International Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovative Research.

ISSN - Volume 1, Number 1 (Jul’ 2021) pp. 10-19

© CIIR, Noida, INDIA
https://www.ciir.in

A Recent Approach to Analyze Performance of

Medical Images by Using SPIHT Method
Rooted on the Wavelet Transform
Manoj Kumar Ojha
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sanskrit University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: There has been investigated numerous ways to compress the images for fast transmission
with minimum redundancy over communication network and to offer more secrecy for the important
data. The medicinal picture compression methods play a critical role in digital pictures compression to
decrease the redundancy and encoding of data. By applying multifarious algorithms researchers have
observed various results but in current scenario more sophisticated and fast compression approaches
are demanded for faster transmission as the images have been produced in bulk for various purposes
in the sector of the healthcare which need to compress and process in more efficient and fast way for
the efficient treatment of the patients across the globe. In this paper a recent approach has been
investigated for the fast image compression and transmission with minimum redundancy and to offer
more secrecy from various noise attacks which is the major challenge to protect the data over
communication media. This investigated method is basically rooted on principle of the faster lifting
wavelet transform for compressing medical pictures in a fast and error free compression as well as to
maintain the image quality with high precision which is demanded in the modern world.

KEYWORDS: Communication Media, Images, MSE, PSNR, Wavelet Transform.

INTRODUCTION
The medicinal pictures are essential in the sector of the medical science for multifarious purposes
such as the patient’s reference for treatment which is needed to store and process according to
the demands. These types of pictures demand the compressed file size for the processing such as
transmission over communication media due to various reasons such as fast and secure
transmission etc. [1] The pictures data which are generated every day in the medical sector is
increasing dramatically worldwide [2]. The overall bandwidth of the communication networks
have been increased constantly but the transmission data is also increasing continuously for
various purposes which need to compress for fast transmission [3]. There is an extensive demand
of the picture storage as well as retrievals for many purposes in the sector of the healthcare for
the proper treatments of the patients [4].
The wavelet examination is a novel approach for the solutions of the challenging and difficult
issues in numerous applications such as in the compression of the pictures [5]. Although there
has been done extensive research in the sector of healthcare to reduce the pictures size but there
are still a huge challenge for the image quality maintenance and proper size reduction [6].
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The picture quality is a critical challenge which is based on practicability and frequently
overlooked in numerous designs of multiple systems [7]. The distribution and the storage of
medicinal digital images play a critical role for the patients proper treatment and recovery across
the globe and there has been invented numerous approaches but these have few limitations with
the present communication models [8]. The recent invented communication models demand
more compressed data as the bandwidth is limited according to the users demands which
demands compressed data [9].

LITERATURE REVIEW
Oliveira et al. explored and reviewed the automated picture registration approaches that has been
utilized in the medicinal sector for multifarious purposes. The primary objective of this paper
was to offer an introductory level of this sector as well as to offer the information on the effort
that has been done. In this paper it is explored that the medicinal sector has a pragmatic scope for
more experimentation for the medicinal image compression for better utility [10]. Sophia et al.
explored a novel approach for context rooted compression which play a crucial role in the sector
of the digital communication arena. This investigated approach offers an improved technique for
files compression of multiple pictures formats for clinical pictures by normalization as well as
prediction. In present article, it has been found that this investigated approach is improved in
comparison to existing methods [11]. Zhang et al. explored a recent contextual unseen Markov
model as well as the enhanced pulse coupled neural network rooted fusion method for multiple
medicinal picture fusion. This method is better for the flexibility as well as for the representation
of the pictures e.g. the boundaries, contours as well as the textures that can overcome the
disadvantages of the 2-D wavelet transformation. This experiment outcomes demonstrates that
this investigated approach can further enhance fusion picture quality as well as the visual effects
[12]. Veeraswamy et al. discussed about his research on the AC-coefficient forecast for picture
compression as well as the blind watermarking. In this paper, authors investigated a novel picture
compression algorithm rooted on the AC coefficients in DCT blocks. The linear programming is
utilized to measure the weights with respect to the picture contents. In addition to this, a picture
watermarking algorithm is also investigated by applying the DCT AC coefficients [13].
Grandhe et al. explored a new method for the 3D medicinal picture retrieval system by applying
the dual tree M-bands wavelet transformation. In this paper, authors discussed that the medicinal
picture diagnosis is a critical and the challenging task due to multifarious reasons which are not
in a condition of recognition in the early phase. This article offers a detailed study on clinical
picture processing and compression approaches [14]. Bruylants et al. investigated another
approach for data handling which are being generated each day for clinical purposes. The proper
handling of the produced medicinal image is critical and demands more research to explore
pragmatic compression approaches. In this paper, authors investigated medicinal image
compression approach to handle bulk image data [2].
METHODOLOGY
1. Design:
The image compression play a crucial role in the modern digital image transmission due to
various reason such as to reduce the redundancy and fast transmission over communication
media and to provide more sophistication in medical image transmission for the fast and better

