ularly every week or month by the leader), devo
tional exercises and personal Christian service.
80 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
The lady-missionary is peripatetic Organizer-
field

in-Chief, general Superintendent, Treasurer and

Counsellor for the societies on her field. On tour she
visits them examining the women in the course of
Bible instruction (already prepared by herself for
the whole field) and also the leader s records and ac
counts for the women contribute to the support of
their own Home Mission work. At central points
she holds Women s Rallies. It is her constant en
deavor to train and inspire the local leaders of this
very important work and to this end Workers Con
ferences are held from time to time in central places
where groups of leaders can meet the missionary
for three or four days as her guests, for Bible study,
prayer, and discussion of the work.
The missionary s own personal relations with the
Christian women are those almost of a mother with
her children. They feel that she is especially for
them and there is not a detail of their lives that she
is not expected to take a keen interest in, when ap
pealed to. All her personal contact with them is
warm and close, and amidst all her pressing duties
she must never be too busy to listen to a tale of woe,
and must know a cure for every ill. Her personal
efforts for them are directed mainly towards the

building up of Christian character in the knowledge

of God s will and Word and towards leading the
women out of their ignorance and backwardness
into God s glorious service. Such unpromising ma
terial as these new recruits from the outcaste ranks
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 81

present at hard for Canadians

first, is to imagine.
Much patience and courage and faith is called for
on the part of allconcerned; but "the entrance of
Thy Word giveth light" and the missionary has the
unspeakable satisfaction of seeing it come to pass.
In the yearly evangelistic campaigns of the Mission,
sometimes in groups, and sometimes singly, our wo
men in simple faith and loyalty are learning to
do increasingly successful service. Personal evangel
ism all the year round, too, is an objective in view
ever kept in the foreground.

V. THE CHILDREN
The field lady-missionary is also, usually, in charge
of the organized work among the children. This is
carried on by means of Sunday Schools and Evan
gelistic Schools Sunday" schools held on week
("

days) for the Christian and non-Christian children

respectively. Mission workers, both men and wom
en,and volunteer Christian workers, are the leaders,
but the field lady-missionary is Superintendent-at-
large. She visits and examines, when on tour, sets
lesson-courses, holds rallies, distributes prizes, holds
sessions for S.S. workers for their encouragement
and conference. This work among the children is a
great work, and second to none in importance.
It is hard to say which department of the field
lady-missionary s work is the most important:
1. The thousands of caste women, secluded, shut
82 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
in and dependent for the Word of Life upon her and
her Biblewomen, or
2. The Christian women, in their hundreds, at

Looking Our Way.

present illiterate in the main and weak and back

ward who yet must be and are the light-bearers to
their non-caste sisters out of Christ. These (1 and
2) are the passing generation soon beyond our
*
reach, and the King s business requireth haste, or,
The children, the coming multitudes, looking
3.

our way. What can we do for them?

VI. TRAINING LEADERS

But perhaps, looking into the future, the most im-
 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY 83

portant work of the field lady -missionary is, under

God s -guidance always, to pick out and train lead
ers. As she looks out over her field, the villages, the

Group of Bible Women.

thousands of women the harvest so plentiful, the

laborers so few she realizes that one foreign mis
sionary can never do the work. There are her Bible-
women invaluable, without whom, would
indeed, it

be hard to know what she could accomplish. But

they are so few there must be more. India will be
saved by Indian Christians. And so, all the time,
every day she prays, and watches for those whom
God will call to His harvest field. And when they
come to her she sets about to train and then induct
them into service. She tries to put her best into her
Biblewomen special "summer" schools for Bible
84 THE FIELD LADY MISSIONARY
study, daily classes and prayer, constant
"

big-sis
companionship, striving to give them all she has
ter"

received from her Lord but rejoicing more exceed

ingly at every sign that they are receiving, not of
her but His fulness, "and grace for grace."
 CHAPTER IV.

MISSION LABORATORIES

I. BOARDING SCHOOLS
Boarding Schools. These schools are among
the very best of the many good gifts which the mis
sionaries are giving to India. We have already
learned that there are some 10,000 in daily attend
ance at the 375 village and primary schools. Among
these, the missionaries, from time to time, discover

boys and girls who

are brighter than the average,
and who at the same time give evidence of growth
in Christian character. These in time, with proper
training, with good environment and under the good
hand of the Lord our God will make preachers,
teachers, Bible-women, nurses, etc. With this in
mind they are encouraged to go on to the Boarding
School for better preparation. Generally the parents
are glad to havethem go and, when at all able, are
required topay at least some portion of the fees.
Sometimes however, their consent must be won with
many an explanation of the advantages to be gained.
The parents attitude will depend upon the length of
time which Christianity has been operating in the
village, the number of Christians and the distance
to the Boarding School. On some of the fields
where the number of Christians is large more boys
86 MISSION LABORATORIES
and girls seek admittance each year than can be
accommodated, and on every field the number is

steadily increasing.

Akidu Boarding School. At Akidu 98 boys and

60 girls were in the boarding departments last year,
(1920-21). These all came from the homes on this

The Akidu Boarding School.

great field which now has more than 3000 Christians.

Miss Hinman is in charge of the school here and we
may illustrate the evangelistic spirit in each of these
institutions by the following narrative from her re-
 MISSION LABORATORIES 87

cent report: "A -gleam of sunshine broke when 15

girls and 10 boys were baptized. I really had not

intended to let so many apply but as they came

one by one, insistently begging and showing such
clear evidence of understanding, I had to submit. To
one small lad I said, but you are too young. He re

plied, but I understand the way of life and can

x
teach others To test a little girl I raised the same
.

objection and was met with this reply: If I am

small my mind too is simple and Jesus said of such;

is the Kingdom of Heaven. A third candidate said,

is not salvation for children as well as for grown
"

ups?

Avanagudda Boys Boarding School. Among all

our Boarding Schools this is the youngest. Last year

it had 34 boys enrolled. Mr. Cross says: "Our
Boarding Schools are the foundries where we begin
to mould chosen material into men and women for

special work." Mrs. Cross practises what Mr. Cross

preaches for she organized the boys into five evan
gelistic bands, each under the charge of an older
boy, which go out each week, to five different places
to teach non-Christian children. The fine art of
Christian benevolence is also taught in these schools.
The Avanagadda boys out of the rice given them for
food set aside a portion each day and sell it at the
end of the week. What rice they receive each day
is no more than they need for that day but out of ;

tlrs portion of their "daily bread" they made their

88 MISSION LABORATORIES

weekly contribution to the Church funds and at the

end of the year distributed a surplus of Rs. six,
equally between the Church, the Home Mission and

A Native Group.

the Leper Mission work. Thus these future leaders

of the Indian Christian Churches are finding out the
secret of making it self-supporting.

Vuyyuru Boarding- School. The last report from

this school shows 43 boys and 42 -girls enrolled in
the boarding departments. Miss Bessie Lockhart
is in charge of this school and Mr. Gordon whom the

teachers call "the man of plans," has instituted an

agricultural and industrial department. Upon an
acre and a half of land the boys and girls by group
and individual effort raised vegetables and spices
for which they received one-third value, the teachers
 MISSION LABORATORIES 89

in charge one-third, and the school one-third. For

the industrial work a full time graduate of the Co-
canada Industrial School was employed last year.
The school provided the instruments and wood and
the boys constructed blackboards, benches, stools,
etc., for village school use. Values were placed on
all classes of work and the distribution of proceeds
was similar to that of the agricultural work. The
entire scheme is a commendable effort to provide

something more than mere book knowledge to our

prospective teachers and preachers.

Cocanada Girls Boarding School. The fields ly

1

ing between Vuyyuru and Vizagapatam have each a

smaller number of Christians than the three which
we have been considering and therefore the boarding
girls from these fields are gathered in one school at
Cocanada. This school last year had an enrolment
of 154 girls. During Miss Pratt extended fur
s

lough this school has been in charge of Miss Laura

Craig. We cannot better illustrate the all-round and
thorough Christian training in these schools than by
the following paragraph from Miss Craig s report:
"The matron conducts prayer twice a
day with the
boarders, and the teachers in turn take prayers with
the whole school every morning. Each class has a
Scripture lesson every day. There are two Christian
Endeavor Societies, one of which had the privilege
of a talkby Mr. McLaurin. All the girls attend Sun
day School, in which some of them teach. They are
90 MISSION LABORATORIES
allpresent at the morning Church service, also. On
Sunday afternoons, I have had a short meeting when
I have taken up a course of graded lessons prepared
specially for India. On Good Friday, we had a meet-

Boarding School Girls.

ing at which we read the account of Christ s arrest

and crucifixion. At the end of March 13 girls were
baptized. Work in temperance has been carried on,
and about 80 girls signed the pledge."

Central Boys
1

Boarding School. This is the

boarding school for all boys between Vuyyuru and

Vizagapatam. The number of boarders is about 175.

 MISSION LABORATORIES 91

Miss Robinson who is in charge of the school here

says :
l
When
the boys are gathered for school open
ing they are a solid mass, packed from side to side
and from end to end of the room, the knees of one
boy beine: in the back of the next and his arms hem-

Central Boarding School.

nied in by those of his neighbors on both sides."

Discipline in this school, which literally overflows
with boys" is largely in the hands of the older boys

who are gradually making it self-governing in this

respect. Thirty of these older boys went out each
Sunday afternoon last year to teach evangelistic
classes in various non-caste sections of the town.
Thus young India within the Christian school goes
out after young India beyond the schools.
92 MISSION LABORATORIES
Bobbili GirlsBoarding School. The Boarding-
School for girls from Vizagapatam and all other
fields northwards is at Bobbili. During Miss El
liott s absence on furlough this year, Miss Knowles

is in charge. Some 89 girls are in the boarding de

partment and a new building for the school proper
is just being completed. Lace making to encourage
self-reliance, self-respect and self-support, is carried
on by the girls out of school hours.

Bimlipatam Boys Boarding School. This is the

boarding department for boys from the Vizagapat
am and all other fields northwards. The school is
under the supervision of Rev. R. E. Gullison. At
each one of these schools many non-Christian pupils
are registered as day pupils only. Attendance at
Bible classes and other religious exercises is not com
pulsory for these students. Their attitude however,
may be illustrated from Mr. Gullison s report: "The

interest of these lads in Bible study has beenmain

tained throughout the year. Quite a large number
of the annual Bible prizes were won by them and
the highest examination mark was won by a Hindu."
These Hindu boys and girls in attendance at our mis
sion schools become far better acquainted with the
Bible than they are with their own religious litera
ture.

The Greatest Gift. These boarding schools are

Mission Laboratories where the various elements of
Christian manhood and womanhood self-discipline,
 MISSION LABORATORIES 93

sound health, Christian zeal and knowledge, indus

try, soul culture and evangelistic fervour are blen
ded and balanced into loyal followers of Jesus
Christ. Out of these groups will come the future
preachers, teachers, Biblewomen and other workers
for our Mission. Out of these schools will come the
mental and moral leaders of our Christian commun
ity, leaders who, out of proportion to their num
all

bers, will influence and mould the character of the

new India which is to be. The greatest gift we can
give to India in these her troublous days is neither
money nor political advice, but educated Christian
young men and women. Add to this the fact that
many boys and girls who go no farther than the
village schools, for the mere lack of libraries and
literature, lapse again into illiteracy, and it will be
seen that these Boarding Schools are of inestimable
value not alone to our evangelistic work but to the
entire national and Christian life in India.

II. THE NORMAL SCHOOL

Village Education. The vast majority of the
people of India live in small rural villages, in all
there are more than 720,000 of these communities. If
Jesus, the day he was baptized, had begun to preach
to these people, and if he had preached in a new
village every day, there would still be some thous
ands of villages unreached. The average income of
a family is around $50 a year and child labor is nat
urally widespread. Most of the people are illiterate
94 MISSION LABORATORIES
and many a man is at the mercy of the landlord or

money-lender. lie cannot read the agreement which

he is asked to sign and finds out too late that by
touching the pen of one who wrote his name, he has
lost his land or his liberty, or both. Being unable
to reckon, he is unable to contradict his master s

statement that the debt which is rapidly reducing

Some Raw Material.

him to serfdom has not been worked off. The village

school furnishes some protection for it provides one
person who can read and write and can at the same
time be trusted. The children who learn to read
 MISSION LABORATORIES 95

and write and do some arithmetic, will be no long

er at themercy of dishonest village officials, unright
eous constables and unscrupulous money-lenders.
They will cease to be chattels and become free men.
The significance, then, of the village school and the
service of the teacher-evangelist can scarcely be
over-estimated.

The Normal School. This institution is the stra

tegic centre in the training of these teachers. It is
situated at Cocanada and is under the direction of
Rev. R. C. Bensen. He says: "The training school
is tomy mind the greatest educational asset of our
mission." The sanity of this statement is shared by
all our missionaries who
generally believe that one
of the mainstays of our work is the teacher-evangel
ist.

The Montagne-Chelmsford Reforms. Under this

new scheme the Educational Department has been
handed over to a purely Indian management. Di
rect opportunity to guide the educational policy of
India thus becomes less and less. Our great oppor
tunity centres around the strong indirect influence
of Christian teachers whom we can train and send
out to work in village schools. This is quite demo
cratic,purely Baptistic and greatly enhances the
value of our Christian Normal School at Cocanada.
Every Christian teacher who goes out is under God,
just one more unit to leaven the future democracy
of India with the spirit and mind of the Master. If
96 MISSION LABORATORIES
an honest human race will make an honest horse
race, then Christian Indians will make a Christ-like
India. May God Normal School and make
bless our
it a large source of Christian leaders. Mr. Benson is
a first-rate Christian educationist. The Indian staff
is efficient. Let us support them with daily prayer
and an adequate equipment.

III. THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

The Ramapatam Seminary. On the 9th of May
1868, Mr. and Mrs. Timpany reached Nellore in the
Madras Presidency, and began work under the Am
erican Baptist Missionary Union. After two years
here they removed to Ramapatam. Through kind
ness and tact they won the people who at first were
quite hostile and very shy. In two years the church
in Ramapatam which began with 35 members had
"Town to 267. The evident need was for Indian
preachers to train and shepherd this rapidly increas
ing flock of Christ. To meet the need a Theological
Seminary was opened in 1872. Mr. Timpany became
the first Principal The aim of the Institution was
.

"

to raise up a class of fairly educated men, simple

in habits . . . whom the poor churches will not
find it impossible to support."

The Samalkot Seminary. In the Autumn of 1878

Mr. and Mrs. Timpany returned to India for a sec
ond term, this time to labor in the newly-formed
field of the Ontario and Quebec Foreign Mission
 MISSION LABORATORIES 97

Board. By 1880 this work, so well begun by Dr. and

Mrs. McLaurin, had grown until the need for an In
dian ministry was felt in this field also. With char
acteristicpromptness and vision Mr. Timpany wrote
the Board in these sentences: "Our great need now
is a devoted trained ministry who will go to these

people, . . . and deliver the pure, loving mes

sage of Jesus the Christ of God." The missionaries
at their next Conference supported this letter with
a strong resolution. The Board at home heartily en
dorsed the opening of a seminary and appointed Rev.
Jno. McLaurin as the first Principal. In 1881 land
was secured in Samalkot as a -gift from the Rajah,
l
so long as it be used for missionary and education
al purposes." In 1882 Dr. and Mrs. McLaurin as
sisted by two Indian Christians opened the Samal
kot Theological Seminary. The enrolment the first
year was 15 and the second year more than 50. The
Seminary continued its good work here until 1912
when, under the leadership of Rev. H. E. Stillwell,
itwas moved to Cocanada. The school followed, in
Cocanada, its onhigh calling of making men for the
ministry and was blessed of God.

