LESSON 2:


Types of Biases and
Prejudices
 
OBJECTIVE:
▪ Define cognitive bias

▪ Identify the different types of cognitive bias

▪ Explain the different types of prejudices

▪ Discuss how to avoid biases and prejudices

TASK
 1 Making Connection
1. From the words in the box,
choose three words related to bias
and another three to prejudice.
Then, write a sentence for each
word to show its relationship to
bias or prejudice.
______________________________
______________________________ Source : The HR Source

2. Read the message of the picture

on the right. Do you agree with
what it says? Explain.
______________________________
______________________________
TASK
 2 Building Up
Your bias may be conscious or unconscious. Your bias is conscious if you
are aware of it you know you tend to favor or go against a specific person or
thing. The bias is consciously happening because you know you are being
biased and are acting intentionally. Individuals with conscious biases are likely
to be explicit with their beliefs and attitudes and behave with clear intent.
Negative behaviors, such as physical or verbal harassment, characterize
conscious biases. Many conscious biases have become prejudices.

On the other hand, unconscious biases are unintentional. For example,

you are unaware of your tendency to act for or against a person, group, or
thing. Although unconscious biases involve no malicious intent, they can be
more dangerous than conscious biases. Unconscious biases can influence
our actions and behaviors more than conscious biases. For example, our
unconscious biases may influence us to make erroneous decisions. Cognitive
biases are primarily unconscious biases.
  Top Cognitive Bias
A cognitive bias is a subconscious or unconscious thinking error that leads
us to misinterpret information, affecting our decision’s rationality and
accuracy. Mental shortcuts, social pressures, flawed memory, emotions,
aging, and paying-attention issues can cause cognitive biases.

Thinking is a complex process with many moving parts, so we often rely on

mental shortcuts to make sense of the world around us. Cognitive biases can
be extremely helpful in certain situations. They save us time by allowing us to
reach conclusions quickly without processing every piece of evidence first.
They help simplify the world so we can react rapidly to new information or
unanticipated circumstances. However, they can also lead to faulty
conclusions, irrational beliefs, and biased decision-making. To make better
decisions and avoid being misled by our cognition, we need to be aware of the
most common pitfalls of thinking.
Here are some of the most common cognitive biases.

Actor-observer bias
Actor-observer bias is the tendency to attribute one’s actions to external
factors while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes. This bias
tends to manifest in cases where the results are negative. For example, Juan
blames the situation or circumstance when something negative happens. But
when the same thing happens to other persons, he blames them for their
choices, actions, or behaviors. So, when Juan fails an exam, he blames his
mother for asking him to run an errand. But when his friend fails another test,
he blames him for not reviewing well.

Anchoring bias
Anchoring bias is the tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information
learned about a subject. For example, Juan goes to a mall to buy a T-shirt. He
sees a nice T-shirt costing P4,200. At another boutique, he sees a similar T-
shirt priced at P2,200. He concludes the quality of the second T- shirt is poor.
However, if Juan sees only the second T-shirt, he may not consider its quality
poor. Thefirst price he sees unduly influences his opinion. Juan makes this
“anchor” price the reference point for future decisions.

Attentional bias
Attentional bias is the tendency to pay attention to some things while
ignoring others. For example, when studying for an exam in the library, you pay
attention only to your notes and books, ignoring the students around you. So,
you do not even notice the students leave or enter the library.

Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic bias is our tendency to decide based on information
that comes to mind quickly and easily in decision-making. For example, bias
causes us to buy things we don’t need when we are near a store. It’s also why
we tend to make rash decisions in stressful situations. This bias also works by
prioritizing infrequent events based on recency and vividness. For example,
many people are afraid of flying after a plane crash.
 The availability heuristic bias makes us decide based on the emotional

cues, familiar facts, and vivid images we easily recall, causing us to err in our
judgement. For example, when we decide whether or not to buy a lotto ticket,
what comes to mind is the luxurious lifestyle that goes with winning the
jackpot- flashy cars, a new house, and branded clothes and bags. We ignore
the long odds of winning the lotto. So, we buy a lotto ticket even if our chance
of winning is 1 in 29 million.

Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for in- formation that confirms our
beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them. This bias is prevalent
when we are forming an opinion on something. We usually have an opinion
and look for information confirming that opinion. Then we ignore information
that contradicts it. For example, we believe a certain candidate is the most
qualified for a position. So, we look for information confirming this belief and
ignore any information that contradicts it.
Dunning-Kruger effect
The 
dunning-Kruger effect is the inability to recognize our incompetence.
It refers to our tendency to believe we are more intelligent or capable than we
are or overestimate our abilities. For example, on social media, we feel fully
equipped to give opinions on a topic or issue, even though objective
measures show the contrary or people around us disagree. This bias
suggests that low-performing people unknowingly overestimate their
competence, while high-performers tend to underestimate their skills and
abilities

False consensus effect

The false consensus effect is the inclination to see our attitudes, beliefs,
and behavior as typical. As a result, we overestimate how much others like
us, agree with us, or approve of our behavior. For example, some activists
may assume that most people agree with their extreme political beliefs.
Therefore, they aggressively push these beliefs, even though most people do
not agree with them.
Functional fixedness

Functional fixedness is a tendency to see objects working in a particular
way. For example, you need to sharpen your blunt knife but don’t have a knife
sharpener. You have a teacup, but you don’t use it to sharpen your knife
because you think you use it only for drinking tea. You don’t consider using
the unglazed ring around the teacup’s bottom to sharpen your knife. In this
example, functional fixedness prevents you from seeing an object’s full range
of uses. So, this bias impairs your ability to think of new solutions to
problems.

Functional fixedness also applies to people. Sometimes, people are good

only at the roles they play or the functions they perform. As a result, we don’t
try using them to play other roles or perform other functions. Thus, we fail to
exploit their full potential.
Halo effect

The Halo effect is the tendency of an impression created in one area to
influence opinion in another. It is a cognitive bias in which our impression of
persons in one area influences how we think about them in other areas. For
example, we perceive an actress as attractive, likable, and successful. So,
we see her as smart, funny, and generous.

The halo effect also refers to the tendency to view someone’s positive or
negative traits as outweighing all others. You see this in the workplace, in
sports, and politics. For example, if a basketball player scores a basket, you
see the crowd go wild. They are cheering for him, celebrating his ability.
However, they might ignore that he turned the ball over earlier in the game.
Similar things happen in business when we promote a person to a leadership
role. We often forget that they are just as human as everyone else. And just
like everyone else, they have strengths and weaknesses.
Optimism bias
Optimism
 bias is the tendency to overestimate our likelihood of achieving
favorable outcomes and success and underestimate our likelihood of
experiencing unfavorable outcomes, misfortunes, or hardships. This bias is
based on a mistaken belief that our chances of experiencing negative events
are lower In comparison, our chances of experiencing positive events are
higher than those of our peers. So, optimism bias makes us careless-we stop
taking precautions. For instance, during the Covid pandemic, many people
believed they wouldn’t get infected with the virus, so they stopped following
health protocols. Unfortunately, many of them ended up at the hospital.

Self-serving bias
A self-serving bias is the tendency of a person to take credit for positive
events or results but blame outside factors for negative events. For example,
Mary gets a good grade on a math test. She tells everyone she is good in math
and studied hard for the test. However, when she gets a bad grade on an
English test, she tells her classmates that the test is unfair.
Summary

These are the top cognitive biases. Our brains use mental shortcuts to make sense of our
complex world, but they can sometimes lead us astray. Therefore, we must recognize them and
keep a record of our decision-making process to guard against these biases. That way, we can
identify any biases and correct them in future decisions.

Exercise 1.