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treatment of the patients. There has been explored numerous approaches for better image
compression and transmission over communication media in last many years but these
investigated approaches are not as much sophisticated in modern world to minimize the quality
degradation of the pictures due to the bulk production of the medical images for the patients
treatment. The approach design model is depicted in the below Figure 1.

Figure 1: Content rooted compression calculated compression ratio

2. Instrument:
The compressions of the images play a crucial role in various arena across the globe such as the
medicinal applications, multimedia as well as in the sensors. The compression of the pictures
demands to reduce the total amount of the sequence of the digital data for proper storage and
communication perspectives. The medicinal image compression methods are being investigated
for better and fast transmission of the medicinal images. In this research paper a new image
compression approach has been verified and tested with the help of the MATLAB software. For
this method testing the MATLAB R2018a was utilized with a personal computer configuration
of 64-bit with 6GB RAM. The MATLAB tool offers numerous tools for multifarious purposes
which are not limited to image processing, signal processing etc. This software has numerous
advantages such as user friendly interface and easy to handle by the individuals.
3. Data Collection:
The set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is a significant technique to compress images
but in this approach numerous image formats have been tested and verified such as JPEG, PNG
and TIFF etc. for actual verification of this approach to compress the data for better and fast
transmission without low redundancy for fast image decoding and transmission for patients
treatments worldwide. The SPIHT algorithm was investigated for the transmission of the pictures
progressively with the help of the SNR scalability. A tree rooted assembly which is called spatial
orientation tree (SOT), generally describes the spatial connection on the hierarchal pyramid.
Figure 2 below depicts the way how the SOT is described in the pyramid assembled with
iterative four-subband piercing.
Every node of the tree architecture illustrated in figure 2 has been recognized with the help of the
pixel coordinates. This tree diagram is directly descendants corresponding to pixels of the similar
spatial orientation in the subsequent greater level of the represented pyramid. This depicted tree
diagram is described in such a way that every knob has either no offspring of 4 offspring that
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forever makes a collection of the 2 * 2 neighboring pixels. The subsequent groups of coordinates
are utilized to show the recent coding approach:
P (i, j): group of coordinates of each offspring nodes (i, j);
B (i, j): group of diverse coordinates of each child of the nodes (i, j);
I: group of coordinates of each spatial orientation for hierarchy origins (knots in the maximum
pyramid level); M (i, j) = B (i, j) - P (i, j).

Figure 2: Illustrates the SOT tree (Wavelet Pyramid)

Group dividing guidelines are just the following:

 The original segregation is molded with the groups {(i, j)} as well as B (i, j), for each of
the (i, j) ∈ I.
 If B (i, j) is important, in that case it is braked into L (i, j) and the 4 single component
groups with (k, l) ∈ p (i, j).
 If L (i, j) is noteworthy, in that case it is divided in 4 groups B (i, j), with the help of (k, l)
∈ P (i, j).

4. Data Analysis:
The pictures quality can be degraded after the compression, blurring or multifarious factors such
as the noise or sensors inadequacy. To maintain the quality of the pictures various performance
parameters are needed to take care for the validation of the medicinal images such as pixels
based measures as well as the correlation based measures. The pixel based parameters are
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utilized to investigate the MSE which is rooted on the pixels differences like the real picture and
the reconstructed picture. The lower mean square error (MSE) represents acceptable degradation.
The MSE and normalized cross-correlation (NCCR) equations are given below.
𝑁−1
1
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 2 ∑ {𝐶 (𝑝, 𝑞) − 𝑐 ′ (𝑝, 𝑞)}2
𝑁
𝑝,𝑞=0

