Summer Training Report

At
PWD (PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

VISHAL SINGH

1900970000105

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
GREATER NOIDA
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report on (Public Works Department
(PWD)) is an authentic record of my own work as requirements of Industrial Training
during the period from 01.07.2022 to 30.07.2022 for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Civil
Engineering), Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, under the
guidance of (MR.Faheemul Islam Kirmani).

Vishal Singh
Roll No. 1900970000105
Date: ____________________

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief

Examined by:

Head of Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank PWD (PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT) for giving
me the opportunity to do my one month training at CONSTRUCTION PROJECT so as to develop
our understanding from technical as well as from administrative aspects.

I would then like to thank JUNIOR ENGINEER AND ASSISTANT ENGINEER for guiding and
helping me during my entire training period & showing a true cooperation, support and continuous
motivation during my entire training period. the persons who have trained me during summer
internship.

So I also express my sincere gratitude to all.

VISHAL SINGH

1900970000105
 TABLE OF CONTENT

I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
II. CERTIFICATE
III. MISSION AND VISION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

1.2 MODEL OF PROJECT

CHAPTER 2 : TRAINING DETAILS

2.1 DETAILS OF ACTIVITIES

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER 3 : CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 4 : REFRENCE
 AIMS & OBJECT OF ORGANISATION

Planning, designing, construction and maintenance of assets related to road communication

and built social infrastructure (colleges, technical institutes etc.) for Govt. of UTTAR

PRADESH through a well-developed system with emphasis on durability, functional

efficiency, serving the intended purpose, created within the reasonable period and

maintained with green and aesthetic environment in conformity with the declared policies of

the Government and for the benefit of the public at large.

 MISSION & VISION
MISSION

Plan, design & execute safe built infrastructure in a professional manner for Govt of Delhi

VISION

Provide leadership to construction industry by becoming a synonym & trend setter for
quality, speed & economy
 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
The art of constructing buildings for residential or other purpose
systematically according to planning & designing specifications
known as construction of a building.
The purposes to construct a building are as follows-

 TO GET THE KNOWLEDGE OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENT’S USED.

 TO KNOW HOW TO MAINTAIN THE EXISTING BUILDINGS.
 TO KNOW HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD
WORK.
 TO REDUCE THE CONSTRUCTION FAULTS AND DEFECTS.

Requirement of a building are –

 IT SHOULD BE LOCATED AT A GOOD BUILDING SITE.

 ALL ROOMS SHOULD BE PROPERLY PLACED ACCORDING TO
UTILITY.
 IT SHOULD PROVIDE FLEXIBILITY AS WELL AS PROPERLY
ORIENTED.
 IT SHOULD BE PROPERLY PLANNED AND DESIGNED.
 IT SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH MODERN WATER SUPPLY,
SANITARY & ELECTRIC FITTINGS.
PROJECT DATE OF COMPLETION: FEBRUARY, 2025
TOTAL COST OF PROJECT: RS. 151 CRORES

 BASEMENT(FOR PARKING) : 14 CRORES

 COLLEGE BUILDING : 106 .0CRORES

 UTILITY BLOCK & STAFF QUARTERS:7.5 CRORES

 BOYS HOSTEL: 6.0 CRORES

 GIRLS HOSTEL: 5.5 CRORES

 DEVELOPEMENT WORK: 7.0 CRORES

 MISCELLENEOUS: 4.8 CRORES

 {CIVIL FOUNDATION & CONSTRUCTION}

 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION IS NECESSARY TO MAKE A

PROPER SITE SELECTION, ORIENTATION, PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF

BUILDING SO THAT CONSTRUCTION SHOULD BE SYSTEMATIC AS WELL

AS ECONOMICAL.

 THE BUILDING PROJECT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS-

 BUILDING PLANNING & LAYOUT

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 EXECUTION WORK
 MODEL OF PROJECT

FORMWORK

The temporary construction used as a mould for the structure, in which the
concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures is called formwork.
The following point must be checked before placing concrete in the formwork.

The geometrical dimension of the form work should be checked carefully

using a steel rule or tape.

 THE FORMWORK SHOULD BE FREE FROM ANY MUD PARTICLES OR COATING

OF CONCRETE IF IT IS BEING RE-USED.