The Two United. A union of the Canadian Bap

tist and American Baptist Seminaries was effected in

July, 1920. The new institution is called "The Un

ion Theological Seminary." At present it is located
at Ramapatam, where our own Mr. Timpany began
the work in 1872. As soon, however, as the arrange-
98 MISSION LABORATORIES

ments are completed and the buildings can be erect

ed it is proposed to establish the new Union School
at Bezwada. This town as you will see from your
map is in the centre of the Telugu conutry and im
mediately between the Canadian and American ter
ritories. This town, too, is one of the growing Te
lugu cities and our boys here will receive their train

ing in the midst of their people s thought and life.

Our representative on the staff is Rev. J. B. McLaur-

in. The Indian teacher from our Mission is Mr.
Chetti Bharnumurti, a graduate of Serampore Col
lege and a former pastor of the Telugu Church at
South Cocanada. Two missionaries and two Telugu
teachers are provided by the American Mission. By
this Union then we receive the advantage of a thor

oughly good seminary with three missionaries and

their wives upon the staff at one third of the cost
in men and money. Best of all India will receive a

body of Christian leaders with such character and

devotion as will enable them to assume the increased
leadership and responsibility which the growing Te
lugu Churches imperatively demand.
A Christian Coalition . This plan is not a merge
for economic advantage. It is a Christian coalition
for the highest and holiest purpose in all India. Re
member, 85% of our people live in rural villages.
There are about 7000 such centres upon our Telugu
field. We cannot send a Canadian missionary to
each one of these villages. Under God, we can send
 MISSION LABORATORIES 99

a Telugu preacher and this is far better, not to say

much cheaper.Indeed Mr. McLaurin says: "The
training of thoroughly competent Indian pastors
and other leaders is not only the preferable but the
only possible course to meet the demand of the new
day." The work of our Union Seminary is to fill
Telugu Timothys with the love of God, the mind of
the Master and the power of the Holy Spirit, and
then to send them forth to these villages conquering
and to conquer in His name. Mr. Timpany wrote 42
years ago : Our success or failure as a mission is
bound up with this question." The great mission
ary hero is gone but his words are as true to-day as
when he spoke them 42 years a-go. By your persist
ent prayers and by your generous gifts make the
Seminary succeed; then God through the preachers
whom it trains will lead India to the feet of His Son

their Saviour and ours.

A Good Beginning. We will close our account

of the Union Theological Seminary with the follow
ing paragraph from Mr. McLaurin who is our Cana
dian missionary upon the staff. "We have at pres
ent in the school a total of 36 (Can. Bap.) students,
21 men and 15 wives of students. The Union has
begun under the happiest auspices and the students
all work together in the best spirit without any hint

of sectionalism. So we have made a good beginning,

and -got really started at this mighty work. Its re
sults no man can number, and the widening of its
100 MISSION LABORATORIES
influence none can foresee. But we shall see even
here sufficient of it, and that not many years hence,
as will bring us to our knees in gratitude to God for
the riches of His inheritance in the Indian people;
and one day we shall fully understand, when we too
behold the great multitude, which no man could
number, of all nations, and peoples, and kindreds,
and tongues, standing before the throne, and before
the Lamb, clothed in white robes, and palms in their
hands saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth
upon the throne, and unto the Lamb. God speed
the day, and may we all in prayer and gift and work,
have our part in the great consummation.

IV. THE McLAURIN HIGH SCHOOL

Accredited Christian boys, from any field in our
mission, who wish a higher education than that af
forded by the Boarding Schools, may enter the board
ing department of this excellent school at Cocanada.
It is called the McLaurin High Schoool in honor of

the pioneer missionary of the Canadian Baptist Mis

sion. It was opened by Kev. H. E. Stillwell in July,

1912, and is now in charge of Rev. E. E. Bensen. The

number of boys in the boarding department is about
180. In addition to these Christian boys, who come
from the various fields in the mission, a large num
ber of Hindu and Mohammedan boys from Cocanada
city are enrolled as day pupils only. Boys from this
school are usually very successful in the public ex-
 MISSION LABORATORIES 101

animations. popular and the enrol

It is therefore
ment Daily Bible
taxes the building to the utmost.
study is a part of the school curriculum and non-
Christian students frequently show a great deal of
interest in this part of the course. The boys in the

boarding department begin the day with the "quiet

and prayer in each dormitory room. Christ
hour"

ian Endeavor and prayer meetings are added to the

regular church services. The older boys also engage
in evangelistic work in and around Cocanada. Just

$35.00 will pay for the fees and board of a boy in

this excellent school for one year, but no money will

represent his worth as a future Christian leader in

our mission and in the life of India.

V. THE BIBLE TRAINING SCHOOL

Special Bible Study. In order that each pros
pective mission worker may become first of all, ma
ture in characterand thoroughly grounded in Bible
knowledge, a compulsory Bible study course has
been inserted between the third form or the eighth
standard on the one hand and the High School
course on the other. In addition then to the regular
Bible instruction received in each of the lower stan
dards, every prospective mission worker and each
High School student must take this one year course
entirely devoted to "Bible subjects and personal ag

gressive Christian work." A

recent Bible Training
Class consisted of forty boys, thirty of whom had
completed the eighth standard work. At the annual
102 MISSION LABORATORIES
examination fifty per cent of them were successful.
Mr. Bensen who is also in charge of this work says :

"From my personal contact with these students, I

believe that upon many of them God has truly laid

His hand, separating them for His service." Thus
through the Primary School, Boarding School, Bible
Training School, Normal School and High School
every effort is made to render these Telugu Tim
othys effective and efficient Christians who may
rightly divide the Word of Truth.

VI. THE VIZAaAPATAJVI HiaH SCHOOL

A School With 900 Students. The High School
at Vizagapatam enrols more
than 900 students,
ranging from the lowest standards up to matricula
tion. It is not only the oldest but the largest and
one of the best High Schools in the Madras Presi
dency. Some forty of these boys come from Chris
tian homes but the rest are practically all from the
high caste homes in the city. This gives us an every
day contact with a large and strategic group from
that part of the people who are the hardest to reach
in all the country. Apart from the salary of the
missionary in charge and that of two Christian
teachers, who give their time to teaching the Bible,
the school is practically supported by fees from the
boys. With nearly 1000 students enrolled many of
whom in later years will occupy positions of trust
and influence, with the continuous and consistent
contact with higher Hinduism which the school af-
 MISSION LABORATORIES 103

fords, it is easy to see what a large and strategic op

portunity this school offers for permeating the life

The Vizagapatam High School,

of India with the principles and practices of the

Prince of Peace. The Bible is taught every day and
examinations are taken in this as in other subjects.

VII. THE TIMPANY MEMORIAL SCHOOL

A School for Anglo-Indian Children. This in
stitution is named after the late Rev. A. V. Timpany
who, in 1883, opened a free school for European and
Anglo-Indian (Eurasian) children. The school
was placed under the care of Miss Ellen A. Folsom
and enjoyed considerable prosperity from the be-
104 MISSION LABORATORIES

ginning. In December, 1886, a commodious building,

enclosed in a compound of four acres, was purchased
in Cocanada and named the "Timpany Memorial
Work was begun in this building the follow
Hall."

ing year with an enrolment of 14 boarders and 23

day pupils. In 1913 further accommodation was
provided by the opening of Hudson Hall" in mem
ory of Mrs. Amanda Folsom Hudson, of Ottawa. The

Hudson Hall.

attendance at the school fluctuates, but it continues

to supply a real need to the community. With more
funds its usefulness could be greatly increased. The
 MISSION LABORATORIES 105

last report gives 22 boarders and 30 day pupils en

rolled. The evangelistic spirit of the school is good
and conversions regularly occur each year. This
represents the educational and Christian effort of
Canadian. Baptists for the somewhat large and very
needy group of Anglo-Indians.

Vin, BY THEIR FRUITS YE SHALL KNOW

THEM
A Hard Test. With all these schools in opera
tion one naturally looks for large spiritual returns,
and expects to find faith as well as works among the
Telugus. The full results of our work can only be
gathered by a survey of all these chapters; but we
mention here the Indian staff of 875 devoted work
ers as one of the direct and noble results of thase
Mission laboratories. Then there are the 78 churches
with 14,000 communicants, and a Christian
community of 75,000 which growing more rapidly
is

each year, and which is leavening India with the

principles and the practice of the Prince of Peace.
By their fruits ye shall know them, is a hard test
"

but a fair one, and by it Christianity has everything

to gain. Hinduism has had a fair trial in India for
nearly 40 centuries. Our missionaries have been la
boring there a little more than 40 years, neverthe
less, in at least four regal respects, the Christians are
distinctly superior to their Hindu neighbors.
They Outlive Them. Here is a man whose par
ents were outcastes; but he is preaching to high
106 MISSION LABORATORIES
caste Hindus. Christianity is such a good re
"If

ligion what has

done for you?" they ask. "My
it

parents taught me to drink and -gamble, now I have

given that up. My mother taught me to use very
bad language. Now I do not. I once had a very bad
temper Now I control it." This was his answer.
"Can we not make you angry?" they asked. "You

may try," he said. When things had gone unreas

onably far Mr. Freeman to whom we owe this in
cident intervened. We are not surprised to learn

A Hindu Priest.

that this teacher, when afterwards subjected to a

moral test of extraordinary severity, came through
worthily. Some, of course, fail when face to face
with temptation and persecution but, generally, they ;

are faithful and loyal to Jesus Christ, so far as they

know Him. Here is an enquirer whom Mr. Gordon
will tell us about. "A rather elderly man and to
 MISSION LABORATORIES 107

all appearances very frail gave his name to be a

Christian. Thecaste people of the village warned
him against doing so to no effect. They told him he
dare not come near the village. Then they took his
poor lean cow which was grazing on the common
road-side and put it in the pound twice in one day-
I saw the receipts. As he did not wince under their
blows they refused him coolie work at harvest time,
but the old man hung on to Christ. Then they cut
down the tree in his small garden plot and stole it,

M&

Christian Preacher.

and still the old wizened man stood firm. After

tJia"!stout agitators for home-rule tied the
these
would-be Christian (surely he was already one) to
a tree and threatened to take his life if he did not
108 MISSION LABORATORIES
renounce Christianity. This poor coolie, who six
months before had been a leader in the ways of idol

atry, who could neither read nor write, whose ante-,

cedents and precedents were all against him. an
swered that they might kill him if they liked be
cause he would then go to Paralokam (Heaven)."
So these people, led by the leaders who have been
trained in our mission schools, arc faithful and loyal
in ihc midst of heathendom, steadfast in persecution,
and cheerful in the f&ce of opposition.

They Out-Give Them. Let us begin here with

the boys and girls in these mission laboratories.
Littleby little and day by day. they take from their
daily supply of rice a port on for the Lord s work.
.

The pooled and sold.

rice is Oat of the proceeds
th?y tgive to the weekly and monthly collections of
the church. The rice given in this way at the Cen
tral Boys Boarding School
hist year sold for rupees
1
After giving their regular collections, the\
50.
had Rs. 18 left, which they divided equal! ; between
the new chapel at Samalkot, the Leper Home at Ra-
machandrapuram and the starving children of Cen
tral Europe. These are the boys who in future years
will lead the Indian Churches to self-support.

They Out-Die Them. A wealthy farmer when

upon his death-bed called in the Hindu priests. They
re.ad theirsacred books, but peace and hope came
not to the dying man. In restlessness of soul he
sent for the Christians Teacher, who took his Bible
 MISSION LABORATORIES 109

and read to him Let not your heart be troubled . ."

"In Father s house are many mansions

my . . ."

Then he turned back and read: "God so loved the

world .Later, Dr. J. E. Stillwell who re
. ."

lates this story went to read and pray with him.

When Hinduism failed, Christianity triumphed for
the man died in peace trusting in God through Je
sus Christ.

They Out-Think Them. A Christian community

is a progressive,community with new standards of
cleanliness, education, comfort, and self-respect. In
Government positions, in High Schools and College
class-rooms, you find the Christian, who only yester
day was a despised outcaste, side by side with the
Brahmin and doing as well as the best. Heritage
and influence are all against the Christians, but
Christ has come, "that they might have life and have
it moreabundantly"; therefore they win. Reborn
in Christ the Christian feels himself a new creature
and a real man. Now he counts as an individual,
for personality has a new value. He is not only a
saved man but the man for whom Christ died. The
outcaste woman says "Christ died for me and there
:

fore I count As men think in their hearts so

too."

are they. This thought of their new birth and new

worth in Christ begets human brotherhood, social
self-respect, hope and ambition. Yesterday they
were despised and without hope in the world today ;

they are respected and alive with a new hope. Hin-

110 MISSION LABORATORIES
duism and Caste suppressed them until they were
well-nigh less than human. Christianity and Christ
have lifted them and there is no height to which
they may not aspire, for they press on to lay hold
on that for which also they have been laid hold
upon. The leaders in this magnificent movement
are the pastors and teacher-evangelists who are
trained in these Mission Laboratories. To keep a
boy or -girl in the boarding school costs $25 a year
for fees and board. To keep a boy in the High
School costs $35 a year for fees and board. To keep
a teacher-evangelist or a preacher at work for one
year costs $50 and $60. Our schools are built and
in operation, our bungalows are built and the mis
sionaries are in them. Each $50 extra, therefore,
means a new preacher or a teacher-evangelist. Let
us give the money and God will give the men and
through them save India. If we withhold the money
boys and girls miss their chance, bodies unhealed
die in torture, souls unsaved die in darkness and the
Great Physician fails to reach millions for whom He
died.
 CHAPTER V.

CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION
I. SOULS AND STOMACHS.
Minding What is Above. Man is a soul and he
has a stomach. This is easily intelligible, and read
ily accepted by a Canadian who has a Christian
home, three square meals a day and has practically
no worry about to-morrow. If you are well clothed
well fed and housed, and none of it costs you undue
worry you can read with an equable mind Paul s
injunction: "Since then you have been raised with
Christ,aim at what is above, where Christ is, seated
at the right hand of God; mind what is above not
what is on earth, for you died and your life is hid
den with Christ in God." (Col. III. 1-3 Moffat).
Sitting Where They Suppose now that you
Sit.

have had just one meal today and are likely to go to

bed hungry tonight suppose you are not sure where
;

tomorrow s food will come from; suppose you were

actually feeling the pangs of hunger because food
was really hard to get, suppose your wage were six
cents or even eight cents a day; suppose you could
not get work, even at that, through long periods of
the year suppose your home were just a house and
;

that house a single mud-walled room with practically

no furniture; suppose you were paying seventy-five
 112 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

per cent interest on a debt from which you never

expected to be free in this world would you find it;

easy to set your mind on things above and would

you find it easy to keep your stomach from encroach

ing upon the rights of your soul?

What They Worship. Ask the outcaste for his
god, says Mr. Phillips and, is in a merry mood
"if he
he smacks his stomach saying that is what he wor
ships. If he is more serious he shows you a poor hut
or a platform under a neem tree, containing three
bricks raised on end and smeared with saffron, per
haps with a little cocoanut-oil lamp burning in front
of them. These bricks are his god." (The Out-
castes Hope, p. 13)

Religion and Proverbs, Religion says to these

stick to the job of your own
"

caste-ridden folks,
caste; but his proverb says, man "a must do many
things for the sake of his stomach." With poverty
companion and with absolutely no
for his life-long
margin between what he can earn and what he
needs for the barest necessity of life, one is not sur
prised that he frequently follows the proverb.
Like Priestess, Like People. A Pujari or Priest
ess onemorning chanced to visit a home where Miss
Baker and her Biblewomen were teaching. She was
quite interested in the Christian message and list
ened with "the greatest eagerness." Afterwards
she told Miss Baker "she had visited every shrine
she knew of without receiving that which she
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 113

sought;" then she added, "but I ve got my stomach

full this morning." "Like people like priest" was
never truer than here. The people from whom our
Christians come, like this Pujari, are intensely relig
ious but the plain every day business of getting
;

enough to eat, is so constantly with them that the

soul has little chance to compete with the stomach
and they frequently talk to the latter when they
mean the former.