Circle the letter of the option that completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Our bias is unconscious if we _________.

a. are not aware of it c. recognize it
b. know we have it d. can control it

2. Conscious biases are _________.

a. implicit c. explicit
b. indirect d. hidden
Exercise1.
3. A cognitive bias is a _________ error.
a. conscious c. explicit
b. thinking d. moral

4. What bias influences us to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily in decision-
making?
a. actor-observer c. attentional
b. confirmation d. availability

5. What bias makes us attribute our actions to external factors while attributing other people’s
behaviors to internal causes?
a. actor-observer c. attentional
b. confirmation d. availability

6. What bias makes us interpret new evidence as corroboration of our existing beliefs or
hypotheses?
A. actor-observer c. attentional
b. confirmation d. availability
Exercise 1.
 makes us pay attention to some things while ignoring other things simultaneously?
7. What bias
A. actor-observer c. attentional
b. confirmation d. availability

8. What bias prevents us from seeing an object’s full range of uses?

A. Dunning-Kruger effect c. false consensus effect
b. halo effect d. functional fixedness

9. What bias makes us believe that most people support our views?
A. Dunning-Kruger effect c. false consensus effect
b. halo effect d. functional fixedness

10. What bias makes us overestimate our abilities?

A. Dunning-Kruger effect c. false consensus effect
b. halo effect d. functional fixedness

11. What bias makes us think an actor is intelligent because he is handsome?

A. Dunning-Kruger effect c. false consensus effect
b. halo effect d. functional fixedness
Exercise 1.

12. What bias makes us overestimate our likelihood of achieving favorable outcomes and
underestimate our likelihood of having unfavorable results?
A. optimism c. self-serving
b. halo effect d. false consensus

13. What bias makes us take credit for positive events or results but blame outside factors for
negative events?
A. optimism c. self-serving
b. halo effect d. false consensus

14. A Facebook poster comments on inflation even if he is not knowledgeable in economics. So,
other posters bashed him for his baseless opinion. What bias does the Facebook poster possess?
A. optimism c. self-serving
b. halo effect d. false consensus

15. What bias makes us rely heavily on the first information learned about a subject?
A. optimism c. self-serving
b. halo effect d. false consensus
Exercise 2.
Circle the
 letter of the option that identifies the type of cognitive bias manifested in each of the
following items.

1. Mario is an amateur chess player. Recently, he participated in a national chess

tournament, believing he could beat his country's masters.
a. self-serving bias c. Dunning-Kruger effect
b. false consensus effect d. actor-observer bias

2. Liza believes her chosen candidate is honest and intelligent. So, she ignores news
about her candidate's corruption cases and fake college degrees. However, she laps up
particles extolling her candidate's achievements.
a. optimism bias c. halo bias
b. confirmation bias d. anchoring bias

3. A doctor tells Jim that his cholesterol levels are high Jim blames factors outside his
control, such as genetic or environmental influences. But when Carlos finds out his
cholesterol levels are too high, Jim attributes it to Carlos' poor diet and lack of exercise.
a. actor-observer bias c. availability heuristic
b. attentional bias d. functional fixedness
Exercise 2.

4. Ben is often late for school in the morning. Vic attributes his lateness to his laziness.
When he is late for school, Vic attributes it to heavy traffic.
a. availability heuristic c. attentional bias
b. functional fixedness d. actor-observer bias

5. Recently, an airplane crashed, killing all 300 passengers. So, Pedro traveled by car,
not by plane, although the odds of dying in a car crash as a passenger are 1 in 654, while
the odds of dying in a plane crash are one in 9,821.
a. availability heuristic c. attentional bias
b. functional fixedness d. actor-observer

6. To attract customers, a restaurant put up a sign saying it's "bulalo" is only P400 per
serving. Celso saw this sign and concluded that the restaurant prices were reasonable,
considering the other restaurants sell "bulalo" at P600. Little did he realize that the
restaurant 's prices for the other food items in the menu were higher than those of the
other restaurants.
a. availability heuristic c. attentional bias
b. anchoring bias d. functional fixedness
Exercise 2.

