International Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovative Research.

ISSN - Volume 1, Number 1 (Jul’ 2021) pp. 34-43

A New Technique of Image Encryption using

ABSTRACT: The privacy of the pictures is a huge challenge and demands more attention to resolve the
existing issues related to image security. To provide an effective and fast way to protect the data or
information stored in various images, the confidentiality and privacy of the images are becoming an
enormous challenge. Several methods and algorithms have been investigated to provide the desired
solution to existing problems, but these methods and algorithms are not ideal for multiple image formats
of different dimensions within current communication systems. A novel picture encryption algorithm
has been investigated in this research paper which is rooted in the enhanced AES algorithm. This
investigated approach offers numerous advantages over existing picture encryption algorithms such as
less computational complexity and lower image encryption time which is high in demand across the
globe for efficient and fast transmission of the pictures over communication channels. The proposed
algorithm is more protected and fast as well as maintain the confidentiality of the images against various
noise attacks by multiple strikers over communication channel during picture transmission for
multifarious purposes.
KEYWORDS: Communication Channel, Data, Image Encryption, NPCR, UACI, Privacy.

INTRODUCTION
Due to many current problems and image transmission through the internet communication
platform, the protection of digital images is becoming difficult and challenging around the globe.
During the transmission, the security of the images is the fundamental and primary concern and
various methods have been explored to protect the transmitted data through the communication
channels [1]. The security and authentication of information are the immense challenges facing
different individuals around the world. In order to reduce the chances of data leakage, it is
important to investigate and validate some novel methods to protect confidential data during
communication channel transmission [2]. The techniques and algorithms of image encryption play
a crucial role in sensitive data or information protection as it is transmitted over wireless
communication channels [3]. Various methods have been studied by different researchers to secure
data, such as cryptography, which is a useful technique to secure private data to decrease the
probability of unauthorized access during the broadcast of information [4]. One of the most critical
areas of communication that require more effort to secure private data is data or information
protection.
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The security of the images is more complicated when snaps are transmitted over wireless networks
[5]. The pictures information is very different from other data forms, such as text, audio, video,
etc. When important and rational information is transmitted from one end to another when
individuals send the data in the form of images or text, safe methods are needed [6]. Now a few
days for diverse purposes, the data or information in the form of pictures is growing more and
more and the management of these gigantic records is crucial during the broadcast to provide the
needed safety during the broadcast [7].
LITERATURE REVIEW
Setyaningsih et al. discussed another paper on the compression of the pictures and encryption
methods. The secrecy of the images that contain a huge amount of essential and confidential data
or information has become a primary concern during the last decade due to the dramatic increment
in multimedia applications. There have been investigated multifarious new techniques and
algorithms to provide the required secrecy to various picture formats. In this research article, a
novel picture encryption method has been explored via a joint grouping of cryptographic as well
as the compression method for security and privacy perspectives of the pictures. These
compression and encryption methods jointly provide improved picture encryption time over
conventional methods [8].
Panda et al. investigated another picture encryption method and evaluated various performance
parameters to validate the results. The privacy and secrecy of the digital data in a form of images
is a huge problem and challenge across the globe and numerous method has been exploring to
overcome this threat. The encryption of the pictures is a pragmatic method that has been adopted
by various researchers to validate and test numerous image formats to secure confidential picture
data. The image encryption methods play a crucial role to maintain the privacy of the images
during the transmission over the communication channels. There are various pragmatic image
encryption algorithms such as DES, RSA, Blowfish and many more that provide the enhanced
security as required but in the modern world, these algorithms have certain limitations [9].
Rajinder et al. studied another paper on the techniques and algorithms of picture encryptions. The
secrecy and privacy of the pictures is a huge challenge worldwide due to the increment in
multimedia applications day by day. Picture encryption is one of the most pragmatic techniques to
provide the required secrecy to the pictures during the transmission over the communication
media. The encryption methods are utilized where highly secure digital image transmission is
required such as in the medicinal or military sector. Over the last decade, various picture
encryption algorithms have been explored to offer the required secrecy of pictures from various
strikers. This comprehensive study provides information about recent trends in the arena of image
encryption [10].
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design:
From the viewpoint of confidentiality, the encryption of snaps has become very vital in the
contemporary world. To avoid the strikers' sensitive data, several methods for image guard have
been examined. A novel way for picture encryption using the modified AES algorithm has been
explored in this paper. Figure 1 portrays a flow map of the modified AES algorithm for encryption
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of the picture. This experiment is conducted in two phases i.e. the encryption phase and the
decryption phase.