Land, Liberty and Life. India s 720,000 villages

are almost all agricultural villages and her people
live very largely upon the land. The great major
ity of the outcaste people are agricultural laborers,
but few of them own any land for themselves.

In the Course of a Year. The average wage in

our part of the country is eight or perhaps ten cents
a day, with considerable periods of unemployment
at that. During the time when the fields are being
ploughed, the rice transplanted and the harvest
gathered, say from July to January, there is gener
ally more or less of work to be had. During this per
iod of the
year the family will live cheerfully
enough. After the harvesting and threshing is done,
however, say from the middle of February until the
rains come again the next July, there is little or
nothing to do on the land. The sun is very hot and
the ground is baked exceedingly hard. With 80 per
cent of the people engaged in agriculture, there is
very little industrial activity in the country. Dur-
114 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

ing this period then our outcaste farm laborer may

have many weeks with nothing to do. During these
seasons food supplies run low, debts are contracted
and perhaps one meal a day is as much as he can
provide at the best.
He Putteth Out His Money to Usury. Suppose
now a year of scarcity follows. The rains are a
partial failure, crops are poor and work is therefore

An Indian Saw Mill.

scarcer than usual. In addition to this, the price

of rice will be considerably above the average, and
we have already seen that there is actually no mar-
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 115

gin between what a man earns even in a good year

and the imperative needs of his family. In circum
stances like these it does not take much imagination
to understand how a family gets deeply in debt to
the land owner. The father, and his family, for that
matter, will work for the ryot (land-owner) next
season, of course, so he borrows from him rupees 15
or he may get an advance of rice for food. com A
mon rate of interestone anna per rupee a month.
is

There are 16 annas in a rupee, so our friend is pay

ing 12 annas a year for the loan of 16 annas, i.e., 75%
per annum. Now our Hindu ryot has no very keen
conscience and instead of rupees 15 he writes down
twenty-five and the debt grows faster still. This
outcaste laborer can neither read nor write, and he
has no good reason to trust those Hindus who can.
He therefore helplessly, rather than innocently, puts
his thumbmark to the unscrupulous agreement.

Now and Then a Famine. Where so much de

pends upon the caprice of the monsoons, years of
scarcity are sure to come every now and then, not
to mention an occasional famine. The sons (accord
ing to the unwritten village laws) inherit the debts
which the fathers make during these times of stress
and need. The family therefore sinks hopelessly in
to debt and becomes virtually the slaves of the ryot.

The Inevitable Perhaps a few of these

Result.
panchamma people have some land of their own.
How long can they be expected to keep it under such
116 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION
conditions? After a crop failure in Saskatchewan
the farmer goes to a bank and pays 8% to get car
ried over." Our outcaste landowner borrows money
for seed and the above story is repeated. With in
terest at 75%, the principal is dishonestly increased,
and soon the land is "eaten up," by an exorbitant
rate of interest on money, part of which, he never
received. Thus it is, that scarcity of food, lack of
work, exorbitant interest charges, and unrighteous
money-lenders, allcombine to deprive these people
of land, liberty and even life itself.
The Question. This is the atmosphere in which,
the foundation upon which, and the material out of
which, our missionaries in India are endeavoring,
under God, to build churches. With these heavy
handicaps how become independent,
will they ever

self-supporting, self-propogating and self-governing

churches ?

The Answer. Our first answer is that Christian

ity is economic condi
in itself a great cure for poor
tions. Carlyle was clearly right when he said that
"the improvement is the improvement of
soul of all
the soul. If any one among you thinks that Chris

tianity has not done much for the improvement of the

race let him consider these two facts First, that the :

wealth of the world is gathered chiefly in those lands

that know Christ best secondly, and this is more
;

significant still, that this wealth is far more evenly

distributed in those lands where the church of Christ
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 117

is built at the cross-roads and upon the street cor

ners. Rev. J. E. Chute, whose long experience upon
the great Akidu field enables him to speak with
authority says: "Whatever economic prosperity the
Christian community possesses has been acquired
mostly subsequent to their conversion." Every
church etablished in India, then, and every convert
to Christianity in the land, is a sure sign of a better
day coming. You cannot
get golden conduct out of
leaden instincts but you can get and you will get it
from men who have been born again.

II. CO-OPERATION.
Acquiring Land for the Christians. While Mr.
Gandhi has been preaching non-co-operation with
the Government, the missionaries have been co-oper
ating with them in an effort to lift the outcastes from
their present depressed condition. Part of this effort
has been the free distribution of unoccupied lands.
On the Akidu field Dr. Wolverton assisted the
Christians in obtaining over 300 acres on deed and
much more upon a three year lease which may be
come permanent. On the Vuyyuru field 2000 acres
were applied for through the Co-operative Society.
Not all will be received of course. These folks, then
who never could have bought land, have thus come
into the possession of an acre or an acre and a half
worth, from $100 to $200 per acre. It is not a

"quarter section," but it is considerable for them

and an unusual privilege. To get it cost the mis-

118 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

sionary a great deal of correspondence, and now he

must be ever on the watch to protect them from the
money-lender and the Hindu land-owner who would
be glad to deprive them of their gift and keep them
in further servitude. On the Avanagadda field the
Christians received last year about 175 acres. Mr.
Cross says: We hope the possession of this land
"

will be a great help to the Christians both economi

cally and socially and that it will enable them to as

sume greater financial responsibility on behalf of
their churches."

Government Appreciation. The -government of

India fully appreciates the value of the work done
by the missionaries through these indirect means and
cordially welcomes their co-operation in furthering
the moral and material well-being of these depress
ed classes in the land.
Caste Disability. The outcastes themselves ap
preciate this work on their behalf. For many cen
turies the higher castes have treated them as mere
beasts of burden. Without souls to be saved, they
were not allowed to enter the temples; without
brains to be educated, they were not allowed to en
ter the schools. Their proverb says: "Only if he is

beaten will the pariah -get sense," and their sacred

literature teaches that it is a crime punishable in
hell to teach him the sacred books. Both in the let
ter of British law and in the spirit of its administra
tion in India, the outcaste has equal rights with the
higher caste. The sweeper at the lowest end of this
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 119

social system is as good as the Brahmin at the high

est end, so long as You cannot
he behaves himself.
however, put an English official in each of these

720,000 villages. In spite of the letter and the spirit,

then, there are schoolsby the thousand, post offices
by the hundred and court houses by the score into
which he cannot enter.
Saving the Soul and Salvaging Society Through
the missionary he obtains schools for his children,
social standing for his family and protection from

injustice for himself. In Christ he feels himself a

man and attains more privileges
for the first time
in a generation than before in a millennium. The
general movement towards Christianity which is so
manifest throughout our Mission, has in it, therefore,
a two-fold factor. First and chief, of course, is the
divine discontent of the soul until it finds its true
Saviour and Comrade and Deliverer in Jesus Christ,
coupled with the earnest efforts of the Telugu
Christians to lead others to Him. The second factor
is a social one. Within Christianity the outcaste
looks for schools for his children, for sympathy and
brotherhood for himself, and the attainment of their
long lost rights for the community. Thus through
the missionary agency the Gospel of Christ becomes
the very power of God to save the soul and to sal
vage the society. The outcaste under the aegis of
the Holy Spirit, better clothed and better fed, be
gins for the first time in history to grow in wisdom
and in favor with God and man.
120 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

Co-operative Loan Societies. These are founded

by the Y.M.C.A. and by the missionaries, to enable
the members to obtain a loan at a reasonable rate of
interest. Through these societies some members be
come free of debt entirely, and others largely reduce
their indebtedness. Improved implements are intro
duced and other advantages are attained which
make for a larger degree of independence. Follow
ing this initiative, the Government is now establish
ing co-operative societies. One of Dr. J. E. Still-
Well s best teachers was recently, with his full con
sent, appointed as inspector of these societies in his
district.

The Co-Operative Society of Vuyyuru Christians

This was formed in 1920. The shares cost
rupees
five and no person is allowed to hold more than
twenty shares. It now has more than rupees 2500
in the bank which will be held for
agricultural pur
poses only. The Society is now registered by Gov
ernment and can hold lands in its own name. Mr.
Gordon says: My whole object in the establishment
of the Society and in securing land was to assist our
Christian community who are hopelessly in debt to
the farmers for whom they do coolie work to reach
some degree of independence."

Community Service. It can now be readily

pointed out how each one of our village school teach
ers and preachers are able to do some social service
of the very highest type. Here is a man who must
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 121

borrow rupees 15 for seed rice. He can neither read

nor write and the money lender writes down Rs. 25,
and perhaps, 75% interest. To sign it means to lose
his small holding of land.Before he puts his thumb-
mark to it, therefore, he brings it to the mission
school teacher and has it read. He Who drove the
money-changers from the Temple must rejoice when
He sees them driven from the lives of these Telugu
children of His. The village schools themselves are
a very direct social gift for the 10,000 boys who are
;

in daily attendance will know how to read their own

contracts and can never be made to put their names
to those which call for 75% interest on more money
than they receive and may make them and their
families virtually slaves to the money lender. Mr.
Chute said one day to a caste man on the Akidu
field: "Do you realize how much the missionaries
have done for education, not only in providing
schools themselves, but in encouraging the Govern
ment to do so as he answered, "this
well?" "Yes,"

is very true and now

that you have taught us to read
you must provide us with good literature also." Thus
one -good service rendered begets the opportunity
for a wider service.

HI. LACE MAKING.

The Lace Makers. The number of lace-makers
among the Christians growing steadily and their
is

place in the industrial life of the community is in

creasingly significant. Lace-making is one of the
122 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

methods through which the women of India are be

ing lifted out of despair and helplessness to a place
of self-reliance and self-respect. Sitting upon the
mud floors and beneath their thatched roofs, in small
rooms with poor light, or else in the too bright sun
shine upon the little verandah these women toil with
patient persistence and with marked aptitude for
their task.

The Sales Department. The sales are conducted

through the lady missionaries and the missionaries
wives who with a great deal of care and time for
ward lace to good women at home who also -give
much time and care in the selling of it.Every dol
lar realized from the sales goes back into the devel
opment of the women s work there and into the
hands of the makers.

Economic Advantages. Boarding School girls,

widows, orphans and cripples find this a means not
alone to support themselves but their church as well.
Miss Elliott, speaking of her Boarding girls at Bob-
bilisays "It is gratifying to note the awakening
:

consciousness that they need not be forever depend

ent on others, but can earn for themselves. This en
genders self-reliance and self- respect. Some appar
ently very dull girls can make beautiful lace."
Wives of our preachers and teachers are among the
busy makers and supplement the salaries which are
too small for the needs of a growing family.
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 123

Crippled Kantamma. Here is a story from a Lu

theran missionary which may help those who sell
and those who buy. "In a palm-leafed hut, 9x9,
lives crippled Kantamma with blind Mary her
mother. Kantamma s body is helpless from her hips

Mat Makers.

clown. She has no rolling- chair. When she moves

about she places her hand palms down on the ground
and swings her body forward. She supports herself
and her blind mother by making lace. Whenever a
service is held Kantamma is sure to be there,
walking a furlong on her hands in order to attend.
Her eyes tell of the joy she has found in her Saviour.
124 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION

Evangelistic Results. The lace-makers are

taught the Gospel stories, Christian hymns, texts,

etc., and they in turn are expected to teach others,
so this, like all our other work, becomes a direct
evangelistic agency. We can best illustrate this by
the following paragraph from Miss Jones last re
port: Kallem, one Saturday evening, twelve
"In

brought the six or twelve whom they had taught.

,

One caste girl brought her mother, sister, aunts and

neighbors, who recited two, ten or even thirty verses.
One young woman stood outside the church,
,

weeping because her disciples failed to appear. Sun

day, four were baptized. K. Sarah, the Pastor s wife,
illiterate, but enthusiastic, and Shantamma combined
to teach lace and the Gospel to a young Kumma

widow, Parala Subbamma. She joyfully confessed

her Lord on Easter Sunday. A deserted wife simi
larly taught by the Compounder s wife, is waiting
for an opportunity to become a Christian." Al
though the lace industry on the Ramachandrapuram
field was begun by Mrs. Gunn just ten years ago,
there are now more than one hundred women em
ployed in it, on this field alone.

IV. THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.

India and Industry. India is a country rich in
raw materials and industrial possibilities, but poor
in manufacturing accomplishments. "Her labour is
inefficientbut capable of vast improvement. She re
lies almost entirely on foreign sources for foremen
 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 125

and supervisors, and her intelligentia have yet to

develop a right tradition of industrialism. Her
stores of money lie inert and idle." These words
are taken from the report of a commission appointed

during the war to thoroughly investigate industrial

conditions in India. The possibilities for industrial
expansion were found to be varied and very large.
The Government has now adopted a policy of "ener
getic assistance in the development of Indian indus
tries in order that India may become independent as

regards men and material."

The Christians and Industry. Generally speak

ing, the Christians, coming, as they do, so largely
from the outcaste community, are at the very bot
tom of the social scale and in a state of poverty
which it is difficult for Canadians to appreciate. In
order to rise they must have some assistance and
leadership.
What Has Been Done. Fifty years ago the busi
ness men of Basel came to the help of the Christians
on the south-west coast of India, giving them indus
trial missionaries,machinery and funds. Today they
are in the front rank of the weaving, dyeing and em
broidery industries. They are unexcelled in print
ing, book-binding, tileand brick manufacture, and
some other industries. The Christian community is
rooted in the economic and industrial life of this dis
trict. 8,000 of them earn a comfortable livelihood
and not a few are managers and owners of their
own business.
126 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION
The Proposed School at Cocanada. For some
time we have carried on a small carpentry school at
Cocanada. The work has been in charge of Mr.
Craig who has successfully conducted the school
along- with his other duties as field missionary. The
number of boys in attendance has averaged about
ten and some excellent results have been achieved.
Now it has been decided to attempt something more
far-reaching. The following outline of the proposed
scheme by Rev.
is Dixon Smith, who has been taking
special training in Toronto for this work :

The Carpentry
School. This is planned for
twenty boys with a regular curriculum and time
table. Young men
are being trained as teachers for
this department. It will require one large room,

twenty carpentry benches, with tool kits for each

and an outfit of special tools for general use of all.
The course will cover five years of which three years
will be spent in instructional work with only a little

commercial work. The last two years will be em

ployed in the factory on commercial work with only
a very little instruction.

The Forge. In India carpentry and blacksmith-

ing go together. A man is expected to know both
and a man with some knowledge of both will find
more work. We plan ten forges of various kinds
from the native skins to the modern blower forge,
so that, while usmg what is already there, we will be

adding something more advanced. This department

 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION 127

will require one room, a trained teacher, and forge

equipment, which last is now
nearly all in hand. The
class will be arranged for 20 boys, with a simple but
wide curriculum of work and a regular time table.
The Wood-working Factory.
1

The chief aim of

this section will be, first, to complete instructional
work in carpentry by employing the boys for two

years on commercial work. Boys never learn a trade

in a school. In the school they will learn how to
do the work, in the factory they will develop speed
and efficiency and after a little while they will get
only the money they earn they are thus much more
;

likely tomake a success when they leave the institu

tion. Second, an attempt will be made to demon
strate modern methods of production. All lo-gs and
lumber in the district are sawn by hand now. A
small portable saw mill has been obtained with the
simpler wood-working machinery, which, while not
right up to date for this country, is as far in advance
of methods in India as it is safe to have at the com
mencement. There will be a small dry-kiln for sea
soning wood by modern methods and an attempt will
be made to develop a market for rough and finished
lumber, building timber, furniture, etc. It is our
aim to do something toward developing the wood
working industry in the district in which the mission
works. Market-gardening and poultry-raising will
also be taught to some extent.