7. You are in a classroom where a teacher is going through a lecture with slides. You start to
lose concentration, thinking about the party you will attend in the evening. You ignore the
lecture. When you refocus your attention on the lecture, you vaguely understand what your
teacher has discussed.
a. availability heuristic c. attentional bias
b. anchoring bias d. functional fixedness

8. You must drive a nail into a wall to hang a framed painting. Your hammer is not in the
toolbox, so you search your house to find it. You have a metal wrench but do not think of using
it to drive the nail into the wall. After an hour of fruitless search, you borrowed a hammer from
your neighbor.
a. availability heuristic c. attentional bias
b. anchoring bias d. functional fixedness

9. Because you like iced tea, you believe more people like iced tea than water.
a. false consensus effect b. optimism bias
c. halo effect d. self-serving bias

10. You think Miss Philippines is a good person because she is good-looking.
A. false consensus c. halo effect
b. optimism bias d. self-serving
Exercise 2.

11. You are trying to decide between two job offers.
One is a senior position in a small company, and the other is a junior position with a well-known
company. You think about each offer and decide that you prefer the well-known company. But the
reason you gave is that the smaller company is new and untested.
a. availability heuristic b. anchoring bias
c. attentional bias d. functional fixedness

12. Clarita believes that the political candidate she favors has more support in the population than
other candidates, even when that isn't the case.
a. availability heuristic b. optimism bias
c. halo effect d. false consensus effect

13. Ruben Lapid, a top action movie star, ran for senator in the last election. Voters voted for him
because they thought he would make a good senator. After all, he was a handsome actor.
a. availability heuristic b. optimism bias
c. halo effect d. false consensus effect

14. Lando thought he did not need to save money. because he had job security. He thought he
could always depend on his salary to meet his needs.
a. availability heuristic b. optimism bias
c. halo effect d. false consensus effect
Exercise 2.

15. After winning a championship, the winning team attributed their victory to hard work,
confidence, and playing well when needed. But they blamed the referees for making wrong
calls when they lost the championship.
a. self-serving bias b. optimism bias
c. halo effect d. false consensus effect

How to Avoid Cognitive Biases

While cognitive biases can be unconscious, there are a number of things we can do to
reduce their likelihood.

1. Acknowledge that biases exist.

Be aware of your biases. For example, if we know we possess an optimism bias, we
will not underestimate the probability of experiencing misfortunes.

2. Seek other ideas and information.

Base your decision on something other than the first information or idea that comes to
your mind. Instead, seek other information and ideas to make a sound decision. This
practice will help you avoid many biases, especially availability heuristic and confirmation
bias.
How to Avoid Cognitive Biases

3. Consider many options.
When making a decision, consider various options. This way, you can avoid getting
stuck with a biased decision.

4. Listen to people with different views.

People with different views can give you different ideas and information. Listening to
them can help you evaluate your ideas and competence.
You can avoid the Dunning-Kruger effect if you adopt this practice. Always try to view things
from multiple perspectives.

5. Be curious
Have a strong desire to learn or know something. Seek answers to your questions
to gain knowledge. Curiosity can help you develop the ability to connect various pieces of
information. This attitude is the best way to avoid functional fixedness.

6. Identify what makes you uncomfortable

Do some people or situations irritate you?*
Find out what makes you react this way. Your bias could be affecting the way you respond to
people and situations.
7. Understand an issue from both sides

Understanding an issue from both sides makes you think critically and
helps you see people empathetically. Try to believe the opposite of your first
impression and see what happens.

8. Look for disconfirming evidence.

Go out of your way to seek out information that contradicts your belief.

9. Be open to the idea that you might be wrong.

If you know you might be wrong, seek ideas and information that contradict
your belief or decision.
Knowing you might be wrong makes you intellectually humble.

10. Consider the factors that influence your decision

Consider the factors that influence your decision will help you avoid your
biases and, thus make a sound decision.
Exercise 3.

