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World History 16 _ Daily Class Notes (1)

The document discusses the concept of security, defining it as freedom from threats to sovereignty, liberty, fundamental rights, and life. It contrasts traditional security, which focuses on military threats, with contemporary security that includes environmental, health, and cyber threats. India’s security strategy is highlighted as a multi-dimensional approach that addresses both traditional and non-traditional challenges through economic growth, military enhancement, and international cooperation.

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10 views5 pages

World History 16 _ Daily Class Notes (1)

The document discusses the concept of security, defining it as freedom from threats to sovereignty, liberty, fundamental rights, and life. It contrasts traditional security, which focuses on military threats, with contemporary security that includes environmental, health, and cyber threats. India’s security strategy is highlighted as a multi-dimensional approach that addresses both traditional and non-traditional challenges through economic growth, military enhancement, and international cooperation.

Uploaded by

nidali2148
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‭World History‬

‭Lecture 16: Security in the Contemporary world‬

‭Security‬
‭Security means being free from threats that can harm fundamental principles such as:‬

‭●‬ ‭Sovereignty‬‭: The authority of a state to govern itself.‬


‭●‬ ‭Liberty‬‭: The freedom of individuals to act without‬‭oppression.‬
‭●‬ ‭Fundamental Rights:‬‭Basic rights guaranteed to all‬‭citizens.‬
‭●‬ ‭Life‬‭: The protection of human existence.‬

‭Threat‬
‭Threat is defined as a situation where, if no action is taken, it can result in severe destruction. For‬
‭instance, war, terrorism, or climate change can all pose significant threats.‬

‭Perspectives on Security‬

‭●‬ ‭Traditional Perspective:‬‭This perspective focuses primarily on military and state-centered‬


‭threats.‬
‭●‬ ‭External Security:‬‭It is concerned with protecting a country from military threats by other‬
‭nations.‬
‭○‬ ‭The main focus is territorial security (defending borders and land).‬

‭Who are the threats?‬


‭State actors (countries) are the primary threats in this perspective. For example: Invasion by a‬
‭neighboring country, Cross-border conflicts.‬
‭Responses to external threats:‬
‭●‬ ‭Surrender:‬‭Giving up to avoid destruction.‬
‭●‬ ‭Defend:‬‭Fighting back to protect sovereignty.‬
‭●‬ ‭Increase the cost of war:‬‭Making it expensive or difficult for the enemy to attack (e.g.,‬
‭strengthening defenses, alliances).‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬
‭In the traditional view, security was linked with territory, not the safety of individual people.‬

‭Internal Security:‬
‭●‬ ‭It focuses on threats within the country, such as: Civil unrest, Insurgency, Law and order‬
‭issues.‬
‭●‬ ‭The aim is to ensure the stability of the state and the protection of citizens.‬

‭Contemporary (Modern) Perspective‬


‭This is a broader and non-traditional approach to security that goes beyond military threats to‬
‭include other global and societal challenges.‬

‭What it includes:‬

‭●‬ ‭Environmental issues like climate change and global warming.‬


‭●‬ ‭Health crises like pandemics (e.g., COVID-19).‬
‭●‬ ‭Cybersecurity threats (e.g., hacking, data theft).‬
‭●‬ ‭Terrorism, organized crime, and economic instability.‬

‭India’s Security Strategy:‬


‭●‬ ‭Modern security strategy in India considers both traditional (military) and non-traditional‬
‭(environmental, cyber, health) threats.‬
‭●‬ ‭Policies now focus on multi-dimensional security.‬

‭Environmental Concerns:‬
‭●‬ ‭It is recognised as a global concern in the modern perspective.‬
‭●‬ ‭Issues like deforestation, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events are seen as threats‬
‭to national and global .‬

‭Thus we can observe that:‬


‭●‬ ‭Traditional Security was narrow, focusing only on military and state-centered threats.‬
‭●‬ ‭Modern Security is broader, acknowledging the impact of environmental, social, and‬
‭technological challenges.‬

‭This evolution reflects the changing nature of threats in a globalized and interconnected world.‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬
‭Methods to Ensure Security‬

‭●‬ ‭Deterrence:‬‭It involves creating strong defense capabilities to prevent aggression.‬


‭○‬ ‭It assumes reciprocal harm, deterring adversaries from attacking.‬
‭●‬ ‭Balance of Power:‬‭Organizes smaller powers to counterbalance larger, more dominant‬
‭powers.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cooperation:‬‭Nations come together to ensure peace through:‬
‭●‬ ‭Disarmament‬‭: Reducing or eliminating weapons.‬
‭●‬ ‭Arms Control:‬‭Regulating the production and distribution‬‭of arms.‬
‭●‬ ‭Confidence Building Measures:‬‭Promoting trust among‬‭nations. Example: The role of the‬
‭United Nations in maintaining global peace.‬

