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CE 421_Dynamics of Structures_Part C

The document discusses the response of Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems to various types of non-periodic excitations, including ideal step inputs, ramp loading, and short-duration impulses. It covers the mathematical solutions for underdamped and undamped systems, along with the application of the Duhamel integral method for general dynamic loading. Additionally, it introduces numerical methods for computing dynamic responses and provides examples and problems related to SDOF systems under different loading conditions.

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Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
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5 views

CE 421_Dynamics of Structures_Part C

The document discusses the response of Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems to various types of non-periodic excitations, including ideal step inputs, ramp loading, and short-duration impulses. It covers the mathematical solutions for underdamped and undamped systems, along with the application of the Duhamel integral method for general dynamic loading. Additionally, it introduces numerical methods for computing dynamic responses and provides examples and problems related to SDOF systems under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Response of SDOF Systems

to
Non-periodic Excitation
Response of SDOF Systems to Non-periodic Excitation
Ideal step input

Ideal step input

Initial conditions -> A and B

Given, initial conditions


Solution

Particular solution:

Complementary solution:

Total solution, Step Response:


Response of SDOF Systems to Non-periodic Excitation
Ideal step input

Under damped system:


Response =

Undamped system: Response =


Ideal step input
Undamped system:
Under damped system:
𝑃𝑜
𝑢 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛 𝑡)
𝑘
𝑢 𝑡
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛𝑡)
𝑃𝑜
𝑘
Response ratio = 𝑅 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛𝑡)
Dynamic load factor =

under damped system undamped system


𝑅 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛𝑡
𝑅 𝑡 =
Rmax = 2

Thus, when a load is applied instantaneously to an undamped system,


a maximum displacement of twice the static displacement is attained.
This is the reason that a safety factor of 2 is frequently applied to the
design of structures that will be subjected to rapidly applied loads.
Rectangular Pulse Loading

Forced- free vibration after time td Undamped system:


Vibration

Case 1: Forced-Vibration Era (0 < t < td)


𝑃𝑜
Response: 𝑢1 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛𝑡)
𝑘

Case 2: Residual-Vibration Era (td < t)


Free vibration after time td
𝑢ሶ 1 𝑡𝑑
Response: 𝑢2 𝑡 = 𝑢1 𝑡𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 + sin𝜔𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑
𝜔𝑛
Ramp Loading

Given,

Initial conditions
Ramp input function.

Particular solution Using the initial conditions

total solution
The Solution for t>tr , can be determined as follows
as for step input
SHORT-DURATION IMPULSE

large force acting for a very short time

The equation of motion and initial conditions

Eq. 1

Force p(t) of duration td << Tn having an impulse


SHORT-DURATION IMPULSE

Eq. 1

Integrating Eq. 1 with respect to time and applying initial conditions:

Eq.2

uavg is the (small) average displacement in the time interval 0 < t < td

For td -> 0, As (td << Tn)

The second term in Eq.2 can be ignored, leaving

Thus, an impulse has the effect of giving the mass an initial velocity =

leaving it with an initial displacement of


SHORT-DURATION IMPULSE
Accordingly, it becomes free vibration problem with initial condition,
Undamped system

The impulse response =

Unit impulse response function, When, I = 1,

Viscous-damped SDOF system

The impulse response

Unit impulse response function


Response of SDOF Systems
to
General Dynamic Excitation
RESPONSE OF TO GENERAL DYNAMIC EXCITATION
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL METHOD/ Duhamel Integral Method

The convolution integral is


The total response at time t will be the sum
based on the Principle of Superposition of the responses due to all incremental
Valid for linear systems impulses at times τ prior to time t

Convolution integral

General Dynamic Loading Duhamel integral expression

The response of the system


to an impulse dI = p(τ) dτ

Incremental response
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL METHOD

Response for general loading,

The unit impulse response function


undamped system viscous-damped systems

Response for general loading with initial condition,

undamped system under damped system

Note: In General, Convolution integral form,


Problems

Rigid beam

step pulse, having Po = 55 kips


Determine
the maximum displacement,
the maximum base shear, and
the maximum lateral resistance of the two columns.
Given:
W12 × 53 : I = 425, S = 70.6, Z = 77.9, A572 Grade 50
The maximum elastic resistance is less
than the demand, the structure will be
pushed into the inelastic range and will
have a permanent displacement when the
load is removed.
lateral force, Vdemand

lateral force capacity


Now let the moment capacity of the
columns increase to the full plastic
moment capacity:

lateral force capacity (62.3 kips)< Demand (110 kips)


Problems
Consider the frame is subjected to a short duration pulse, as shown in Figure
Problem
The single-bay frame is subjected to an impulse load having the shape of a half
sine wave and a peak load of 500 kips.
The properties of the columns : I = 1000 in4 and S = 143 in3.

Estimate the maximum stress in the columns.

0.4 sec
Example:
(a) Use the Duhamel integral to determine the response of an undamped SDOF system to
a “blast” loading specified by the triangular pulse shown in Fig.
(b) Obtain expressions that are valid for t < td and for t > td. The system is initially at rest

Triangular pulse
excitation force
Using integration by parts, we get

Simplifying this expression, we get the following expression for the response ratio for
(b) For td < t, the Duhamel integral expression for the response is

From Example, we can appreciate that although the response of an SDOF system to an arbitrary input
may, in principle, be obtained by use of the Duhamel integral, the work involved in evaluating the
integrals may be tedious. Also, it may be necessary to obtain the response to an input that is known
graphically but not in analytical form: for example, a plot of ground acceleration versus time. In cases
such as these, a numerical procedure is needed. Numerical procedures for computing dynamic response
are discussed in Lecture 6.
Response of SDOF Systems
to
General Dynamic Loading

Numerical Method
RESPONSE TO GENERAL DYNAMIC LOADING:
STEP BY STEP METHODS
At time step, i

At time step, i+1

Notation for time-stepping methods


RESPONSE TO GENERAL DYNAMIC LOADING:
STEP BY STEP METHODS
INTEGRATION METHODS
Constant average acceleration
INTEGRATION METHODS
linearly varying acceleration
Newmark Beta Methods

Constant average acceleration Method Linear acceleration Method

and and

These equations are in Implicit form and requires iterations


Constant average acceleration Method
Newmark Beta Methods
Conversion to Explicit Formulation

Constant average acceleration Method

Writing the equations of dynamic equilibrium at time


t1
Newmark Beta Methods
Constant average acceleration Method

The displacement at the end of the time step, v1


is calculated.

The velocity at that time is calculated

The Acceleration at that time is calculated


Newmark Beta Methods
Linear acceleration Method

The displacement at the end of the time step, v1


is calculated.

The velocity at that time is calculated

The Acceleration at that time is calculated


An SDF system : m = 0.2533 kip-sec2/in., k = 10 kips/in., Tn = 1 sec (ωn = 6.283
rad/sec), and ζ = 0.05.

Determine the response u(t) of this system to p(t) as shown in Figure


(use the constant average acceleration method) using Δt = 0.1 sec.

m = 0.2533
k = 10
c = 0.1592
u0 = 0
ů0 = 0
p0 = 0
Solution

Initial calculations:

Δt = 0.1 sec
Solution
Solve by linear acceleration method using Δ t = 0.1 sec.

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