The Goal of Industrial Evangelism. Better

128 CHRISTIANITY IN ACTION
methods of production, more efficient workmen, a
higher wage-level, a higher standard of living, bet
ter homes, more food, a margin above absolute ne
cessities for some comforts, honest business, learn

ing under Christian influence, the presentation of

the character of Jesus Christ as the honest efficient
labourer, another point of contact to present the
Christ as a Saviour these are some of the aims
: and
ideals which constrain us to press onward in indus
trial evangelism.
 CHAPTER VI.

FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN AMONG

THE TELUGUS.
I. THE BEST BENEVOLENCE IN THE WORLD.
The Great Example. When in the fulness of
time our Father, who is God, sent His Son into
the world He sent Him as a preacher, teacher,
and physician. Livingstone found encouragement
in* this for he said in one of his lonely
hours: had only one Son and He was a
"God

medical missionary." In our Telugu Mission we

have followed the great example for medical mis
sions have had for many years an increasingly large
place in our efforts to establish the Kingdom of God
in India. In this crowded corner of our great Em
pire ignorance, cruelty and superstition; poverty,
disease and dirt child marriage and malnutrition
; ;

gross neglect and callous indifference to suffering

all combine to make the service of the medical mis

sionary the most humane and the most necessary of

all social service the best benevolence in the world.
True the Government does and med
offer sanitation
Almost twenty-five hun
ical relief to the people.
dred government hospitals and dispensaries treat
over 22,000,000 patients each year. Twenty-five
hundred hospitals, however, among 720,000 villages
130 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
and towns is a small number, so there is more than
ample room and a crying need for every missionary
hospital which has been inaugurated.
Real Worth-While Tasks. "

How can one be

a Christian and not act?" said
Carey. Our
doctors in India are demonstrating at each of
the eight medical centres the most practical
Christianity possible. Flu and famine have in re
cent years added largely to the already countless
numbers of sick and suffering until they crowd our
hospitals and throng the dispensaries. Responding
to their needs and moved by the spirit of the Great

Physician our medical missionaries exert themselves

to the utmost by day and by night to relieve the dis
tress of those who crowd about them.

Crowded Hours of Glorious Service. In Mrs.

Chute s Hospital at Akidu patients at times fill
every bed, every corner, and lie in rows upon the
verandah. At Vuyyuru they have had nearly forty
in-patients in a hospital with five rooms calculated
to accommodate fourteen patients. When one
room built to hold four patients is made to accom
modate twelve and each of these is accompanied
with an average of two relatives, not only is the
room fairly full but it becomes an eloquent testimony
to the selfless service and the soul-force of our
missionary physicians in this needy land. Dr. Hulet,
the year before her recent furlough, treated over 800
.patients in her hospital, besides -giving more than
16,000 treatments to nearly 7000 out-patients. Dr.
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 131
i-

Findlay says, to Canadian young men and women,

you want a really big job come out here where
"If

one doctor treats in her out-patient department

alone from fifty to eighty-four daily". The week
before Dr. Cameron left for her last vacation the
Hospital at Chicacole contained 24 in-patients 2 in
the operating-room, 1 in the hallway and 1 in the
bathroom. At this station dispensary the attend
ance ran as high as 264 in a single day. Thus
through crowded hours of glorious service they
burn themselves out for Christ and do "really big
jobs".

Evaluating The Invaluable. If in an unguarded

1

moment and in a mood of materialism you ask, just

what are the statistical results of this work, we
might answer about as follows During the last
:

year more than 3000 in-patients were cared for in

our hospitals, and about 49,000 out-patients received
treatment. Altogether about 95,000 treatments were
given to 52,000 folks, or to about 1,000 each week.
In addition to all this, more than 500 major oper
ations, and something more than 3,600 minor oper
ations were performed. There is a story that once
in the long ago God was angry because one, moved
by vain numbered His people, but we
glory,
think that to-day He must be well pleased when He
looks down upon our medical missionaries as, moved
by Jesus love, they treat the thousand sick and suf
fering Telugus every week.
The Real Results. Great and good as these fig-
132 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
ures seem to be there are other results which are
even better and more significant than these. The
real results of this ennobling enterprise are found
in its power to dispel superstitions which have fet
tered the souls of people for millenniums, to break
down prejudice and preach the brotherhood of
man, to show love in action and teach the Father
hood of God, to make open doors and effect
ual where there have been many adversaries, to
interpret the mind of the Master and the Spirit
of His Kingdom to dull ears and clouded intel

lects, to soften hard hearts, to open blind eyes, to

make the lame to walk and finally, in all these ways,
directly and indirectly to lead men to Christ and
hasten the coming of His Kingdom. Such as these
are the real results which no man can number.

Demon There is an element of

Exterminators.
demonism worship of the Hindus. Even
in all the
the philosophical Brahman is subject to it; but
the outcastes among whom we do a -great
deal of our work, and from whom we gain by far
the most of our converts, live all their life in
fear and bondage of these evil spirits. If a
sore appears upon the arm a demon is eating it. If
a pain is felt in the head an evil spirit has entered it.
If one has a bad fever demons have taken possession
of him. What
could be plainer than this, since the
world teeming with evil creatures. Plain enough
is

indeed, but what could be more uncomfortable than

 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 133

to live in such a demon-infested world? Here is

Gundree whose home among the Savara Hills. He

is

visits Miss Harrison who is touring in his vicinity,

and shows her a sore on his leg as big as one s hand.
A demon was eating his leg, he said. Miss Harrison
treated the ulcer and told him about Christ who has
power over evil spirits and is able to protect His
people. As the ulcer decreases his belief in Jesus
increases and he finally goes away, with a stock of
medicine and a promise not to worship the village
goddess any more. Miss Mason says she went into
a home on the Narsapatnam field during the Flu epi
demic and found a father beating his little boy who
was delirious because as he said, demon had tak
"a,

en possesion of him." The next morning the little

fellow was dead. Who but the medical missionary

could expel this darkness and admit "the light of
the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of
Jesus Christ." He is the supreme demon-extermin
ator the world around. Figures are good but what
are figures compared with accomplishments like
these ?

Love in Action. Let us look in upon this Moham

medan girl in Dr. Allyn s hospital at Pithapuram.
She is only thirteen years of age and nearby is her
little babe which "almost cost the mother s life."

As Dr. Allyn introduces you and speaks a Christian

word to this Mohammedan girl she smiles and says :

I could cut
"If my skin and sew it into shoes for
off"

you could
I not repay you what I owe you." This is
134 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
more than mere gratitude, it is an attitude
a brand
new attitude toward and the
the religion of Jesus
work of our Mission.This will make our work more
pleasant and the progress of the Kingdom more
rapid. The work of the medical missionary in this
and in a hundred other ways is daily abetting and
assisting the work of every other missionary upon
the field.

The Christian Interpretation of Love and Father

hood. Dr. Smith s hospital at Pithapuram is the
scene of this little story. This time the patient is a

lad of ten years. While watching a flock of goats he

was seized by a leopard and fearfully mangled. 12
hours afterwards his parents brought him to the hos
pital unconscious and almost pulseless. His skulJ
is fractured in three places and also his lower jaw.
As a result of all this his right side iscompletely par
alyzed and his speech is gone. There are other
patients in this hospital and high caste people are
about who wouldnot touch this boy, with his mag
got infested wounds, even with a long pole, but they
observe Dr. Smith s kindly, skilful attention as
days go by they learn that his paralyzed side is slow
ly regaining life and power, and finally they hear
him talking again. This is all very wonderful; but
the most wonderful part of it is the love of the Can
adian doctor, who has come half way around the
world, to do this kind of service for the folks whom
they would not touch and whom he has never seen
before. At the end of the month when the doctor
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 135

receives one dollar for his fees, Hindus and Moham

medans alike understand as never before that a re
ligionwhich does things like this has more in it
than they have -generally given it credit for. Love

Dr. Smith Pulling Teeth.

in action has played upon the life of this boy and

his parents fortwo months. They have listened daily
to the Gospel and gone away with a conception of
God s love so vastly different from anything they
have yet known that they literally have a new God
and a new love. Once more the hospital has inter
preted to heavy ears and dull minds the Christian
meaning of love and fatherhood.
The Blind See. A blind man with double cataract
was operated upon by Dr. Wolverton at Akidu. He
is a good patient and follows instructions carefully.
136 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
The rest and the diet are all new to him, and he is
doubtful about their usefulness in his case. The long-
days of darkness before the bandages can be remov
ed drag wearily along. He has many misgivings of
his own, and out in the village where he came from
the folks talk about what has been done and specu
late upon the result. Will the village goddess be
angry and cause the whole business to fail, and per
haps the man to die as well, or will the doctor s God
triumph? The happy days come at length and the
bandages are removed. He has had a perfect recov
ery and can now see to get about. Among all the ob
jects which he now looks upon with his new sight the
doctor is the most wonderful and best beloved. "The
giver of my sight, he calls him now. Not this alone
but this man and his neighbors, and, to some extent,
his whole village, have a new vision of the Christian
brotherhood of man and a new desire to know more
about the Christian s God. While healing the body
and giving sight to the blind these followers of the
Great Physician are showing India the Saviour and
the God for whom they have been searching through
out three millenniums.

Working Themselves Out of a Job. The mis

sionary as a doctor renders no less service
as an educator than as a doctor. Their hospi
talsand dispensaries are not only places of comfort
to the sick and suffering, but also serve as centres
from which the light of a modern medical science
radiates throughout the land. Every hospital is
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 137

training assistants ofall kinds, nurses, compounders

and doctors. These, later on, will be doing the task

for themselves, and so not only the service but the
very skill of these people is passed on into the hands
of the Hindu people themselves. Dr. Smith, in this
way, has opened up dispensaries at- Yellamanchili,
Samalkot and Kotipalli. In all we now have some
nine dispensaries in charge of Indian trained work
ers. These Christian compounders in charge of such
outposts enjoy the confidence and esteem of tens of
thousands of Hindus and treat a great number of
patients.

Hospitals and Home Missions. Dr. Joshee s

work at Ramachandrapuram is an outstand

ing illustration of the above process. Dr. Jo-
shee as a small boy was discovered by Miss Hatch
and educated, not only under her direction, but
through her financial assistance. For sixteen years
his work in the "Bell Hospital" has been recognized
by the government. It is essentially Indian, it is en
tirely self-supporting, and last year treated about
7,000 patients. Dr. Joshee, in addition to the large
service in this hospital, was also in charge of the
leper asylum at Ramachandrapuram during Miss
Hatch s furlough. Dr. and Mrs. Joshee in turn
a fraction of needed help from outside," have
"with

given Dr. Massee his medical education.

Breaking Down Prejudice. Kotipalli is a sac

red village on the Ramachandrapuram field
but belonging to the estate of the Vizi-
138 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN

anagram Rajah. This village is built on the banks

of the Godavari River at a point where its waters
meet the tides from the sea. Because of this inci
dent the waters are sacred and large numbers of
pilgrims make a pilgrimage to Kotipalli to bathe and
have their sins washed away. Many Brahman
priests live herewho, for a fee of a few cents and
upwards, pronounce mantrams or holy verses
will
over the bathers. These waters are so sacred that
one bath with the mantram from the Brahman is
sufficient to cleanse the pilgrim of ten million sins.
The name "Kotipalli" means the ten million town.
The pride and prejudice of Brahmans is always very
great, but in a centre like this it can hardly be over
estimated. The very streets are so sacred that out-
castesand Christians are not allowed to walk
through them. The sacredness of this village, as
well as the disability of the Christians to enter it, are
well known by everybody throughout this part of
the country. Now a chief officer of the great Rajah
of Vizianagram was residing in this village to look
after this part of his estate. One day the officer s
little son became seriously ill and the Brahman

priest who with one verse could cure ten million sins
could not cure a single stomach ache. Nearby, how
ever, was a man of God with a worthily won repu
tation as a healer. His name was Dr. Joshee, an able
Indian Christian doctor associated with Miss Hatch
in her splendid leper work at Ramachandrapuram.
This father was a high official so he could afford to
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 139

ignore custom, pride, and religious prejudice and

brave the wrath of the Brahman priest. And he did
so for his boy s sake. He called Dr. Joshee, and the
boy was successfully treated.
ARevolutionizing Contrast. In this village is

a sacred -tank and upon one bank is a

Hindu Temple whose precincts are very sacred;
neither Christian nor outcaste can approach it. On
the opposite side of the bank was a vacant building.
Dr. Masse is now in charge of a prosperous work
there. A revolutionizing contrast is thus established
which is the hope of new India and the talk of all
the nearby villages. On one side of the tank are the
Brahman priests, modern Pilates, washing their
hands in the sacred waters to be rid of their sins;
on the other side is the Christian doctor, modern,
representative of the Great Physician, cleansing pu
trefying sores, healing diseases and treating ills of
all sorts for all conditions of people, then pointing
them to the Lamb of God who taketh away the sins
of the world. To-day Christians walk freely through
any street of this sacred town. Dr. Massee and Dr.
Joshee are now called into the homes of these very
priests and one of the chiefest among them headed
a petition whereby a considerable annual grant is
obtained to purchase medicine for the dispensary.
Pride and prejudice which for two thousand years
has out-phariseed the pharisees, which has either an
nihilated or assimilated every other opponent,
breaks down completely before the spirit of Christ
140 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
exemplified in Christian lives such as those of Dr.
Joshee and Dr. Massee. This is what we mean when
we say that the medical missionary complements
and supplements all other forms of the missionary
enterprise.
Race Hatred and Christian Love. Hard hearts
are softened and race hatred is dissolved as
they see these doctors in selfless service giving
themselves unreservedly for all sorts and con
ditions of their fellow-men. We will turn again to
the late Dr. Cameron for our illustration here. She
is on her way home from Chicacole road station
where she has had a heavy day at the dispensary.
The distance is ten miles, and half-way in the motor
cycle breaks down. A Hindu gentleman who is
riding in a hired bullock cart gives the doctor his
place in the cart while he takes the driver s place
and the driver runs along side. He would not think
of doing this for any other woman, not even his own
wife; but this is the missionary doctor whose name
and fame is known among all the people. On another
occasion while the Indian driver tried to fix the cycle
in the dark a Mohammedan insisted on standing by
"his doctor" for two hours. When
Miss Cameron
suggested that he might go for a lantern, he said:
"But can I leave you?" When the trouble was fix
ed up he said a courteous -good night and went on his
way. Hindus came in a similar circumstance and
offered to draw her home in a cart.

Soul Service. In these days of race hatred and

 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 141

mutual misunderstanding who will venture to sug

gest a higher or holier service than this. In these
months when Dr. Ghandi is preaching "soul-ser
vice where can you find a better example of it than
just here among these missionary doctors, who are
110 respecters either of persons or of religions, who
treat all kinds of diseases and look upon aJL men as
brothers.
"In is no East or West
Christ there
In Him no South or North,
But one great fellowship of love
Throughout the whole wide earth.