 OILING SHOULD BE DONE IN ORDER TO MAKE THE SURFACE OF FORMWORK

SMOOTH.

 THE ALIGNMENT OF FORMWORK SHOULD NOT BE DISTURBED DURING

CONCRETING OPERATIONS.

 THE SAW DUST, NAILS ETC. SHOULD BE REMOVED BEFORE PLACING

CONCRETING OPERATIONS.
 COLUMNS
These are usually isolated vertical axial or eccentric load bearing structures
which have width not more than four times its thickness. Its function is to
provide lateral stability to the external walls.

Observation at site:

All dimensions in mm

 SIZE OF COLUMN - 230X750, 300X900, 350X1100 ETC.

 HEIGHT OF COLUMN - 2300 TO 2650MM
 TMT STEEL BARS – 6MM TO 32MM
 DESIGN MIX CONCRETE – M25,M30 AND M35
 FLOORS

These are horizontal structural surface that provide accommodation to

residents to live at different parts of a building.

The floor constructed below formation level is called basement floor.

Its function is to divide building into different levels.

STAIRS

A structure comprising of no. of steps connecting one floor to other is called stair.

A staircase consists of flight, landing, rise, tread, going, nosing, headroom and soffit.

The angle of flight should be 25 to 40.

In this site dog legged stair provided with riser 270mm and going 250mm in boys and girls
hostel building. Width of stair case is 1m.

Number of steps in one flight : 12 no.

 LIFT & RAMP
A horizontal platform which moves up & down when electrically operated is
known as lift.

An inclined platform which provides access from one floor to another.

ROOF
The uppermost component of building & its main function is to cover the
space & protect it from weathering agencies.

Retaining wall
 A WALL CONSTRUCTED TO RETAIN EARTH (OR SOIL) ON ONE OF ITS FACES
IS CALLED RETAINING WALL.

 IT IS GENERALLY BUILD TO MAINTAIN THE UNEQUAL LEVELS OF THE

GROUND AGAINST ITS TWO FACES.

 THE EARTH ON THE SIDE OF WALL WHERE GROUND LEVEL IS HIGHER IS

CALLED BACK FILLED AND RETAINING WALL IS SUPPOSED TO RETAIN THIS
EARTH.

PLACING OF CONCRETE
The process of depositing the concrete in its required position is called
placement of concrete.

The quality of concrete depends on the method of placing it during concreting.

If it is not place properly, then segregation will result.

 Working platform is to be made where want to concrete.

 Positioning of all vibrators and needles at their location.

 Anchor bolt shall be provided for the shuttering & supporting system wherever
necessary.
  Pour the concrete of required grade by pump & chute (in some cases manual by
labour) in suitable layer thickness.

 Pouring shall be done uniformly, covering the total area.

 Fill the cube mould as per Specification

 Vibrator is used to compact the concrete properly each layer of concrete.

CLEAN ALL MINOR EQUIPMENTS AND SEND THEM TO WORK SHOP AFTER CONCRETING
IS COMPLETED.

CURING

The process of hardening the concrete mixes by keeping the surface moist for
a certain period after compaction is called curing.

The objects of curing are:

i. TO PREVENT THE LOSS OF WATER BY EVAPORATION THUS MAINTAINING THE PROCESS

OF HYDRATION.

ii. TO REDUCE THE SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE.

iii. TO PRESERVE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE.

METHOD OF CURING

The methods of curing depend upon the nature of work and atmospheric
conditions. Generally the following methods are adopted:

i. SHADING CONCRETE WORKS.

ii. COVERING SURFACE WITH GUNNY BAGS OR HESSIAN.
iii. SPRINKLING WATER.
iv. PONDING METHOD
 QUALITY CONTROL

v. QUALITY CHECKS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN ANY CONSTRUCTION SITE. IT IS

GENERALLY SAID THAT QUALITY MATTERS, NOT THE QUANTITY. THE CONCRETE CUBES

ARE TESTED FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN THE COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

