mahipalrathore

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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore

 The Tughlaqs
1320 – 1414

Longest ruling dynasty in

Sultanate period.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Tughlaq Dynasty
Tughlaq Sultan Reign
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320 - 1325
Mohammad bin Tughlaq 1325 - 1351
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351 - 1388
Tughlaq Khan 1388 - 1389
Abu Bakr Shah 1389 -1390 ©DrMahipalRathore
Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah III 1390 - 1393
Alauddin Sikandar Shah 1393 - 1394
Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah Tughlaq 1394 -1398 Ruled different parts
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah Tughlaq 1394 -1413 of the doab region
 320 Years of Sultanate
TIME PERIOD No. of DYNASTY
YEARS

1206 - 1290 AD 84 SLAVE DYNASTY (Mamluk Turk/Ilbari )

1290 - 1320 AD 30 KHILJI DYNASTY (Seljuq Turk)

1320 - 1414 AD 94 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

1414 - 1451 AD 37 SAYYID DYNASTY

1451 - 1526 AD 75 LODI DYNASTY

©DrMahipalRathore
Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351-1388 CE
• MBT’s cousin
• Appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a
telugu Brahmin convert as Wazir of his
kingdom to help him in day to day
administration.

• Successful campaigns in Odisha and

Thatta (Sind)
• Bengal, Malwa and Gujarat – broke
away and declared independence
©DrMahipalRathore
• Followed the advise of Ulemas (religious clerics) in
administration
• Imposed Sharia rule strictly throughout realm.
• Jiziya (Protection tax) imposed on Non-Muslims
• Before this, Jizya (whenever imposed by earlier sultans) did
not apply to Brahmins – now they were brought under it.
• Shias, Sufis and Hindus – persecuted and treated as 2nd class
citizens

©DrMahipalRathore
• Very Lenient as a Sultan – Weak??

• No attempts to expand territory

• Revived Iqta system & made it hereditary

• Stopped all harsh punishments – cutting off hands

©DrMahipalRathore
• 1st sultan to impose irrigation tax

• Developed irrigation network – canals from Yamuna to Hissar and

Sutlej to Hansi (200km)
• Reservoirs, wells , canals refurbished

• Horticulture

©DrMahipalRathore
• Royal factories –Karkhanas, where thousands of slaves
were employed.

• Had largest slaves in his period - Diwan-e-Bandagani

• Diwan – i – Khairat : to take care of Orphans & Widows

• Developed free hospitals & Marriage bureaus for poor

Muslims
• Ordered Kotwals to make lists of unemployed persons and
provided dowries for the daughters of the poor.
©DrMahipalRathore
• 300 new towns such as
Firozabad in Delhi - now known as Firozshah Kotla
• Repaired Qutub Minar which had been struck by lightning
• Patronized scholars
like Barani & Afif

©DrMahipalRathore
Firuzabad

©DrMahipalRathore
 2 Asokan Pillars were brought
from Topra (Ambala) and
Meerut and erected in Firuzabad

“Encased in reeds and raw skins it was transported on a carriage

of 42 wheels, with 200 men pulling each wheel with ropes. This
was emperor Ashoka's pillar with his edicts inscribed on it.”
©DrMahipalRathore
They still stand at
1. Kotla Firoz Shah
2. Near DU/Hindu Rao Hospital

©DrMahipalRathore
• The Jami-Masjid was one of the largest mosques in the
Tughluq times.

• Timur mentions having visited it to say his prayers.

• It was an open, large and well-populated city without a wall

around it.

• It had a hundred gardens, several palaces and more than

half a dozen great mosques.
©DrMahipalRathore
Observatory tower + lodge for hunting – North Delhi ridge
©DrMahipalRathore
Firuzabad Fort was constructed in the 1350s, but was
destroyed later in attacks during the succeeding dynasties.
©DrMahipalRathore
1000 to 1060 – Lal-Kot Anang Pal II.
1303 – Siri Alaudin Khilji.
1321 – Tughlaqabad Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
1327 – Jahanpanah Muhammad-bin Tughluq.
1354 – Firuzabad Feroze Shah Tughlaq.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
1338 – Bengal had broken free, because MBT was busy with
rebellions in other parts + economic crisis.

1342 – Ilyas Khan (a rebel noble) captured Lakhnauti and

Sonargaon.

Took the throne of Bengal under the title Sultan

Shamsuddin Ilyas Khan.