In Him shall true hearts everywhere

There high communion find,
His service is the golden cord
Close binding all mankind."

and Battles. While Wellington was

Babies
marching and fighting in Europe, David Living
stone was learning to walk and talk in Scot
land. We would not underestimate the work of
Wellington and we could not overestimate the
baby of Blantyre? During the Great War
a million five hundred thousand Indians fought for
us on every front where a British soldier fought.
During each and every year of the war more than
1,500,000 babies died in India. Among them
were many who would have made a Doctor Joshee
or a Doctor Massee, but they just died be
the
fore they were a year old "a sacrifice upon
142 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN

I
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 143

altar of ignorance" and something less than 20

per cent, of those which survive will get to a school.
The District Board in Chicacole had given Dr. Cam
eron a grant for a child s welfare department and
she had also started a milk depot. As you look in
upon a ward in Dr. Allyn s hospital you see in a row
"

three babies all of whom, will be blind as a result

of neglect or cruel treatment." They have come too
late. Ask this mother: "W,hat ails your boy?" She
replies, "Alas! I named him The Moon, and the
name hasn t suited him. Therefore he lost his sight
and has wasted away."

Child Marriage. There are about 150,000,000

women in India. It is not easy for any of them
to call a male physician; it is impossible for many
of them to do so. In a land where civilization is
marriage and girl motherhood, it is
built. upon child
no wonder that both women and children die so
fast. There are about 150 lady doctors in the land,

i.e.,one for each one million women. Three-fourths

of thewomen who died in India last year died out
side the reach of medical aid.

A Direct Evangelistic Agency. Dr. Wolver-

ton says recently: With our large
"

commu
nity of Christians and with no other hospital
nearer than ten miles, we realize that there is a con
siderable opportunity for the hospital work in Akidu
to become a real evangelistic force and a great aid
to the work of the Kingdom here in Akidu. Speak
ing of this same opportunity Dr. Jessie Findlay says :
144 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
"I find in Vuyyuru an absolutely limitless field for
medical evangelism limitless except in so far
as
strength and time and equipment place a restraint
on what one may do." This is also well illustrated
by the fine evangelistic effort of Dr. Zella Clark,
who in conjunction with her sister, has "gathered
"

together a very interesting group of Christians on

the Sompetta field. With this spirit in the service
of our doctors and with 52,000 patients each twelve
months, with here and there patients filled with
gratitude towards their healers, one cannot imagine
more fertile ground upon which to sow the good
seed. In addition to what the doctors and nurses
do in this personal way, the Bible women s efforts
who visit the hospitals regularly must be taken ac
count of.

Then, too, there are regular chapel services for

all those who can attend. Not a few attend a Chris

tian service for the first time while in attendance at

our hospitals and carry back from these vital centres
to many a distant village the first real message of
Jesus and His love.
"

It Was Born in My Soul." Here is a letter

received by Dr. Allyn from a goldsmith girl who was
recently discharged from her hospital:
"Dear Mother, Far from God, and
off

unworthy of your love, your lonely child,

I,

send you greetings. You have healed my

body, but there is no health in my soul. Can
i there be salvation for such a sinful woman
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 145

as I, whose sins are continually killing the

soul? I am praying with all my heart that
the Lord will deliver me from this fearful
hell. I am trusting you to help me to be
come the Lord s child, and to find the true
way to Him/
p
Jo
T>

it

Later this girl came back to the hospital over a

thirty mile road to ask Is there salvation for me ?
"

When Dr. Allyn asked her Who told you to for

:
*

sake your sin?" she replied: "No person it was

born in my soul." Among the 52,000 who annually

visit our hospitals there must be large numbers like
this -girl into whose souls are born the deep things
of God, as they are ministered unto by these ser
vants of the Most High.

H. VELLORE UNION MEDICAL MISSIONARY

SCHOOL.
Higher Education for Eastern Women. Be
fore the war there were just a few missionary
experiments in higher education for women in all
the East. The three or four which were in existence
were of course under denominational control. It is
extremely difficult, however, for any one denomina
tion, working in any Eastern land to provide from
their own converts alone a sufficient body of stu
dents for a women s college. For one denomina
tional Board to maintain an efficient faculty and to
provide suitable buildings for such a college is an
even harder task.
146 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
Faced with these very practical difficulties sev
eralWomen s Boards of Foreign Missions have come
together in a co-operative way to provide Union Col
leges for women over all the East. This co-operation
it is hoped will make it possible to provide adequate,
standard, well-equipped institutions. So far about
ten Women s Boards in Canada and the United
States and others in
England are co- operating.
Among the schools which they are promoting is the
Vellore Union Medical Missionary School. Vellore
is situated four hours south of Madras by railroad.
We cannot hope to send enough doctors from this
land to supply the great need in India where there
are at present 150 doctors to serve 150,000,000 wo
men, and if we could it would not be good policy.
At any rate it seems far better to train up Indian
Christian women who may act as doctors to their
own people. The Vellore Medical School was opened
for this purpose by Doctor Ida Scudder in August,
1918. It was a great venture, but there has been
no lack of students. Many were turned away last
year (1921) because there were neither class-rooms
nor dormitories available.
The Greater Gift of Canadian Baptist Women.
Canadian Baptist women are not co-operating in
a financial way, but it has been their privilege to
make a greater gift than silver or gold. The Wo
men s A.B.F.M. Society were responsible for supply
ing two lady doctors for the staff. Mrs. Montgom
ery says, They looked over their entire constituency
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 147

for a considerable time in search of two lady doc

tors for this appointment but failed to find them.
Finally they turned to Western Canada, and from
our constituency there, of 14,000 members,
they secured two sisters, Dr. Jessie and Dr. Bessie
Pindlay who graduated in medicine from Manitoba
University, 1920. In this way it has become the high
privilege of Canadian Baptist women to share in a
very vital way in this effort to train Indian Chris
tian women who are to serve as doctors for their
own people. This is one of the very noblest services
which it ispossible to render to India s women. It
is one of the most important events in the mission
ary progress of the last one hundred years. Dr.
Scudder, who is in charge at Vellore, expects to be
in America in 1922-23, and Dr. Allyn has been asked
to take her place. Dr. Bessie" Findlay will take Dr.
Allyn s place at Pithapuram during her absence in
Vellore.

in. A MINISTRY OF MERCY.

Lepers and Leprosy. In India as a whole there
are about one hundred and ten thousand lep
ers. The occurrence of the disease is very local,
and its prevalence varies considerably within the
limits of a single province. In the last twenty-five
years the number of victims has decreased nearly
13 per cent. Three main causes for the decrease may
be mentioned An improvement in the material con
:

dition of the lower castes, among whom leprosy is

most common, a higher standard of cleanliness and
148 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
the greater effort of recent years to house the lepers
in asylums.

The Mission to Lqpers in the East. Much

credit is due to this Society for the provis-

Lepers.

ion of asylums for these unfortunate people and also

for the rapidly increasing number of inmates. The
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 149

total number of asylums now in India is some 75

with about 5000 inmates, or nearly five per cent, of
the total number of lepers. This may seem a very
small proportion, but caste and other strong preju
dices have to be overcome, and the movement is still
young. More rapid progress, however, is being made
each year.
The Ramachandrapuram Leper Home. This
home had its origin in the heart and brain of the
late Rev. J. E. Davis and of Miss S. I. Hatch.
The first site of two acres was secured in 1899, and
25 lepers were admitted to dormitories the follow
ing year. Since then many generous gifts have been
received and a "model" institution costing upwards
of $1,000 has been built.

The Vizianagram Leper Home. -- Miss Flora

Clarke was the founder and is still in charge of
this rapidly growing institution. The site of one
hundred acres was a gift from the late Rajah of Vizi-
anagram, and is situated three miles from the city
on the main road leading to Bimlipatam.
Seven Years of Growth. Seven years ago this
consisted of a few mud huts and nine lep
"home"

ers with a compounder in charge. Now there are

five large stone buildings, two good houses for help

ers, and four cook houses. Trees have been planted

upon the grounds, roads have been laid out and a
plantain orchard has been started. Instead of nine
there are now sixty inmates and others in a dread
ful physical condition" who beg to be admitted,
 150 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN
must wait until there is still more accommodation.
Some Results. The field of service covered by
these "homes" is very large and surprisingly effec-
!

Elephantiasis

tive. To begin with there are 160 inmates who are

being cared for daily. Above 1000 have pass-
 FOLLOWING THE GREAT PHYSICIAN 151

ed through the Ramachandrapuram institutions,

and 400 have accepted Christ. At Vizianagram
last year seven were baptized. Miss Baker,
who was in charge during Miss Clarke s ab
sence, says: "As one sees the physical condition of
the lepers, and then
listens to their testimony of
how God has blessed them and granted them joy,
one wonders why she ever dares to be discouraged
by the thorns Eight from the untainted
of the way.
home at Ramachandrapuram have become mission
workers, while three others have gone out from the
untainted home apparently well and strong.
Among those who have been saved are several
high caste people, and their relatives who come to
see them carry back the word to villages hitherto
unreached by missionary, preacher or Biblewomen.
This frequently results in a friendliness to the Gos
pel on the part of these higher caste people who
are so difficult to reach, which Miss Hatch describes
as "simply marvellous." Thus in all these ways
directly or indirectly the Word of God has full

course in India and is -glorified.

 CHAPTER VII.

MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS

The Ultimate Aim. A French King, when he en
gaged a tutor for his children said to him, "Make
yourself useless make yourself useless as soon as
possible." The ultimate aim which our missionaries
steadily seek in India is to make themselves useless
as soon as possible by establishing there self-propa
gating, self-supporting and self-governing Christian
churches. Because of caste, karma and transmigra
tion, because of ancestor worship, illiteracy and
great poverty, the difficulty of establishing a church
at all is extremely great. To make it self-supporting
in a land where the average income is ten dollars per
person per year is almost like making grass grow in
the Sahara Desert. To make a church self-govern
ing in this land, where one man in ten and one wom
an in a hundred can read and write is the same kind
of a task which the British India Government has in
making the nation fit for self-government. Indeed
we may reasonably add that the success or failure of
the Government in its stupendous task in India de
pends upon the success or failure of the
missionary to build up self-propagating, self-

supporting and self-governing churches which

will provide Christian manhood and Christian
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 153

character to support the national life. In spite of

are succeeding in
the difficulties the missionaries
their great task, of building a foundation for the
Christian national life. Already the Indian Christ
ian churches are looking forward with a rapidly in
creasing self-consciousness and sense of power to the
day when they can do without the foreign mission
ary entirely and carry on their own business for the
King. Missionary effort and enthusiasm, men and
money and much prayer will be needed in increasing
volume for years to come, but sooner or later that
great day must also arrive when the Indian churches
not dependent but independent, self-propagating and
self-supporting, will take their place with us in the
noble task of making the kingdoms of the world the
Kingdom of our God and of His Christ.

I. SELF-PROPAGATION.
The Supreme Business, Evangelism is the dom
inant note and the supreme aim of all our work in
India. We will keep our hospitals open, we will
maintain our village schools, boarding schools and
high schools we will operate our industrial school
; ;

we asylums we will print the

will care for the leper ;

Ravi and open our book-rooms; we will do our ut

most for Normal School, Bible School and Seminary ;

we will neither forget nor minimize the invaluable

social service which these splendid institutions ren
der ;
we will declare unhesitatingly that this social
service is well worth all the effort and all the money
154 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
of our entire missionary work then, notwithstand
;

ing all this, we must add, that the supreme business

of the foreign missionary enterprise is to "make

disciples of all nations," to "baptize them in the

name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit
and to "teach them to obey all the commands" which
He has laid upon As we follow in these pages
us.
the work of our missionaries we see that every
agency, of whatsoever type, is made to interpret to
India s mind and heart the spirit of God s kingdom
and the mind of His Christ. Through preacher and
teacher, through doctor and nurse, through colpor
teur and Indian worker, they seek to become all
things to all Telugus that by all means they may
win some.
Some Statistics. Perhaps we can best illustrate
the success of this ennobling enterprise by a brief
review of the figures for the past few years. Four
years ago the number of baptisms was 850, the next
year they numbered 1200. In the third year they
had risen to 1664. This last year 1921-22 the goal
which our missionaries prayed and labored for was
2000; the report says that 1928. were actually bap
tized. Thus this highest of all efforts has steadily
grown until the aggregate result of a year s work is
now 150 per cent, -greater than it was only four years
ago. The best way for Canadian Baptists to assist
in the great task of evangelizing the world is to

push persistently on with their own part of the task.

 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 155

God seems to say to us that this is the day of the

Lord in India and of Baptist opportunity. The

Baptismal Scene at Akidu.

beauty of the Lord our God is upon our missionaries

and Telugu workers and He establishes the work of
their hands.

After Many Days. On the Palkonda field where

for years the soil has been hard and unyielding
lon<

33 were baptized last year. At the close of thirty-

fiveyears of unremitting toil the membership on the
Bobbili field stood at 115, last year (1920-21) Mr.
Hardy baptized 115 upon this field. Others pioneered
and sowed amid tears and discouragement, now we
are allowed to reap amid joy and encouragement.
156 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
Overflowing the Churchyard. In Peyyuru, one
of the oldest Christian villages on the Akidu field,
150 people last year declared themselves for Christ.
Dr. Wolverton says: "The little chapel which used
to be ample for the congregation of Christians is
now altogether inadequate, and in January the
people built for themselves a rude shelter from the
sun outside the chapel. But now that is not enough,
and the people fill almost the whole compound; in
deed the last time I was there, there was not enough
room for all the people who wanted to come; and
those who had
not given their names had to be asked
to remain outside the compound."
All Wool and Yard Wide. Some of these same
a
young Christians of Peyyuru went to a village about
fifteen miles away to work in the harvest fields.
Three weeks later when Dr. Wolverton visited this
village he found that when Sunday came these new
Christians gave up their day s wages. This meant
considerable to them for work is scarce and wages
at harvest time are extra good. Not only did they

way brave the wrath of the landlord, but en

in this
dured the ridicule of the Hindus by holding a
prayer meeting during the day.
Each One Win One. All over our Telugu field
there is held, each year an every-member evangel
istic campaign. Each Christian attempts to win an
other for Christ. This special campaign was origin
ally planned for a special week in the autumn, but
the people enjoy it so well that in many sections it
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 157

extends over two or three months. Many churches

organize hot season campaigns, when the almost ab
solute leisure among the people, offsets the disad
vantage of the very oppressive heat. Thus this
spirit becomes a persistent and permeating force
throughout the year and throughout the Mission.
A Sunday at Kottapalem. Mr. Cross writing
from Avanigadda says: "Our Sunday at Kottapalem
was the most stirring day we ever spent in India.
People came to the meeting from all directions as to
a festival. Forty-six were baptized, about one half
of whom came from two new villages, one of which
was a direct gain due to the campaign. In these two
villages, we were not quite satisfied with the knowl
edge of some of the candidates for baptism but in ;

each village there was one woman whom we thought

it advisable to baptize. But when others whom we
had asked to wait a while for further instruction saw
thesetwo women go down into the water and be bap
clamored for baptism: "Have we not
tized they also
attended church as regularly as she?" "Do we not
know as well as she?" "Do we not believe the Gos
pel and trust in Jesus as truly as she?" We could
not deny them. And in the newest village, women
were accepted for baptism by Mrs. Cross and the
Biblewomen, while all the men but one were asked
to wait for more instruction. But when they saw
their wives -go down into the water, they exclaimed,

"Why, that s my wife I must be baptized too," and

!

they constrained us. After the baptismal service, we

158 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
had a sermon, followed by the Lord s Supper. There
was no steepled church; we were seated on God s

Building a Church (No. 1)

earth, roofed by His firmament; it was His temple,

and He was in His temple Immanuel".