SAMPLE OF CONCRETE

vi. The results obtained from the test shall remain in the following limits:
vii. After 7 days: 70% of fck value
viii. After 28 days: Should be more than fck but can be less than T.M.S.
ix. Where fck = Characteristic mean strength
x. & T.M.S = Target Mean Strength
xi. Characteristic Mean Strength is defined as the strength of the material below which
CUBEnotMOULD
more than 5%15X15cm
SIZE
of the test results are expected to fall.
xii. Target Mean Strength = fck + (1.65* Standard deviation)
xiii. IN ADDITION TO THE CUBES TESTING, SLUMP VALUE OF THE CONCRETE IS ALSO CHECKED.
SLUMP TEST IS USED TO DETERMINE THE WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE. THE
APPARATUS USED FOR DOING SLUMP TEST ARE SLUMP CONE AND TAMPING ROD
 SLUMP TEST

Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of
oil.
ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non absorbent surface.
iii) The mould is then filled in three layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately
to one-third of the height of the mould.

iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross section).

v) After the top layer is tamped, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.
vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical
direction.
vii) The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of
the subsided concrete is measured.
viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

NOTE: Value of Slump can be increased by the addition of chemical admixtures like mid-
range or high-range water reducing agents (super-plasticizers) without changing the
water/cement ratio.
 The figure (2.5(b)) shows the slump length of the concrete.
1) Minimum slump value which must be achieved = 90 mm

2) Slump Value to be achieved for segments = 120 mm

3) Slump Value to be achieved for foundations = 180 mm

NOTE: In case the required slump is not achieved we need to change the ingredient contents i.e. increase the
quantity of admixtures & then check again accordingly.

Compressive strength test of concrete:-

To determination of the compressive strength of concrete is very important because the
compressive strength is criterion of its quality. the strength is expressed in kg/cm2.

Materials: Test specimens:

Concrete cube specimens 15cms size.

Apparatus:

100 tonne capacity compression testig machine, Standard cube mould, Trowel, Tamping
rod, Steel cover plate.

Procedure:

1. PREPARATION OF CUBES AND COMPACTION. FILL IN THE CONCRETE INTO THE MOULDS OF
15CM SIZE CUBE.
2. CURING. SUBMERGE THE SPECIMEN AFTER TAKING OUT FROM THE MOULDS IN A CLEAN,
FRESH WATER AND LEAVE THERE TILL JUST PRIOR TO TEST.

3. TESTING.
(a) REMOVE THE SPECIMEN FROM THE WATER AND WIPE IT CLEAN.
(b) NOTE DOWN THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SPECIMEN TO THE NEAREST 0.2 MM AND

WEIGH IT ACCURATELY.

(c) CLEAN THE BEARING SURFACES OF THE TESTING MACHINE AND PLACE THE SPECIMEN
IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE LOAD SHALL BE APPLIED TO OPPOSITE SIDES OF

CUBES AS CAST AND NOT TO THE TOP AND BOTTOM.

(d) AFTER ALIGNING THE AXIS OF THE SPECIMEN CAREFULLY APPLY THE LOAD SLOWLY
OF APPROXIMATELY 140 KG/CM2/MIN TILL THE CUBE BREAKS.

(e) RECORD THE MAXIMUM LOAD AND APPEARANCE OF THE CONCRETE FAILURE.
 BATCHING
The process of proper and accurate measurement of all concrete material to
ensure uniformity of proportion and aggregate grading is called batching.

The importance of batching is to distribute the materials uniformity so that the

resulting concrete has the following properties:

Strength: The concrete should attain sufficient strength in order to bear safely
the imposed loads.

Workability: The concrete should be workable but not in fluid state for
economical and uniform placing.

Durability: The concrete should be durable with regards to the prevailing

climatic conditions to which the structure will be subjected.

Economy: The cost of preparing concrete should be low as possible by

minimum the use of cement.

BATCHING OPERATIONS

Batching operation may be classified as:

1. Weight batching

2. Volume batching.

(1)Weight batching:
The batching of material by weight is straight forward, the sand, cement
and coarse aggregate being all weighted in kilogram. Weight batching is
more accurate than volume batching. In this case, the mix proportions are
usually based on 50 kg bag of cement and should be specified as:

 CEMENT – 50 KG
 SAND- 125 KG
 AGGREGATE-188 KG
 (2)VOLUME BATCHING:

It is a principal of making good concrete that cement should be batch by

weight and the aggregates by volume. Aggregate are measured in liters (1
liters of ordinary port land cement weights 1.44 kg as per IS: 1911-
1967).Therefore 50 kg of cement bag contain approx 35 liters of cement.