∑𝑁−1 ′
𝑖,𝑗=0 𝐶 (𝑖, 𝑗) 𝑐 (𝑖, 𝑗)
𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑅 =
∑𝑁−1
𝑖,𝑗=0 𝐶 (𝑖, 𝑗)
2

4.1 Algorithm:
Step 1: Input the real picture g(x).
Step 2: Read the picture g’(x).
Step 3: Calculate the diverse factors (namely the MSE, CR including the value of the PSNR) of
picture preliminary after i = 0 to the n = 10.
Step 4: Weigh various parameter digits with the approaches SPIHT with Haar.
Step 5: Weigh the various parameter digits through the methods SPIHT with the help of bior4.4

Step 6: Revise step 3 while (i≤n)

Step 7: End.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A comparative analysis by applying the progressive approach for SPIHT algorithm with haar
through various parameters such as the MSE as well as CR, including the PSNR as well as CoC
has been described underneath. Compression outcomes of the SPIHT using the Haar wavelet
16×16 picture are considered for the results validations with applied algorithm. For the testing
and validation of the proposed algorithm 16x16 picture format is considered. In this section,
various iterations are presented with respect to the various parameters such as CR, PSNR, MSE
as well as the CoC. Figure 3 shown below depicts the real picture with its compressed picture for
the testing and to measure the performance parameters.

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(a) Real Picture (b) Compressed Picture

At Iterations 5 (CR: 5.29, PSNR 44.9)

(a) Real Picture (b) Compressed Picture

At Iterations 6 (CR: 10.6, PSNR 38.99)

(a) Real Picture (b) Compressed Picture

At Iterations 7 (CR: 18.42, PSNR 36.6)

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(a) Real Picture (b) Compressed Picture

At Iterations 8 (CR: 28.39, PSNR 31.31)

(a) Real Picture (b) Compressed Picture

At Iterations 9 (CR: 40.31, PSNR 30.10)
Figure 3: Depicts various iterations for real picture with compressed picture from iteration
5 to 9 with CR as well as the measured PSNR.

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Table 1: Depicts kidney picture measured parameters with SPIHT as well as Haar.

PSNR
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PSNR

Figure 4: Illustrates the graph between the CR and the corresponding PSNR.
Table 1 depicts the kidney picture measured parameters with SPIHT as well as Haar for the
iteration number 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 and all the measure parameters like CR, PSNR, MSE and the
CoC are measured and validated through the MATLAB software version R2018a. The
corresponding PSNR and the MSE values in Figure 4 are 44.9, 38.99, 36.3, 31.31, 30.10 and
1.50, 2.05, 3.80, 11.08, 30.64 respectively which are optimal with 16x16 JPEG format. For the
proper validation multifarious iterations results are measured and validated with high degree of
precision and it is found that the present method is more sophisticated and effective in terms of
quality maintenance of the pictures during the decompression of images. In this paper,
compression ratio (CR) is calculated and measured properly for the real and the compressed

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picture with high precision for the actual validation of the proposed method for medical image
compression for multifarious purposes such as the patient’s treatments and proper recovery in a
fast way across the globe. The actual CR for iteration 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are 5.29, 10.6, 18.42, 28.39
and 40.31 respectively which is pragmatic in comparison to the existing approaches.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION

The image compression play a crucial role in data transmission over communication media as the
channels bandwidths are limited as per the users and therefore reduced data files are demanded
for the fast transmission over communication networks. There has been found various picture
compression approaches for decrease of pictures sizes as per demands of communication
systems. In this paper, a recent method is investigated which is more sophisticated and reliable
for image size reduction and offer high quality images as compared to earlier methods of image
compression. This method was investigated primarily form the image quality maintenance
perspectives as in many methods the quality of recovered pictures are not as per the demand. In
this approach the medicinal kidney images are tested of 16×16 pixel for the quality maintenance
and to offer ease for the treatment and recovery of the patients across the globe. This method
offers lower redundancy and higher correctness for compression of diverse images which is
demanded in modern world. The measured performance parameters such as PSNR, MSE, CR
and the CoC are pragmatic and optimal as per the image compression requirement and image
quality maintenance. There is a pragmatic scope in this sector for more testing on medicinal
pictures for multiple image formats to enhance the quality of the images for various purposes
such as the patient’s treatments etc.
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