‭Non-Traditional Security / Contemporary Concept of Security‬


‭●‬ ‭It focuses on a broad spectrum of threats to human life beyond just military concerns or‬
‭national security.‬
‭●‬ ‭It emphasizes Human Security, addressing issues that directly affect individuals.‬

‭Key Features:‬
‭●‬ ‭It is concerned with both global security and individual well-being.‬
‭●‬ ‭It recognises violence caused by individuals, such as war, genocide, or terrorism, as‬
‭significant threats.‬
‭●‬ ‭It acknowledges threats from nature, which are often more destructive, such as: Drought,‬
‭Cyclones, Earthquakes, Global warming, Hunger‬

‭Perspectives:‬
‭●‬ ‭Narrow:‬‭Focused on specific threats (e.g., terrorism).‬
‭●‬ ‭Broad:‬‭Includes diverse, interconnected challenges (e.g., climate change, pandemics).‬

‭Non-traditional security shifts from state-centric concerns to addressing global and human-centric‬
‭challenges, emphasizing both man-made and natural threats.‬

‭Non-Traditional Threats to Security‬

‭1. Terrorism‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬
‭●‬ ‭Political violence targeting civilians to incite fear and pressure governments.‬
‭●‬ ‭Classic methods include hijackings, bombings, and public attacks.‬
‭●‬ ‭Post-9/11, global focus on terrorism has increased, especially in regions like the Middle East,‬
‭South Asia, and Europe.‬

‭2. Human Rights Violations‬


‭●‬ ‭These are divided into political rights, economic/social rights, and rights of minorities.‬
‭●‬ ‭Disagreement exists on which rights are universal and how to address violations.‬
‭●‬ ‭Debates on UN intervention in cases like Rwanda genocide and East Timor killings.‬

‭3. Global Poverty‬


‭●‬ ‭Disparities between rich and poor nations due to income gaps and population growth.‬
‭●‬ ‭High population growth in poorer nations worsens economic conditions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Migration from South to North causes political tensions.‬

‭4. Migration and Refugees‬


‭●‬ ‭Migrants move voluntarily; refugees flee wars, disasters, or persecution.‬
‭●‬ ‭Internally displaced people stay within national borders (e.g., Kashmiri Pandits).‬
‭●‬ ‭Refugee flows often correlate with armed conflicts.‬

‭5. Health Epidemics‬


‭●‬ ‭Diseases like HIV-AIDS, SARS, Ebola, and COVID-19 spread rapidly due to globalization.‬
‭●‬ ‭Poor regions lack access to treatments, worsening poverty and instability.‬
‭●‬ ‭Drug-resistant diseases and animal epidemics (e.g., bird flu) disrupt economies.‬

‭6. Environmental Threats‬

‭●‬ ‭Issues like global warming threaten nations (e.g., Maldives' rising sea levels).‬

‭Cooperative Security‬

‭●‬ ‭Non-traditional threats require cooperation over military confrontation.‬


‭●‬ ‭Military force is limited in addressing poverty, migration, and epidemics.‬
‭●‬ ‭Cooperation involves countries, international organizations (UN, WHO), NGOs, and‬
‭individuals.‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬
‭●‬ ‭Force may be a last resort, sanctioned by the global community for extreme cases like‬
‭terrorism or human rights abuses.‬
‭●‬ ‭Collective efforts are more effective than unilateral actions.‬

‭India’s Security Strategy‬

‭●‬ ‭Strengthening the Economy:‬‭India focuses on economic‬‭growth as a foundation for overall‬


‭security and stability.‬
‭●‬ ‭Addressing Internal Security Threats:‬‭Uses a combination‬‭of force and mediation to‬
‭tackle challenges such as insurgency, terrorism, and law-and-order issues.‬
‭●‬ ‭Enhancing Military Capabilities:‬‭Continuously improves‬‭defense infrastructure and‬
‭technology to safeguard national security.‬
‭●‬ ‭Strengthening International Norms and Institutions:‬‭Promotes global cooperation and‬
‭adherence to international laws and norms to maintain peace and security.‬

‭India’s security strategy is a comprehensive approach that combines economic growth, military‬
‭strength, internal stability, and global collaboration to address traditional and non-traditional‬
‭security challenges.‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

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