Figure 1: Illustrates the flow diagram of the proposed picture encryption algorithm

3.2 Instrument:
This experiment was performed on MATLAB R2018b software installed in a personal computer
having a 64-bit operating system and 6GB RAM. MATLAB has become one of the most useful
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and user-friendly software during the last many years for its attractive features. Numerous useful
tools within MATLAB provide rational features to resolve various types of problems. There are
various researchers who prefer MATLAB in comparison to other software due to its simple user
interface and less computational complexity. The MATLAB software is utilized for various
applications like deep learning, machine learning, neural networks, image processing and several
others.
3.3 Data Collection:
During the experiment there has been taken various images formats of different pixels and test
results were validated with a high precision in order to validate the proposed modified AES
algorithm for the encryption of the images. Some of the essential formulas are given here for the
calculation of the various parameters such as NPCR, UACI.
𝑀 𝑁
1
𝑁𝑃𝐶𝑅 = ∑ ∑ 𝐷(𝑖, 𝑗) × 100 %
𝑀×𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑀 𝑁
|𝐶1(𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝐶2(𝑖, 𝑗)| 100%
𝑈𝐴𝐶𝐼 = [∑ ∑ ]×
255 𝑀×𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

Another critical constraint is the correlation coefficient to ensure that the encryption algorithm is
very accurate. The expression is given below.
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟𝑥,𝑦 =
√𝐷(𝑥). √𝐷(𝑦)

Where 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐷(𝑥) and 𝐷(𝑦) may be evaluated by utilizing the following equations [6].
∑𝐾
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑥))(𝑦𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑦))
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝐾
𝐾
1
𝐷(𝑥) = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑥))2
𝐾
𝑖=1
𝐾
1
𝐷(𝑦) = ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑦))2
𝐾
𝑖=1
3.4 Data Analysis:
In this paper, a modified version of the standard AES algorithm is utilized for pictures encryption
from secrecy perspectives during transmission over wireless communication media. There are
numerous algorithm for the encryption of the various images format form security perspective but
some of these existing algorithms have more computational complexity which is a huge problem.
The authors modified the standard AES algorithm in two segments during the experiment. One

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modification was done by replacing the proposed propagation to the permutable operation in the
original AES algorithm. The steps of the modified AES algorithm are given below.
Algorithm:
Step 1: First read the input picture and further encode this picture by utilizing base 64.
Step 2: Second read the code file and initialize AES 256 bit by applying the SHA256.
Step 3: Third encryption of the picture by applying the base 64 coded text and hash sequence
originated in previous steps.
Step 4: Fourth originate a novel picture C of a dimension (p, q) with pixel data
Step 5: Every row r in the height of the picture encore.
(i) Assume s be the ASCII code of the rth character within the code file.
(ii) Fill initial j pixels of picture inside picture within the rth row.
Step 6: Originate the N (=2) picture of the similar size and same pixel data.
Step 7: Output encrypted coding of every picture.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 2: Illustrates real test pictures selected for experiment. Plain pictures of (a) Lena;
(b) Black; (c) Baboon; (d) Chessboard