Doing the Work of an Evangelist. Latsanna is

a straw and grass merchant of Aretakotla on the
Tuni field. He became seized with a sense of stew
ardship and service and began holding meetings at
night after his work was over. Tn a short time, Mr.
Gunn says, A dozen men were brought to Christ.
"

They were taught for some months and then bap

tized."
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 159

His Sense of Stewardship. Thirty years ago a

young guru (teacher) named B. Laksmayya went
to be the headmaster of a Government school in a vil
lage twelve miles from Yellamanchili. He heard the
Gospel there and believed but could not muster mor
al strength to break with caste and home and

friends; so he continued to be a Mala, at least out

wardly. He has taught many pupils through the
last thirty years and has a large influence in his own
and nearby villages. Mr. Gunn visited Laksmayya
some time ago and found him ready to forsake all
and follow Jesus. "He came with six of his dis
ciples and they were all baptized." Since then more
have been received, among them his own daughter,
eighteen years old. Three of the young men who
were baptized have already begun to train for teach
ers and will become Christian gurus like their own
teacher. The light of the knowledge of the glory
of God as they have been led to see it in the face of
the Great Guru, will thus shine in three new villages
and, through them, in many new hearts and homes.
Man s Statistics and G-od s. To fix by figures
the number of baptisms in a single year is a com
paratively easy thing, but to measure the might of
God s spirit as it leavens the leaden lump of Hindu
ism is a vastly different thing. We rejoice over the
steady growth of statistics and this is as it should
be, but God s sentence will be passed not alone "up
on the vulgar mass called work," but on the intang
ible, invisible, influence which the missionary body
160 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
and the Indian churches are exerting upon Hindu
ism to undermine caste, to break down prejudice, to
spread light and to prepare the way of the Lord in
India. It is written, in the Hindu scriptures, of the
outcaste people: "Their habitation shall be without
the village and their wealth dogs and donkeys." To-
day in all the Telugu country there are nearly 560,-
000 of these Telugu outcastes who are Christians.
Many of them have passed through our lower mis-

Building a Church (No. 2)

sion schools; large numbers are graduates of our

Boarding schools, High School
several others are
graduates and a few have graduated from College.
If we at home will supply money for new workers
and teachers (each worker costs on an average from
$50 to $60 per year) it is thought that the entire
outcaste population of the Telugu country can be
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 161

won for Christ in another twenty years. This in it

self is an inestimable service not to these outcastes
alone but to all India. In addition to this and quite
beyond the range of statistics is the preparation of
the way for winning the great higher caste popula
tion of India, as yet almost untouched. Already the
missionary enterprise is creating among these higher

castes, who are probably the hardest people in all

the world to reach, an atmosphere favorable to

Christianity and is exerting among them a far-reach

ing influence quite beyond the results tabulated in
the mere number of baptisms. Thousands who have
passed through our schools and tens of thousands
who have heard the preaching of the Gospel, have
received a deep impression upon their lives even
though they have not openly confessed Christianity.
The higher during the evangelistic cam
castes,
paigns, listen to the evangelists with great interest ;

and in some villages even the Brahmins, the Phari

sees of India, receive them and listen with friendly
interest. This not only has its effect upon the higher
castes themselves but awakens within the Indian
workers a new sense of responsibility for their con
version.

Child Evangelism. A child s religious exper

ience may not be as profound as that of its grand
parents but it certainly may be as genuine and as
permanent. No other feature more definitely distin
guishes the Christian religion from the great non-
162 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
Christian religions than just this attention which
Christians have always given to the children. The
missionaries from the beginning have paid consider
able attention to child evangelism. The work is car
two main divisions, the regular organized
ried on in
Sunday Schools and the evangelistic schools.
B ble Schools. Regular Sunday Schools enrol
the boys and girls of our village schools, boarding-
schools, high schools and churches. As we have al

ready mentioned, the Bible is taught in the day

schools so we need not be surprised to find the boys
;

and girls here really well acquainted with the life

of Christ and other portions of the Bible.. The in
sistence is upon a regular course and splendid work
is accomplished.

Evangelistic Schools. These schools were first

initiated on the Chicacole field by Miss Martha Clark
and Miss Archibald and have since become a part of
the organized activities of every field. They are held

any day in the week, at any time and in any place,

according to the convenience of the particular group.
A friendly verandah or beneath a spreading mango
tree is a really good place to meet. In some stations
a regular worker is set aside for these schools, and
several are organized under his or her supervision.
The older boys and girls in the Boarding Schools do
a considerable amount of this work and some very
effective service is rendered in this way. Scripture
toxts, hymns and stories from the life of Christ,are
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 163

taught and these will take the place, in their grow

ing minds, of the hideous stories and songs of their
heathen gods. Many may forget what they learn
during one hour in the week, but others will cherish
it in their heart until they come fully to the light

which lighteth all who come into the world. Mr.

Gunn, speaking of the fine results obtained by Mr.
Scott on the Tuni field, says: The Evangelistic
"

Schools started and encouraged by, the late Mrs.

Scott have had a very marked effect on the character
of this result." At one time there were as many as

eighty of these schools in operation on the Tuni

field.

Rallies. These are held once a year on each field

when the various classes are gathered at the station
church for a review of the year s work as well as for
a happy afternoon and play. To see one
of picnic
such mass of raw hinduism which only a year
little

ago was untamed and untrained, to hear them sing

hymns and recite texts is a good tonic for pessimistic
souls. Miss Baskerville last year had 800 enrolled
and had to hold her rally in two sections. The total
number of evangelistic and regular Sunday Schools
reported last year was 580 with an average attend
ance of about 14,500. Surely this great group with
their 700 teachers must be a strong evangelistic
force to hasten the establishment in India of self-
propagating Christian churches.
Bible Distribution. When the Highlanders, in
164 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
the 18th century were denied, on political grounds,
copies of their Gaelic Bibles, Dr. Johnson wrote an
indi-gnant protest: "To omit for a year or for a day
the most efficacious method of advancing Christian
ity is a crime". In our Canadian Baptist Mission we

Building a Church (No. 3)

have made much of this "most efficacious method"

of evangelism. Not only colporteurs but preachers,
teachers, Biblewomen and missionaries all give some
attention to this part of our work. After a preacher
has preached in a village he offers Gospels for sale
at a half cent each. Books are scarce in these vil-
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 165

lages and one at half a cent is scarcer still so he sel

dom fails to leave some hands of those who
in the
can read. It is not uncommon on some fields to sell
more than 1000 Bibles and Bible portions in a year.
Miss Baskerville recently reported 20 sales in one
afternoon. At the Kotapalli festival, Miss Jones
tells us, their bookstall sold over 700 Bible portions.
Tens of thousands visit this village to bathe in its

sacred tank and have their sins washed away. With

a New Testament in their hands they return home
to read that only the blood of Jesus Christ His Son
cleanses from all evil.

Colporteurs. Seventeen of these men are now

engaged over the entire Mission. As they offer their
Bibles they tell the old, old story and so become a
part of the direct evangelizing agency. The number
of Bibles and Bible portions sold last year was about
22,000. One good selling ground is the Railroad Sta
tion and our colporteurs here place the book in the
hands of many travellers. As a result of this in
itiative, one often sees the Bible and the Life of
Christ for sale at the station bookstalls. So Christ
is preached whether from love or from competition.

Book-Rooms. Cocanada, Pithapuram, Viza-gapa-

tam, and Chicacole have book-rooms and reading-
rooms. The one at Cocanada is a sort of supply de
pot for the missionaries. One Hindu was interested
enough to order an English Bible worth Rupees ele
ven. Other orders were received from as far away
166 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
as Burma where many Telugus go for the sake of a
higher wage.
If I Were a Missionary. "If I were a mission
I would not ar
"

ary," said a representative Hindu,

gue ;
I would give the people the New Testament and

say, read that." For many, many heath n the "Four

Evangelists are and must be the only evangelists."

Across wide areas their voice alone calls men to
God. India has 150 different languages but she has
only one heart and that heart understands only one
language the language of Divine Love. This is
why in India last year more than one and one-half
million copies of the Scriptures were sold. Amid an
acute political unrest there seems to be a deepening
spirit of religious enquiry. On the threshold of her
new era she shows a new desire for the printed Gos
pel.
II. SELF-SUPPORT
Foreign Missionary a d is not necessarily some
:

thing that must go on and on as long as Christian

churches last. The missionary in every land con
stantly teaches "Sva Poshana" and looks forward

to an entirely self-supporting native church. The

methods used and the results attained are not and
cannot be the same in every land. The Karens of
Burma and the Koreans seemed to be ready to as
sume this responsibility almost from the beginning.
In Japan also Mr. Fosdick reports that all the native
Congregational and Presbyterian churches are en-
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 167

tirely self-supporting while the [Methodist native

churches are raising two-thirds of their own main
tenance. To reach this very desirable part of the
missionary goal in India is probably harder than in
any other land and for the two following reasons :

The Extreme Poverty of the People. One of our

missionaries says: "The Christians all over the field
are the poorest of the poor and their neck to neck
race with starvation during these hard times is

something pitiful." The annual average income in

Inda, as we have already noticed, is about $10 a year

per person. A family of five would have about 98c
a week to live on. To pass a collection plate among
these and to look to tham for the support of their
pastors and teachers seems almost cruel. In addi
tion to this general poverty it must be remembered
that ninety per cent, of the Christians thus far in In
dia have come from the outcaste section of the popu
lation and these people are poor even below the av
erage. Every cent, then, which such people give is
literally comparable in its sacrificial worth to the
widow s mite. In speaking of their poverty Mr.
Phillips says: "No description can give an adequate
idea of it to those who have not seen it. Remember
that two pence a day is a fair average wage all the
year round for millions of them, and that for months
of almost every year they get only one meal a day
(and that none too -generous), and still you have not
realized one-tenth of what such poverty involves.
168 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
only close contact with the outcastes which can
It is

show how poverty is pressing with a deadly weight

upon every kind of higher impulse which they con
ceive. No one would send round the collection plate

Some Fruits of Hinduism.

on Sundays to such people and expect to receive

thereby enough money to pay a teacher s salary."

The Outcastes Serious Lack of Independence.

A convert from the outcaste community, writing in
flip "Ravi", says of his own people; ";We haven t
even clothes to wear, rice to eat, nor fit houses to
live in. Our huts must be outside the villages. We
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 169

cannot even walk freely the streets of the village.

In some streets we may not even set our foot. They
have names to their villages. We are only on the
outskirts. We are the poor and the despised. Ev
erything left us. All good manners left us. But
one thing remained. And what was that? Hard la
bor. Yes, the sweat of our brows was the only
;
that
th .ng left Without houses, without lands and
us."

without wealth, excluded from the temples, the

schools, and even some of the streets; unfit for re
ligion, for education or society; they are only cap
able of serving, in a menial manner, the higher castes
upon whom they depend for the very right to exist.
Thus Hinduism has ingeminated into the very blood
of these people an exaggerated sense of absolute de

pendence, of utter degradation and social worthless-

ness. It is just this serious lack of any sense of in

dependence and of individual worth in the outcaste,

it is this tendency to be forever dependent .

upon others, "like the creeper on its sup

porting tree or the child, upon its parents" which is
harder to overcome than his poverty and which
makes the task of establishing self-supporting
churches almost insuperable.
Filling a Man s Place in the World. As soon
however, as the outcaste has lived, even for a little
while, in the light of God s glory and in the fellow
ship of his Christ, he begins to about the village
>go

with a new freedom and a new sense of h s own in- ;

individual value. The very thing which Hinduism

170 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
has crushed in him for nearly three millenniums,
Christianity has revived in three generations. Know
ing now that God is mindful of him. as an individual,
he goes about with a new sense of independence to
take "a man s place in the, world a place which he
has never enjoyed before." Every branch, too, of
our industrial work engenders self-reliance and self-
respect and awakens the consciousness that they need
not be forever dependent upon others but can sup
port their own work. JMr. Chute, speaking i or the
largest field in the mission, says, ."We are convinced

Some Fruits of Christianity.

of the generous devotion of the Indian Christians to

their churches up to, and even beyond, their finan
cial ability."
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 171

How the Money is Given. As we have already

learned from the "Prayer Register" each applicant
for baptism must show a fairly good record not only
of attendance at prayers, but of Sunday offerings to
the church. These Telugu Baptists, therefore, re
ceive their first lessons in Christian beneficence be
fore they are received into the church. Each vil

lage congregation makes

weekly offering which
its

generally amounts to about half a cent per member.

In addition to this there is the collection taken at
the general monthly meeting of the church when
each member present usually gives from one to four
cents. All salaried men, as a rule, give a tenth of
their income. Mr. Craig tells of a Telugu young
man in a church at Cocanada, who having obtained
a position as a ticket-inspector on a railway, gave
his first month s pay, Rs. 40, half to his own church,
and half to another church. G. Simon, of Parlaki-
medi, gave his first month
salary to the church and
s

since that time has given his tithe regularly. These

are not isolated cases but a fair example of the Te
lugu Christian s devotion to his church when he has

anything out of which to give.

Annual Gift Meeting s. The annual thank offer

ing of the Harvest Festival quite the largest offer

is

ing to the church for the year and helps the treas
urer to make good the deficiency of those leaner
months of the hot season. Individual thank-offer
ings for some special deliverance or blessing, in pri-
172 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
vate or family affairs, often amount to a rupee or
more and bring in an appreciable amount to the
church treasury. Gifts in kind are quite common
both at monthly and yearly meetings. Such gifts as
fruit, vegetables, eggs, live chickens, an occasional

sheep or goat and now and then a cow or a buffalo,

are made. These of course require an auction sale
at the close and some spirited bidding is often done.
Various kinds of grain, also, in small quantities is

a common form of contribution.

Building the Chapel. When a village congrega

tion wishes either to build a new chapel or to repair
the old one, an every-member canvass is made. The
contributions may
be either cash, labor or materials,
according to the ability of the donor. Some of the
most sacrificial giving of the Christians takes place
in these special efforts to provide an adequate place
of worship; and isoften supplemented by the Hin
dus. In this way many of the village congre-gations
erect their own chapels without aid from the Mission.

Doing the Impossible. The number of our chur

ches is 78 and the number of totally self-supporting

churches is just eight. This, however, is not a fair

statement as many more are nearly self-supporting
and others are gradually becoming so. The mem
bership at the beginning of last year was 12,772. At
the close of the year this number had grown to
14,126. It would be fair, then, to count on 13,000
as the total number of givers for the year. These
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 173

people gave rupees 10,900, i.e., about $3,633 or an

average of more than 27c per member per year.
Bishop Thoburn said, about fifteen years a-go "The
:

converts of India are a very poor people we can

never expect them to give an average of a cent a
day, but they can do a little. They could probably
give a cent a month, and at this rate 300 native
Christians could support their own pastor. Today
our Telugu Baptist Christians are contributing not a
cent a month but two and a quarter cents a month.

A Fifty Per Cent. Increase. Another interesting

tern in this record is that the giving last year in

spite of famine pric?s and poor crops increased ru

pees 3352, this being a gain of fifty per cent. To pur
sue an intensive Evangelistic Campaign throughout
the year and find at its close that the number of bap
tisms was 1918, an increase of fifteen per cent, over
the preceding record year, is a fine accomplishment
upon the part of missionaries and Telugu Christians.
To find that along with this achievement the self-

support has increased fifty per cent shows that the

perennial revival spirit is of the best possible char
acter, and that self-suppdrt like self-propagation is
based fairly upon the rock Christ Jekus.
Gemrne Self -Denial. This 27 cents per member
per year may, at first thought, seem quite small.
When we consider, however, that it represents about
four days work for the average man and when we
are reminded that the Canadian Baptists themselves
174 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
last year gave only days work per member for
five
all purposes at home and abroad, it does not seem so
small. Then, too, for these Telugu Christians there
isnot only considerable unemployment every year,
but absolutely no margin at any time between the
wage he receives and the barest necessities of life.
This makes every gift a gift of genuine self-denial
and adds meaning to these words of Mr. Chute :

One often feels in appealing for increased liberal

ity on the part of these people that they are being
aske d to part with what is an absolute necessity to
their physical w ell-being.
r
That their contributions
are, for the most part, -given out of pinching neces
sity, cannot be controverted. Their self-denial in
giving till it hurts has very often touched the deep
est chords of sympathy in the missionaries hearts."