Suggest ways to avoid cognitive biases using the following chart
Biases Ways of Avoiding
1. Dunning-Kruger effect
2. Confirmation bias
3. Optimism bias
4. Actor-Observer bias
5. Anchoring bias
6. Availability heuristic
7. Functional fixedness
8. Sef-serving bias
9. Halo effect
10. False consensus bias
11. Attentional bias
Types of Prejudices

Prejudice is a negative attitude or belief about an entire group of people based on a
stereotype or false assumption. It’s usually related to race, gender, religion, sexuality, and other
personal characteristics that aren’t visible at first glance. Today, we no longer see the blatant
displays of racism or sexism in past decades. Unfortunately, the subtlety of these prejudices has
not made them any less damaging. Rather than being overt and offensive, they now come in the
form of microagressions and unhelpful assumptions. Sadly, these subtle expressions are still
alive and continue to hurt millions worldwide because they are rooted in fear of “the other”
someone who is different from us, even if it’s just by one small detail. We cannot eliminate all
prejudices overnight, it takes continued effort and education to shift societal norms and change
how people think about others.

Some of the most well-known types of prejudices include the following:

Racism

Racism is prejudice directed against a person or people based on their membership in a

particular racial or ethnic group, typically a minority or marginalized. Example: Cecile, a person
of Asian ethnicity, applies as a computer programmer at an office in a predominantly white area.
She meets all the job requirements, but the manager tells her, “You won’t fit in here.” So instead,
the manager hires a white person with a similar skill set and experience.
Sexism

Sexism is discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls. It may
refer to any word, image, act, or gesture based on the idea that some persons, most often
women, are inferior because of their sex. Examples: 1. A company does not provide career
opportunities to women with children. 2. A manager calls a woman employee Babe, Girl, or
Darling.

Ageism

Ageism is prejudice on the grounds of a person’s age. Examples: 1. Berto loses his job at an
auto-repair shop because of his age. 2. Cora’s co-workers tease her that she often forgets things
because of her age. 3. Danny refuses to go to a restaurant because he says that is where old
people go.

Classism

Classism is discrimination against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class.

Differential treatments based on social class and systematic oppression of subordinated class
groups are common. Forms of classism. Examples: feelings of inferiority to higher-class people;
disdain or shame about traditional patterns of class in one’s family and a denial of heritage,
feelings of superiority to people lower on the class spectrum than oneself, hostility and blame
towards other working-class or poor people; and beliefs that classist institutions are fair
Nationalism


Nationalism is the belief that your own country is better than all others. This belief makes you
loyal and devoted to your country. Example: When you favor your country’s goods and services
over those of other countries regardless of their quality, you practice economic, nationalism.

Religious prejudice

Religious prejudice discriminates against a person or group because of their religious beliefs.
Example: Refusing a person to enter a restaurant because he is Jewish

Xenophobia

Xenophobia is fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or anything strange or foreign.

Example: The hate crimes committed against Asians in some US cities.

Linguistic discrimination

Some people discriminate against individuals or groups based solely on their use of language
their accent, vocabulary, and syntax
Exercise 4.

Identify the type of prejudice each item describes Then, write your answer in the space provided

_________ 1. The belief that your country is superior to all others

_________2. Fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners

_________3. Discrimination against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class

_________4. Discrimination against a person or group based on their membership in a

particular racial or ethnic group

_________5. Discrimination against a person or group because of their religious beliefs

_________6. Discrimination on the grounds of a person’s age

_________7. Discrimination based on sex or gender

_________8. Discrimination against individuals or groups based solely on their use of language

_________9. The fear, hatred, mistrust of, or discomfort with people who are lesbian, gay, or
bisexual
Exercise 4.

_________ 10. A belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and
that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Overcoming Prejudices

Prejudices can influence how we behave toward certain people, which can be dangerous.
Fortunately you can do something to overcome your prejudice Below are some of the steps you
can take

1. Recognize prejudices and acknowledge that they affect you. Start by examining the
stereotypes you may have about a specific group. What do you believe about that group? Why
do you believe those things? Acknowledge any stereotypes you may have and try to dig deeper
to understand where those prejudices came from. Once you are aware of your prejudices,
reflect on past experience that have helped shape them. Finally, understand how those
experiences influenced your opinion of others.

2. Educate yourself about prejudice. Study the different types of prejudices that affect various
groups. Additionally, learn about the roots of prejudices and how they can affect your life by
reading about them or hearing from those affected For example, did you know that the
amygdala, the part of our brain that creates fear and anxiety, is the source of many prejudices?
3. Speak out against prejudice. By taking a stand against prejudice and ignorance, you can help
others see their effects and learn how to over- come them. In addition, you educate others on

the issue, challenge stereotypes, and stand up for those unfairly treated due to prejudice.