MEASUREMENT OF WATER

Water is measured in litres depending upon the available facilities.

MIXING
The process of mixing various constituents of concrete in specified proportion
is termed as mixing.

The quality and strength of concrete depend upon the mixing. The importance
of mixing is to have uniform distribution of particle sizes, obtain uniform color
of concrete and the required consistency of concrete.

The following two methods are generally adopted for mixing purpose:

1. Hand mixing

2. Machine mixing

The mixing of concrete is almost carried out by machine but a brief reference
to hand mixing is necessary to cover those occasions which occur on many
projects when hand mixing must be done. Hand mixing should be done
thoroughly if good concrete is required.

The basic requirement of mixing is that it is thorough in order to produce

concrete of uniform consistency from beginning to end. Mixing involves a
working or vigorous rubbing of the cement paste (cement and water) on to the
surface of the aggregate particles as well as a general bleeding of all the
ingredients.

To accomplish this mixing procedure adopted must be appropriate so that

mixing is proper and within the reasonable time.

1. Hand mixing: The process of mixing the ingredient of concrete by manual

man is called hand mixing. It is adopted for small work. The concrete prepared
by this method is called hand mixed concrete.

2. Machine mixing: The process of mixing the ingredient of concrete by a

machine is called machine mixing. It is adopted for big project, where large
quantities of concrete are required continuously. Machine mixing is cheaper
than hand mixing as it requires less quantity of cement for through mixing.
The concrete obtained by this method is called machine mixed concrete.

Under this category the mixers are classified as:

Batch mixers

a) CONTINUOUS MIXER
a) BATCH MIXER:

In this case, the mixers are charged with the material in batches. Batch
mixer can be of any one of the following types:

1. NON-TILTING TYPE OR ROTARY TYPE.

2. TILTING TYPE.
(3)NON- TILTING TYPE:

The mixing drum of the mixer is cylindrical in shape and it revolves about
a horizontal axis.
This type of mixer has an opening on each side.

(4)TILTING TYPE:
 The various ingredient of concrete i.e. cement, sand and coarse
aggregate in specified proportions for each batch are placed into the
hopper.
The material is discharge into the drum by raising the hopper.

PAN

b) CONTINUOUS MIXERS: THESE PRODUCE A STEADY STEAM OF CONCRETE AS LONG AS IT

IS IN OPERATION. SUCH MIXERS ARE NOT IN COMMON USE.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF CONCRETE MIXERS

 THE CEMENT, SAND AND AGGREGATE SHOULD BE FED SIMULTANEOUSLY INTO THE

MIXER AND IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE FLOW OF EACH EXTEND OVER THE SAME

PERIOD.

 THE WATER SHOULD ENTER THE MIXER AT THE SAME TIME AND OVER THE SAME

PERIOD AS FOR OTHER CONSTITUENTS.

 MIXING SHOULD BE CONTINUED UNTIL THE CONCRETE IS OF UNIFORM COLOR AND

CONSISTENCY.

 THE MIXER SHOULD NOT BE LOADED BEYOND ITS CAPACITY.

 CONCLUSION
This training has been an excellent experience for me.

After the training we came to the following conclusions.

1. Summer training gives opportunity to differentiate between theoretical and practical

aspects.

2. understood the importance of coordination between planning, executions, safety, store

keeping,

3. Learnt how to get work executed by the coordination of different peoples on site.

4. Learned many new things by visiting the sites and by the experience of the staff of PWD

5. I have been able to meet and network with so many people that I am sure will be able to
help Me with opportunities in the future.

6. One main thing that I have learned through this training is

time management skills as well as self-motivation.

REFRENCES:

1) Building construction by NEELAM SHARMA.

2) Concrete technology by M.S.SHETTY.

3) Indian Standard Code: IS 456-2000.

4) Theory of RCC Structures by NEELAM SHARMA.

5) Construction material by B.C PUNMIA

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