The Difficult Task. There is a long sea-mile yet

to travel beforewe reach the goal of entirely self-
supporting churches among the Telugus but at the ;

outset the people are being initiated into the idea

and its practice. To develop pastors and teacher-
evangelists who will be leaders of real ability in the
Christian community, to educate and prepare them
for the ever-increasing responsibility which the
growing independence of the Indian churches places
upon them, yet not to raise them so far beyond their

constituency that self-support is unduly retarded

this -is the very difficult task which confronts our
missionaries. Let us pray that they may greatly
 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 175

succeed in the future as they have in the past and

the law of Christ will assert itself in India as in
Canada. These humble believers, animated by the
indwelling spirit of God, will show their desire to
obey their Saviour and to support His church in their
own land a church independent and self-support
ing and based upon the rock Christ Jesus against
which neither poverty nor caste nor any other power
shall prevail.

III. SELF-GOVERNMENT
They Must Increase. We need not
stop at this
point to enumerate the causes but the fact is that
the growth of India s national consciousness has been
wonderfully stimulated in the last few years. Not
the least among these new nationalists are the Chris
tians. They, perhaps more than others, realize, not
only the coming contest between the British and In
dian influence in their land but also that the issue
;

will be determined by something deeper than just

pol tics. In the last analysis India s search is for
God. He is the sole satisfaction for their soul s deep
yearning. The decisive trial of strength will be be
tween the cold materialism of the west and this other
worldliness of the Indian. Because of this, Christian
nationalists wish to bring the church into closer
contact with the new national thought. "This can
only be accomplished," they say, "by allowing the
Indian Church itself to lay down the policy and be
responsible for its actual carrying out, European
 176 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
man-power wherever needed being subordinated to
the Indian organization that may be evolved for
this Working gradually towards this
purpose."

position our missionaries feel not only, that they

must decrease but consistently seek to secure the Te-
lugu Christian s increase. Each year they pass over
new churches and encourage
responsibility to the
them do some of the things which last year were
to
done for them. Progress along this line has thus far
been regular and about as follows:

1. Churches. As soon as there are converts they

are organized into churches.These Telugu churches
(now numbering 78) are organized with their own
pastors and deacons. The men in charge of the
churches are frequently immature and many of
them are not ordained but they have local author
;

ity in regard to the leading and developing of the

churches over which they are placed. The churches
receive candidates for baptism, exclude the unwor
thy, attend to the general discipline, contribute to
their own upkeep, maintain a Christian propaganda,
appoint delegates to the Associations and to the Con
vention, and generally function as do similar chur
ches in Canada. In matters of finance, however, all
but the self-supporting churches are subject to the
Foreign Mission Board, through its missionaries. In
matters of administration too, all the churches are
-guided by the missionary in charge of the field
still

where they are situated. It is on these two points

 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS 177

that future development in self-government will be

most marked.
2. Associations. These 78 churches have been
formed into three Associations after the manner of
the churches in Canada. Each church appoints its
own delegates to the Association on a membership
basis. Each Association has its own Executive, ap
points its own moderator, secretary and treasurer,
receives reports from the individual churches, car
ries on discussions relevant to their material and
spiritual progress and other kindred matters. Mis
sionaries attending may speak but have no vote. To
all intents and purposes, therefore, these Associa
tions are self-determining.

The Convention. The three Associations have

3.

been formed into a Convention over which capable

Indian Christian brethren preside. All the other of
fices are filled with Indian Christians and the Con

vention functions much the same as do the Canadian

Baptist Conventions. The missionary conference ap
points delegates to this Convention but the mission
ary status is the same as in the Association, for the
Convention is The Convention of the Telugu Baptist
Churches, and like the Associations isvery largely
self-determining.
4. Convention Boards. The Convention carries
on Home Mission work and to operate this a Home
Mission Board has been formed. According to the
rules there are missionary representatives on this
178 MAKING THEMSELVES USELESS
Board but they are quite in the minority so this too
s developing along
1

the line of self-determination.

The Home Mission field is Chodavaram. It is the
policy of the Foreign Mission Board to leave this
field without a resident missionary and entirely to

the Convention of the Telugu Baptist Churches, as

sisting- them financially and lending moral support
through its missionary representatives upon the
Board.

Slowly but surely the day begins to dawn upon

the Indian churches when sanely indep:ndent, splen
didly evangelistic and securely self-supporting they
will take their places as the brightest gems in the
diadem of Christ. Alraady these churches are re

vealing something of their spiritualpower and in

sight, and this is only a promise of a far richer con-

tribut on, when
India no longer conquered but con
quering shall overcome the world through Her power
to follow her Lord in thought and deed.
 CHAPTER VIII.

UNFINISHED BUSINESS.

I. A SURVEY.
The Light of the World. We
cannot and we
would not confine the teaching of Jesus to Christ
endom. He died for all the world not for any par
ticular part of it. He is the light that lighteth every
man that cometh into the world Canadian or China
man, Turk or Telugu. If He is indispensable to Can
ada, He is indispensable to India. If He is the sole
satisfaction of our soul s deep need, He is the same
for the Telugus; and we are debtors to them until
we have preached Christ in His fulness to each of
the 5,000,000 dependent upon us to hear the mes
sage.

The Retrospect. We
have now traversed pretty
thoroughly the field of our missionary enterprise
among the Telugus. We
have seen the missionaries
at work upon twenty-two fields; we have toured
with them among the numerous villages; we have
visitedsome of the seventy-eight churches and have
been introduced to a few of the 14,000 communi
cants; we have rejoiced over the 580 Sunday and
Evangelistic schools with their average attendance
of more than 14,000 we have been cheered by the
;
180 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
rapidly growing Christian community which is the
hope of India s new national life we have met with
;

the missionary and his staff for a monthly meet

"

ing"; we have visited, with the teacher-evangelist,

the village congregation and some of the 375 vil
lage schools we have seen the splendid work of our
;

hospitals and leper asylums, of our Boarding Schools

and High Schools, of our Normal School and Sem
inary, of our Industrial School and book-rooms; we
have seen that the controlling purpose of it all is to
release the energies of the living Christ among the
Telugus and that every method employed is consist
ent with this high purpose.

The Prospect. We
have 14,000 communicants,
and the number increasing faster each year; but
is

there are 5,000,000 waiting for us. We have 875

Christian helpers preachers, teachers, colporteurs,
etc. There are, however, 7000 villages in "our
share" of the country. We have made a good be
ginning, but it is only a beginning, and the great
bulk of the work remains to be done. Our goal is
to establish so far as it depends upon human power
self-propagating, self-supporting and self-govern
ing churches. These churches must be supplied
with such spiritual leadership and endowed with
such spiritual power that they will overcome the
tremendous obstacles in the land and establish in
their place the Kingdom of God. This constitutes
progress and nothing less does. Our obligation is
to keep a missionary on each and every missionary
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 181

job and to multiply largely the number of Indian

Christian workers that through them independent
churches may be established throughout the vil

lages. If we at home can supply the missionaries

and the funds, the organization already exists in
India for the development of the Indian workers,
and God through them will establish the churches.
It is an encouraging prospect and an ennobling en
terprise demanding both men and money. Through
the money the machinery can function and through
the missionaries the spirit of the home churches is
projected upon our field in India. The principle of
the enterprise the principle of Christ the prin
is

ciple of losing one s life to find it. The spirit of the

enterprise is the Spirit of Christ. We
must rise by
prayer and fellowship into His life and Spirit the
life of faith and the spirit of sacrificial service.

Thanksgiving. At the beginning of the year Mr.

Tedford and his Indian workers on the Palkonda
field covenanted together to ask God for 30 converts

during the year. Before the last Sunday 33 had

been baptized. All over the Telugu field our heaven
ly Father is keeping His covenant with us and we
have great reason for thanksgiving. The Spirit of
God is moving among the Telugus and His truth
goes marching on. The number of baptisms in
creases largely every year. The churches are making
appreciable progress towards independence, and
there is a perennial spirit of evangelism largely un

der the leadership of the Telugu pastors and teacher-

182 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
The doors of opportunity are wide
er-evangelists.
open and we must enter in.

II. INDIA S NATIONALISM AND MISSIONS.

Change and Challenge. India has seen many in
vaders come and go in her national history, and has
suffered many interruptions but little change. The
pottery in her museums which was made 2000 years
ago is exactly like that which the village potter is

making to-day. Caste, with its 2300 main divisions,

classified and indexed her people as perfectly as the
books in the modern library. Marriage, knowledge,
occupation, religion and every detail of life from
birth to death, was rigidly standardized and handed
out ready made to each individual according to his
or her caste. Custom was religion and change was
anathema. To-day, however, it is different. India
is alive and changing. What 3000 years failed to
do something in the last three generations is largely
accomplishing. Economically India is vitally awake
and her people are seeking new industry, new meth
ods and new standards of life. Politically, she is
seething with opposing ideas, tmglingly alive with
a new national consciousness which is everywhere
in evidence. Educationally, India is bringing forth
from her storehouse things old and new and, amid ;

much travail, she is moving forward to a modern

position. Spiritually this "mother of religions and

r an rim other of tradition" ij

awakerrinp-. Yes, some TniVhtv irresistible

 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 183

power changing India for better or for worse and

is

giving her a new nationalism. The change is a

challenge to Christendom to guide it in the way of
life and light and truth.

The Sources of Change. Nationalism in India is

much the same as patriotism in Canada. It is In

dia s expression of that spirit of self-determination

which travelled around the world during the great
war and found a reception everywhere. The war
was less its cause than its occasion. The fire had
already been lit; the war added fuel and fanned it
into a flame. The power of speech was there the ;

war made it articulate. The real causes were many,

but we venture to name three or four of the chief
ones.

English Language, Literature and Life. In the

days when Carey was an old man and Duff was &
young man in India there was considerable discus
sion as to what language should be the medium of
education in the land. Duff and Carey were with
the party which contended for the English language.
Duff in 1830 began, in Calcutta, his revolutionary
work of Christian education 011 the basis of Eng
lish. extraordinary success was a factor in win
Its

ning the day for English instead of an Indian ton

gue. Sir John Seely said of this question: "Never
on this earth was a more momentous question dis
It sounds like an exaggeration but it is
cussed."

probably the plain truth. On the basis of this decis

ion three generations of High School and College
184 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
students in India have been studying the English
language, literature and history, the speeches of
Burke and the story of England s struggle for pol
itical and religious freedom. In Calcutta University
alone, 26,000 students are enrolled, and this is but
one of the great State Universities in the
live Em
pire not to mention the large number of highly ef
ficient Mission schools and colleges. You cannot
teach the school boys and the college students of a
nation for three generations a language, literature
and history whose very vocabulary is permeated
with the spirit of Christianity, democracy and free
dom without awakening within them an insatiable
desire for nationalism and responsible government.
This is exactly what has happened throughout Brit
ish India and the missionary enterprise has had a

large share in making the decision and in carrying

out the instruction. Somebody has said, and it is
scarcely an exaggeration, "that it would be possible
to give a fairly complete account of the growth of
Western education in India by writing the biograph
ies of a few Scottish missionaries."

Japan and the East. In 1884 a Japanese general,

after a trip to the West, made this report: "The

German Army is the best model in the world." A

fellow-report was made by a companion as follows :

"The British navy is the best model in the world."

Ten years after these reports had been given Russia

had been completely defeated by this new nation
in the East. India began at once to feel that what
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 185

Japan had done she might do. New visions

were born of a new day when she too could do with
out the British, and India would be for Indians only.

The Great War. During the war India sent one

and a half million men to fight on every front where
an English soldier fought. Rajahs gave their moruy,
mothers gave their sons and men gave their lives.
Not alone the act of participating with the Mother
land but the valiant part they played gave new life
and meaning to their desire for nationalism and a
new hope that whe*i the war was over England
would see to it that it was fulfilled. All of this to
gether with the Amritsar affair in 1919 made nation
alism articulate upon tens of thousands of tongues
which had never uttered the word before.
Christian Missions. Nationalism and self-deter-
mination, like art, are at their best when they ex
hibit most of the spirit of the Gospel. There is now
in India a considerable body of Christians and the
work of the Missionary in distributing the Bible
and disseminating Christian ideas and ideals among
the people is out of all proportion to the number
of Christians. Every village school, every High
School, and Boarding School, every Church and
Christian College is a sure sign of a coming democ
racy in a self-governing India. Every missionary sent
to India is and desire for self-
a factor in her unrest
determination. We
have helped to create the divine
discontent and we must satisfy it or be untrue to
our trust. Already the British India Government
186 UNFINISHED BUSINESS

is, and Jias been for some years past, committed to

the policy of granting full responsible -government
to India in ever increasing instalments until she
stands as a self-governing unit within the British
Commonwealth of nations. It will be the rule of In
dia by the Indians and for the Indians. Lord Bryce
book defined democracy as: "The voice of
in his last
the Almighty power which speaks through the mass
of the people and makes for righteousness."
Very good, but how shall this "voice of the Al
mighty power" become articulate among "that
great multitude" apart from our missionaries. In
dia lacks character because her gods lack character.
You cannot build a democracy upon any other
foundation than moral character. You may build
St. Paul s Cathedrals upon shifting sands but you
cannot establish responsible self-government upon a
characterless foundation. One agency and one a-
lone provides "that great multitude" with moral
character. The cause of Missions is the indispen
sable handmaid to the cause of nationalism in India.
Self-determination and the spread of Christianity
must go hand in hand. "Till India is leavened with
Christianity she will be unfit for freedom. When
India is leavened with Christianity she will be unfit
for any form of slavery, however mild. England
may then leave her freely, frankly, gladly, proudly ;

leave the stately daughter she has reared, to walk

the future with a free imperial step." Thus change
in India becomes a challenge to us to send the very
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 187

best missionaries in sufficient numbers and to de

velop the most efficient leaders in larger and ever

larger numbers. Our schools must be increased and
also improved, and Christ must be preached to all
the people

III. KNIGHTS OF THE RED CROSS.

Pioneers of the Gospel. The autobiography of
Dr. Horton closed with these words: "As I bring
this record of my life to a close, and ask myself the
question, If you might have another life on earth
following this, what would you do, what would you
be? I cannot help answering my question in this

way: I should certainly choose to be a missionary,

to follow in the footprints of Henry Martyn, or

Mackay, or Gilmour. For I see now, what I did not

see at the beginning, that to be a pioneer of the
Gospel, and to preach Christ where He had not been
known, is the greatest thing that a man can do upon
earth." Altogether not less than 177 "pioneers of
the Gospel" have been sent forth by Canadian Bap
tists to labour in India. Of this number 98 are still
upon the Board To these must be add
s official list.

ed the names of five new lady who were

missionaries
appointed at the semi-annual meeting of the Board
in May, 1922. There are, therefore, in all 103 rep
resentatives of Canadian Baptists who are now at
tempting or about to attempt in India, this greatest
thing that a man can do upon earth." Among these
46 are single ladies, 27 are married women and 30
188 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
are men. Among the latter three (Messrs. Arch
ibald, Craig and Sanford have retired at the
will
end of this year after having given a combined ser
vice of almost 150 years of unremitting toil to this
land of their adoption.
How Many Men are Needed? Our purpose is to
have one missionary family on each of the 22 fields.
Then there are two High Schools at Vizagapatam
and Cocanada. One missionary for each of these
calls for two additional men. A third is needed for
the industrial work and a fourth for the Union
Theological Seminary at Ramapatam. One man for
each job then calls for 26 men in India at one time.
If to these we add the four or five who are generally
on furlough, 30 men are needed as a minimum to
keep our work in India constantly and fully
manned.
The Cause of Canada and the Cause of Christ.
It isnow more than 48 years since Dr. McLaurin
opened up our work at Cocanada on the 12th day of
March, 1874. We have in Canada more than 1200
churches with about 144,000 communicants; yet, in
allthese years and with all these churches, we have
not yet been able to reach our minimum. During
the Great War one man in each 16 of Canada s pop
ulation enlisted. Thirty men out of 144,000 Baptists
is one in each 4800. We ask for one in sixteen for
the cause of Canada and get them easily quickly.
We ask for 1 in4800 for the cause of Christ and do
not get them. Do we ask and receive not, because
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 189

we ask amiss? Do we ask amiss, in that we do not

ask enough? Now that the war is over should we
not take this passionate outpouring of life for the
cause of Canada and sublimate it to an even greater
intensity for the cause of Christ the greater service
which demands the greater sacrifice?