4. Support persons targeted by prejudice. For example, you can educate others about their
experiences, stand up for them when prejudice is present, and create an inclusive environment
where everyone is treated fairly.

5. Foster inclusive language. A language is inclusive if it avoids using certain expressions or

words that exclude particular groups of people, especially gender-specific words, such as
“man,”” man- kind,” and masculine pronouns, the use of which might be considered to exclude
women Inclusive language can help you create a more inclusive environment, making it a more
positive place for people of all types

6. Ensure that your prejudices do not determine your behavior. Your prejudices should not lead
to discrimination against others Additionally, make sure that you do not spread your prejudices

7. Reset if someone around you huts or insults other people or groups. Oppose them! Ask them
to tone it down. Discuss the issue with them and tell people you disapprove of offensive
prejudices.

8. Fight prejudice when possible and practical. For example, you may report sexual harassment
to authorities.
9. Seek relationships across different groups of people to push back agamat stereotypes. You will
be less likely to harbor stereotypes against them.

10. Empathize with other peoples feelings. You can let go of your prejudices by being in other
people’s shoes.

11. Build a strong support network. Friends and relatives can help you cope with prejudice more
easily.
Exercise 5.
Briefly explain the action you will take in each of the following situations to overcome prejudice.

1. You hear an older person make comments or jokes of a sexual nature.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. You witness classmate mock other people’s accents customs, dresses.

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. You see students mocking their classmates for not having the latest gadgets and wearing old
clothes.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. A school organization excludes students belonging to a different religion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5 Boys and girls m the neighborhood make fun of old people.
_____________________________________________________________________________
TASK 3 Firming Up

1. Complete the following charts.
Types of Biases Definition Example
Actor-observer
Anchoring
Attentional
Availability heuristic
Confirmation
Dunning-Kruger effect
False consensus effect
Functional fixedness
Halo effect
Optimism
Self-serving
 Types of Prejudices Definition Example

Ageism

Classism

Homophobia

Language discrimination

Nationalism

Racism

Religious prejudice

Sexism

Xenophobia
2. What part of the lesson do you consider essential? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
 we avoid biases and prejudices? Explain.
3. Why must
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Which part of the lesson did you find difficult to understand? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
5.Which part of the lesson did you find most interesting? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT

Circle any or all the options that correctly answer the question or complete the statement.
There can be one or more correct options for each item, while each correct answer is worth one
point. One point will be deducted for each wrong option chosen.

1. Which of the following describes a person with a conscious bias?

a. They are aware of it.
b. They are acting intentionally.
c. They are implicit with their beliefs.
d. They exhibit negative behaviors.

2. Which of the following describes a person with an unconscious bias?

a. They exhibit negative behaviors.
b. They are acting intentionally.

c. They are implicit with their beliefs.
D. They exhibit negative behaviors.

2. Which of the following describes a person with an unconscious bias?

A. They exhibit negative behaviors.
B. They are unaware of their action for or against a person or thing.
C. They have no malicious intent.
D. They engage in verbal harassment.

3. Why are cognitive biases harmful to us?

A. They help us make sense of the world around US
b. They can lead us to faulty conclusions and decisions.
C. They simplify the world.
D. They help make us react rapidly to new information.

4. Enrique has an actor-observer bias. So, when he was diagnosed with cancer
a. he admits that his disease is due to his unhealthy habits.
b. he says his disease is due to environmental factors.
C. he blames others for his disease.
D. he blames air pollution for his disease.
5. We believe that a certain candidate is the most qualified for a position. Suppose we have

confirmation bias,
a. we will read every news item and opinion column about him
b. we will pay attention to the criticisms against him
c. we will read only the information that praises his qualifications
d. we will ignore any news item that is unfavorable to our candidate.