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 3: Illustrates encrypted pictures of (a) Lena; (b) Black; (c) Baboon; (d) Chessboard;
Figure 2 shows the real test pictures which were selected for this experiment. For this experiment
four diverse images were taken and validated with the help of the proposed modified AES
algorithm. For the optimum validation of the proposed AES algorithm three different pixel sizes
were taken i.e. 128× 128, 256 × 256, 512 × 512 for every image. The selected four pictures are
Lena, Black, Baboon and Chessboard. The Figure 3 shows the encrypted images of all selected
images i.e. Lena, Black, Baboon and the Chessboard. The encryption of all images were done by
applying the proposed modified AES algorithms in order to get the more secure and fast results in
comparison to ordinary methods. This Figure 4 shows the corresponding decrypted images of all
images on the receiving side. This modified AES algorithm were applied for the encryption and
decryption procedure because it provides the pragmatic results according to the requirements.
Table 1 shows the observed NPCR as well as the UACI amount of each selected picture. The
pictures of Lena, Black, Baboon and the Chessboard having the NPCR and the UACI values
99.6812, 99.7013, 99.7215, 99.7617 and 33.3011, 32.3120, 33.4688, 33.3164 respectively.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 4: Illustrates decrypted pictures of (a) Lena; (b) Black; (c) Baboon; (d) Chessboard

Table 1: Illustrates the NPCR as well as UACI amount of selected experiment pictures

Sl. No. Picture(s) NPCR (%) UACI (%)

1. Lena 99.6812 33.3011

2. Black 99.7013 32.3120

3. Baboon 99.7215 33.4688

4. Chessboard 99.7617 33.3164

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Table 2: Illustrates information entropy with local entropy of selected pictures for
experiment.

Sl. No. Picture(s) Plain-picture Cipher-picture Local Shannon

1. Lena 7.17186 7.92171 7.97551

2. Black 7.16156 7.95672 7.97272

3. Baboon 7.27185 7.93193 7.97183

4. Chessboard 7.40114 7.91984 7.97564

(a) Real picture (b) Encrypted picture (c) Encrypted Picture

(d) Difference picture of (b) & (c) (e) Decrypted picture using (f) Decrypted picture using
Wrong code c1 right code c2
Figure 5: Illustrates original and corresponding decrypted selected picture of Chessboard.
The selected Chessboard picture were encrypted by two different code words c1 and c2.

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The privacy of the pictures is one of the primary concerns during image transmission over
communication channels. The privacy of the pictures is becoming more difficult at present due to
multifarious reasons. This modified AES algorithm provides high secrecy for multifarious picture
formats by applying the separate code word to various pictures to puzzle the strikers. Figure 5
shows the original picture and the corresponding decrypted selected picture of the Chessboard and
herein the selected Chessboard picture was encrypted by two separate codewords c1 and c2 to
puzzle the strikers. Table 2 shows the information entropy with local entropy of selected pictures
for this test. This table depicts the diverse values of plain-picture, cipher-picture, local Shannon
for all selected test images as illustrated in Table 2.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION
Image security and privacy are a primary concern now a days to secure confidential data during
the transmission over the communication network. There have been investigated numerous
approaches to secure confidential data from the strikers by investigating various image encryption
algorithms. In the past, various researchers validated many image encryption algorithms for image
security but these traditional algorithms have certain limitations for all image formats and pixel
sizes. Moreover, these existing algorithms have more computational complexity which demands
more attention towards this problem. In this study, the authors investigated another novel picture
encryption method by utilizing the modified AES algorithm. This explored picture encryption
method is more appropriate for modern communication systems as it has very little computational
complexity. The measured results are more appropriate and validated with a high degree of
precision with a personal computer having a configuration of 64-bit with 6GB RAM in window
10. For this experiment MATLAB R2018b software was used and the measured results are
validated with a high degree of precision. The NPCR and UACI amounts for every selected picture
are 99.6812, 99.7013, 99.7215, 99.7617 and 33.3011, 32.3120, 33.4688, 33.3164 respectively.
These measured results show that this algorithm is more fast and reliable in comparison to the
traditional algorithms. Although much research work has been done regarding image encryption
by investigating novel algorithms there is a pragmatic scope of more research in this domain to
find the solution to the existing problems.

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