Our Every Day Business. An aged Scotchman

said to David Livingstone: "Now lad, make religion
the every day business of your life, not a thing of
fits and starts." Is it not a fair statement that at
least a part of the every day business of each and

every Canadian Baptist is to see to it that our ob

ligation in this part of the non-Christian world is
adequately and honorably discharged? When one
man in 4800 will do the task, can we be said to have
made it a daily business until we have altogether
reached so easy a goalt

The Thin Red Line. The cause of Missions means

service, suffering and The line will there
sacrifice.
fore always be red; but is there any good reason
why it should always be so deplorably thin? Why
should we give to a man whose own field is more
than large enough to tax his utmost efforts and en
ergy an extra field to care for, and that, too, in
a land where the temperature is from 85 to 105 in
the shade the year around ? We
have a story to
tell to the nations, and if anybody should be telling

itBaptist people should but we cannot tell it with

;

out missionaries. "How shall they hear without a

190 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
preacher, and how shall they preach except they be
sent?"

IV. THOSE WOMEN ALSO WHO LABOR WITH

US IN THE GOSPEL.
The Most Interesting People in the\ World. Rob
ert L. Stevenson, after many years spent in Eastern

Miss Minnie DeWolfe.

First Single Lady Missionary from Canada.
waters, said about one missionary whom he knew :

"The most attractive, simple, brave and interesting

 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 191

person in the whole Pacific." Among all these

"most and interesting" people, the lady
attractive
missionaries of the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mis
sion Board have their own secure place. As long ago
as 1867 Miss Minnie DeWolfe "responded to the call
and was sent out as the first lady missionary from

Miss M. J. Frith.
First Single Lady Missionary from Ontario.

Canada to foreign fields." then 67 single

Since
ladies have followed her and gone forth
to represent
Canadian Baptists. Of this number 41 are now en-
192 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
gaged in presenting the principles and practices of
Jesus Christ among the Telugus. If to these we add
the five now under appointment, the staff of lady
missionaries for India is at present 46.

How Many are Needed? The case is like this:

We have 22 fields and plan to place one missionary
family and two evangelistic lady missionaries upon
each field. Two bungalows are built, one for the
family and one for the ladies. This would mean 44
ladies for evangelistic purposes only. Miss Harri
son, in her recent report says: "Miss Patton and I
have made three brief tours together during the
year and we are convinced that lady missionaries
could do more effective work if we were sent out
two by two, as the Lord sent His disciples." "One
shall chase a thousand and two shall put ten thous
and to flight." In addition to evangelistic mission
aries, at least another 10 areneeded to care for the
boarding schools, hospitals, nursing and Biblewo-
meii s Training School, not to mention furloughs.

Twice in Ten Years. In her last report Miss Mc-

Laurin tells of visiting a village in which she had
preached once before ten years before. Christian
ity is not a theory to be taught, it is essentially a
life to be lived and to be communicated by those
who themselves possess that life. It cannot be com
municated, however, by a visit once in ten years.
The essence of the Christian faith is a Person and it
is through persons that He has chosen to carry on

His work. It is through the personality of the lady

 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 193

missionaries alone that He must carry on His work

among millions of India women. The women of
s

India 99 per cent, of them are illiterate, but they

must be educated. You cannot have a noble nation,
not to say a self-governing nation, if it is composed
of ignoble homes. You cannot have noble homes if
you have illiterate mothers. The lady-missionaries
are the pioneers in education for the women of In
dia. They alone are providing a Christian educa
tion of the finest type for tens of thousands of her
girls. One-fourth of all the students at present re
ceiving college education are studying in Christian
institutions. Two of the three Arts Colleges for
women in the Madras Presidency and thirty- two of
the forty High Schools for women are missionary in
stitutions. The women are the stronghold of Hin
duism. Christian education for the girls is there
fore the most effective weapon for breaking down
caste, child-marriage and enforced widowhood.
With such wide fields of service in which they are
laboring so effectively is it any wonder that a high
Hindu official said of a lady missionary that: "She
was worth ten companies of soldiers in his district."
Good But Nat Good Enough. In the early days
of the war Mr. Lloyd George went before the peo
ple of England and said: "What we are doing is
good but it is not good enough to win the war."
What the "pioneers of the Gospel" among the Telu-
gus did was magnificent what the whole noble army
;

who followed them have done and are doing is still

194 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
magnificent. What we at home are doing is good;
but it is not yet good enough to win 5,000,000 Telu-
gus from darkness to light and from idols to the
true and living God. Under God, it will be good en
ough when we have a missionary in India for each
and every task, and funds enough to train and em
ploy a sufficient number of Indian Christian leaders
to establish self-supporting independent churches

throughout the 7000 villages which constitute our

share. Every step toward this goal is true progress
in fulfilling the Great Commission.

V. THE LORD OF THE HARVEST.

Jesus and Prayer. Jesus looked out upon fields
white and ready for the harvest and vaster far than
our Telugu field and He said: "Pray ye therefore."
But what prayer? It is more than just saying our
is

prayers. When
Hezekiah late in life fell seriously
ill he turned his face to the wall and prayed earn

estly: beseech thee,

"I
Lord, remember now how
I have walked before Thee in truth and with a per
fect heart and have done that which was good in
Thy sight." This was no foul-weather prayer call
ed forth by the emergency of the occasion. It was
a royal challenge supported by the sincere and
steadfast purpose of his whole life, and God ans
wered the challenge. Just so, a petition that God s
kingdom may come among the Telugus is not a
prayer until supported, as far as
it is may be, by
the sincere and steadfast purpose of our life. When
 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 195

as mothers and fathers we pray: "/Thy kingdom

come," should we not also carry up before God our

sons and daughters and say, "Lord, here are Thy

gifts tome what wilt Thou have me do with them

;

in order that Thy kingdom really may come? When,

as young men and young women, we pray: "Thy
will be done on earth," should we not take these
lives of ours humbly and sincerely before God and

say, Lord, here am I and the life Thou hast given

me, what wilt Thou have me do in order that my
prayer may be realized in our share of Bolivia and
India? This would be a challenge which God could
answer, and this would be real prayer.
Those Who Stay at Home. If God needs us in In
dia or Bolivia He will tell us if we prayerfully and
sincerely seek His will. If He calls us to one of
these fields, then the best preparation we can acquire
will be none too good. Suppose, however, we are
not called; then, what? Use our influence, our en
thusiasm and every gift we possess, for the cause
1

of Foreign Missions ri-ght here at home. One meets

so many splendid young people whose education has
been arrested at a point just beyond the age where
they can resume it in time to prepare for India. Do
not be discouraged. Perhaps this is God s way of
saying that He has a foreign mission task for you
at home. It may not be so spectacular to work at
home but for this very reason it may be just as her
oic and just as necessary. "The Missionary Her
ald" says that a young man full of hope and confi-
196 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
dence offered himself in 1916 for foreign missionary
service to the English Baptist Board. He could npt
go abroad, however, for his constitution would not
bear a foreign climate. If then he must do business
at home he resolved that all the profits should be
made to serve his frustrated -purpose. The first year
he sent the proceeds of his business, $375, and its
story to the Society. The second year he sent $2,-
400, then $5120, then $12,500, and last year he sent
$17,500 or enough to pay the cost of ten men at the
front for Foreign Missions. Is not this man who
stays at home and pays for the tickets, as| much a
missionary as those who buy the tickets and sail
upon them? "There is something in the Christian
religion which is astonishing," says Pascal; and it

is astonishing just because produces such

it "aston

ishing" results. If the Lord of the harvest calls us

to work for India while we stay in Canada He can
in this way produce through us astonishing results ;

only let us be sure that this the place of His will

is

and that we give ourselves unreservedly to its ac

complishment.
We Can and We Must. We cannot send enough
missionaries to preach to 5,000,000 Telugus, but we
can send and we must send one for each missionary
job in the land. We
can send, and we must send,
enough teacher-evangelists and preachers and Bible-
women to preach and teach in each of these 7000
towns and villages. Our Boarding Schools are full ;

our High Schools and Bible Training Schools, our

 UNFINISHED BUSINESS 197

Normal School and Theological Seminary are all in

healthy operation, and the number of students is

annually increasing. Every year these are sending

out their graduates. To send a boy through the
Boarding School costs $25 a year for fees and board ;

to send one through High School costs $35 a year

for fees and board. To send a student through the
Union Theological Seminary costs $50 for fees,
board and travelling. To keep a teacher-evangelist
or a preacher at work among the villages for a
whole year, costs on an average $50 a year. For
about 98 cents a week you can have your own
preacher in India. If we will send the missionaries
who are needed and supply them with money, they,
under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, will find the
Indian workers and God through them will -give us
these 7000 towns and villages for our possession
and the least of these 5,000,000 for our inheritance.
It is the most practical of all the practical things
which practical men are attempting. It is the most
ideal of all the idealism of Jesus. It is the great
est international scheme of the ages. It is the one
thing that will stop war, for it establishes peace
on earth by creating good will among men. It is

the one foundation for India s Nationalism. It is

the one source of salvation for her many millions.

Let us pray as never before. Let us pay as God has

prospered us. Let us go or help another to go and
let us ever remember that : .
198 UNFINISHED BUSINESS
"He is counting on us!
On a love that will share
In His burden of prayer,
For the souls He has bought,
With his life-blood and sought
Through His sorrow and pain
To win Home yet again
He is counting on us
If we fail Him
What then?

He counting on us
is !

Oh wonder and grace

the
To look Christ in the face
And not be ashamed
For we gave what He claimed
And we laid down our all
For His sake at His call;
He had counted on us
And we failed not.
What then?
 IX

MISSIONARIES AT PRESENT ON INDIA STAFF

Name Date of Sailing
Allyn, Miss Jessie, M.D., C.M. 1906
Allyn, Miss Laura C., M.N. 1919
Archibald, Rev. I. C., M.A. 1882
Archibald, Mrs. I. C. 1878
Archibald, Miss M. E., M.A. 1897
Armstrong, Rev. E. W., M.A., 1921
Armstrong, Mrs. E. W., B.A., R.N. 1921
Bain, Miss Laura A., B.Th. 1921
Baker, Miss Grace J., B.A. 1917
Barss, Rev. Gordon P., M.A., B.D. 1910
Barss, Mrs. G. P. 1910
Baskerville, Miss A. E. 1888
Bensen, Rev. R. C., B.A., B.Th. 1908
Bensen, Mrs. R. C., B.A. 1908
Blackadar, Miss M. H., M.A. 1899
Brothers, Miss Muriel, B.A. 1919
Churchill, Mrs. M. F. 1873
Chute, Rev. J. E., B.Th. 1893
Chute, Mrs. J. E., M.D. 1895
Clark, Miss Martha 1894
Clark, Miss Zella, B.A., M.D. 1906
Clarke, Miss Flora 1901
Corey, Rev. H. Y., M.A. 1894
Corey, Mrs. H. Y. 1894
Craig, Rev. John, B.A. 1877
Craig, Mrs. J. 1885
Craig, Miss Laura J., B.A. 1917
Cro,ss, Rev. H. B., B.A. 1902
200 MISSIONARIES ON STAFF

Cross, Mrs. H. B. 1908

Day, Miss H. E. 1919
Davis, Mr. John W., B.A., B.Th. 1920
Davis, Mrs. John W., B.A. 1921
Eaton, Dr. Perry B., B.A., M.B., Ch.B. (Edin.) 1919
Eaton, Mrs. P. B., R.N. 1919
Eaton, Miss Winifred 1909
Elliott, Miss Cora B. 1907
Farnell, MissEdna E. 1916
Findlay, Miss Jessie E., B.A., M.D. 1908
FoLsom, Miss E. A. 1884
Freeman, Rev. S. C., B.A., B.D. 1902
Freeman, Mrs. S. C. 1906
Glendinning, Rev. J. A., M.A. 1902
Glendinning, Mrs. J. A. 1902
Gordon, Rev. A., B.A., B.Th. 1913
Gordon, Mrs. A. 1913
Gullison, Rev. R. E., M.A. 1896
Gunn, Rev. D. A. 1910
Gunn, Mrs. D. A. 1910
Hardy, Rev. John C. 1897
Hardy, Mrs. J. C. 1906
Harrison, Miss M. E. 1896
Hart, Rev. John, B.A. 1921
Hart, Mrs. John, B.A. 1921
Hatch, Miss S. I., K.I.H. 1886
Hellyer, Miss Clara B.
Higgins, Rev. W. V., M.A. 1889
Higgins, Mrs. W. V. 1889
Hinman, Miss Susie 1911
Hulet, Miss Gertrude, M.D. 1900
Jones, Miss L. M. 1907
Knowles, Miss Lois 1909
Lockhart, Miss E. B., B.A. 1916
Marsh, Miss Katie 1910
Mason, Miss Clara A. 1912
 -MISSIONARIES ON STAFF 201

Matheson, Mr. A. D., B.Th. 1920

Matheson, Mrs. A. D. 1919
McLaurin, Rev. J. B., B.A., B.Th. 1909
McLaurin, Mrs. J. B. 1909
McLaurin, Miss K. S. 1893
McGill, Miss G., B.A. 1912
McLeod, Miss C. M. 1894
McLeish, Miss Eva 1912
Munro, Miss A. C. 1920
Murray, Miss Annie C. 1893
Myers, Miss Bertha 1916
Newcombe, Miss la M. 1896
Paton, Miss Alberta 1906
Pratt, Miss Lida 1902
Priest, Miss Ellen 1893
Robinson, Miss J. F. 1903
Sanford, Rev. R., M.A., D.D. 1873
Scott, Rev. A. A., B.A., B.Th. 1903
Seiman, Miss M. R. B., M.N. 1900
Smith, Rev. E. G., M.B., M.E.P.S. 1893
Smith, Mrs. E. G., M.N. 1893
Smith, Rev. H. D., B.A., B.Th. 1911
Smith, Mrs. H. D. 1911
Smith, Rev. R.E., B.A., B.Th. 1903
~
Stillwell, Rev. J. R., D.D. 1885
Stillwell, Mrs. J. R. 1885
Tedford, Rev. W. S., M.A., M.S. Th. 1906
Tedford, Mrs. W. S. 1906
Timpany, Rev. C. L., B.A., B.Th. 1908
Timpany, Mrs. C. L. 1908
West, Dr. J. Hinson, M.D., C.M. 1919
West, Mrs. J. H., B.A. 1919
Wolverton, Dr. H. A., M.B., B.S.A. 1915
Wolyerton, Mrs H. A. 1915
202 MISSIONARIES ON STAFF

Under Appointment to Sail This Year, 1922

Eaton, Miss Evelyn, R.N.

Kenyon, Miss Grace, B.A.
Mann, Miss Edith G., B,A.
Scott, Miss Pearl
Turnbull, Miss Bessie, B.A.
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