6. A Boeing 747 plane recently crashed, killing 400 passengers. Which of the following will a
person with availability heuristic bias do?
A. avoid riding in a plane
b. take a train instead of a plane to go to the province
c. continue riding in a plane, believing it is the safest transportation mode
d. cancel their vacation

7. Eric wants to buy a second-hand 2017 Montero. He went to a second-hand car dealer and
saw one being sold for P950,000. In another car dealer, he saw a similar Montero car being
sold for P850,000, Which of the following is true if Eric has an anchoring bias?
a. Eric will base his decision on the P850,000 price for the 2017 Montero in another dealer.
b. Eric will compare the prices of the other car dealers to the P950,000 prize of the first dealer.
c. Eric will think the P850,000 price is a good deal compared to the price of the first dealer.
d. Eric will buy the P950,000 car from the first dealer.
8. Alice supports a candidate in the next election. What will Alice assume if she has a false
consensus bias?

a. Her candidate will win in the next election.
b. Most voters prefer her candidate.
c. Her candidate is the most qualified among the candidates.
d. Her candidate enjoys broad support among the voters

9. A big corporation recently hired Jenny, a prestigious school graduate. What will his
officemates do if they have halo effect bias?
a. They will see Jenny’s performance as better than it actually is.
b. They will give her higher evaluation marks than she deserves.
c. They will consider her arrogant and overconfident.
d. They will be envious of her pedigree and try to put her down.

10. Which of the following will a person with an optimism bias most likely do?
a. Skip their yearly physical examination believing they are too healthy to get sick.
b. Wear their seatbelt to prevent injuries when an accident happens.
c. Add money to their emergency fund to prepare for bad times.
d. Do not get vaccinated, believing they cannot get sick.

11. Which of the following will a person with self-serving bias most likely do?
a. When they win a game, they will attribute their win to hard work and practice. When they
lose, they blame the bad calls of the referees.
b. When an office hires them, they say it is because of their qualifications. When they get

rejected, they say the interviewer did not like them.
c. When they get a bad grade, they say they failed to review hard. When they get a good grade,
they say their teacher likes them.
d. When they win a contest, they say they got lucky. When they fail to win a contest, they say they
failed to prepare hard.

12. Which of the following is a racist action?

a. Calling someone dishonest because they are Chinese.

b. Not promoting someone because of their gender.
c. Not sitting next to someone because they are black.
d. Accusing migrants of taking away your job

13. Which of the following is a sexist practice?

a. Calling someone dirty because they are Asian

b. making threatening or aggressive comments based on a person’s gender or sex
c. Focusing attention and praise on someone’s appearance rather than their other attributes
d. not promoting a woman because of her age
14. Which of the following is an example of prejudice based on a person’s age?
A. calling someone sexy
 because of age
b. losing a job
c. refusing entry into a restaurant because of skin color
d. being refused insurance because of age

15. Which of the following manifests classism?

a. Feeling inferior or superior to people who be-long to a different socioeconomic class
b. judging individuals based on their wealth rather than their merits
c. making jokes about the laziness of an employee
d. issuing speeding tickets to violators of maximum speed

16. Which of the following does a homophobic person do?

a. socializing with lesbians and gays
b. bullying and harassing LGBTQIA people
c. depriving LGBTQIA+ people of an opportunity because of their perceived orientation
d. believing that LGBTQIA+ people don’t deserve equal rights

17. Which of the following expresses nationalism?

a. Participating in international games
b. Believing in the superiority of your country
c. accepting migrants into your country
d. pursuing a warlike foreign policy
18. Which of the following shows linguistic discrimination?

a. a manager prohibits his workers from speaking a different language during break time
b. telling students who speak English with a different accent that they cannot become good lawyers
c. mixing English speakers with non- English speakers
d. praising students who speak well

19. Which of the following are examples of religious prejudice?

a. dismissing an employee because of their religion

b. deciding not to hire an applicant because of their religion
c. refusing to develop or promote an employee because of their religion
d. paying employees regardless of their religion

20. Which of the following illustrates xenophobia?”

a. accepting foreign tourists

b. denigrating foreigners as barbarians
c. competing against people of other nationalities
d. fearing immigrants