Territory extended from Tirhut to Champaran &

Gorakhpur, up to Banaras.

©DrMahipalRathore
Sonargaon
©DrMahipalRathore
• Firuz Tughlaq marched against Ilyas – through Champaran
and Gorakhpur, and occupied the Bengali capital of Pandua.

• Bengali forces defeated.

• Ilyas forced to sign treaty = river Kosi of Bihar fixed as the

boundary between 2 kingdoms.

Ilyas’ masterstroke –
Treaty = friendly relations with Delhi = allowed Ilyas to extend
control over the Kingdom of Kamrup (western Assam).

©DrMahipalRathore
 Pandua

©DrMahipalRathore
Ahoms = Mongoloid tribes from northern Burma = ruled
eastern Assam from 13th Century onwards.

Kamata/Kamrup Kingdom = western Assam + northern

Bengal.

Ilyas invaded Kamata and went up to Gauhati.

However, Kamrup fought back fiercely and forced Ilyas to

retreat.

River Karatoya was accepted as the north-east boundary

of Bengal.
©DrMahipalRathore
• From Odisha, the Ganga rulers raided Radha (southern
Bengal) when Bengal was under Delhi Sultanate (MBT’s
time).

• Ilyas repulsed these gains, and raided Jajnagar in Odisha +

advanced up to Chilika Lake + returned with rich treasures
and elephants.

©DrMahipalRathore
1360 – Firuz Tughlaq, on his way back from the Bengal
campaign, raided Odisha.

Firuz occupied the Odiya capital + massacred people.

Desecrated the famous Jagannath Temple.
Weakened Odisha’s ruling dynasty.
Later Gajapati dynasty came to power in Odisha –
extended Odiya rule southwards till Karnataka – brought
them in conflict with Vijaynagar.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
**Important for exams, because it was in news recently.
©DrMahipalRathore
• Firuz Tughlaq also led a campaign against Kangra, in the
Punjab Hills.

• Firuz’s longest campaign = to quell rebellion in Gujarat and

Thatta.

Rebellions crushed but army suffered huge losses because

they lost their way in the Rann of Kutch (no Google Maps
back then).

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
• The Sultanate was already weakened since the times of MBT.

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq failed to revive its strength.

• After Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s death, struggle between nobles and

sultan broke out.

• Delhi Sultanate became very weak.

©DrMahipalRathore
Tomb of Firoz
shah Tughlaq,
Hauz Khas
Delhi

©DrMahipalRathore
Invasion of Timur, the Lame (1398 CE)

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
1398 – Timur, ruler of Timurid empire,
entered Delhi without any opposition and
sacked the city for days – death and
destruction.

• Before his departure from India, Timur

appointed Khizr Khan as governor of
Multan.

• He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid

dynasty in 1414

©DrMahipalRathore
 320 Years of Sultanate
TIME PERIOD No. of DYNASTY
YEARS

1206 - 1290 AD 84 SLAVE DYNASTY (Mamluk Turk/Ilbari )

1290 - 1320 AD 30 KHILJI DYNASTY (Seljuq Turk)

1320 - 1414 AD 94 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

1414 - 1451 AD 37 SAYYID DYNASTY

1451 - 1526 AD 75 LODI DYNASTY

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
1398 – Timur sacked Delhi.

Tughlaq Sultan fled from his capital.

This allowed provincial governors and local autonomous rulers to

declare their independence.

Newly independent states:

Bahamani, Vijaynagar (in the Deccan), Bengal, Sindh, Multan,
Gujarat, Malwa, Jaunpur (eastern UP).

Muslim governor of Ajmer expelled – Rajputana states became

independent again. ©DrMahipalRathore
• Before his departure from India, Timur appointed Khizr Khan
as governor of Multan.

• He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414.

• Khizr Khan did not take up the title of Sultan.

• Nominally, he continued to be a Rayat-i-Ala (vassal) of

the Timurids.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
Sayyid Dynasty
• 1414-1451

• Vassals of Timurid empire

• Khizr Khan - Founder

• Last prince of Sayyid dynasty – Alam Shah, handed

over throne to Bahlol Lodi, a strong Afghan noble &
retired to Badaun
©DrMahipalRathore
The Sayyid Sultans

Khizr Khan 1414–1421

Mubarak Shah 1421–1434

Muhammad Shah 1434–1445

Alam Shah 1445–1451

©DrMahipalRathore
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