ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08

Metric Edition of ANSI/AGMA 6033--C08

American National Standard

Materials for Marine Propulsion

Gearing (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08
 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition)
American ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08
National [Metric Edition of ANSI/AGMA 6033--C08]
Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the
Association on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08, Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition), pub-
lished by the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite
350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http://www.agma.org.]
Approved September 25, 2008
ABSTRACT
This document identifies commonly used alloy steels, heat treatments and inspection requirements for through
hardened, case hardened and surface hardened gearing for main propulsion marine service over 1100 kW.
Forged and hot rolled alloy steel bar stock are specified to two metallurgical quality grades (1 and 2) according
to cleanliness and test requirements. Cast steel gearing is specified to a single metallurgical quality level. Me-
chanical, metallurgical and nondestructive test requirements are provided for various heat treat processes and
metallurgical quality grades of gearing.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright  2008 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 978--1--55589--930--1

ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Testing and certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Maximum controlling section size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Forged rings for through hardened gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7 Forgings and bar stock for through hardened pinions and gears . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8 Cast through hardened gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9 Carburized pinions and gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10 Nitrided pinions and gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11 Induction hardened pinions and gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
12 Magnetic particle inspection of finished gearing from alloy steel forgings and
bar stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
13 Ultrasonic inspection of gearing blanks from alloy steel forgings and bar
stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
14 Ultrasonic inspection of cast gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
15 Metallographic examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Annexes

A Case hardenabillity consideration in selection of carburizing grades of steel 32

B Impact properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figures

1 Locations of test bars for various types of gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Solid on shaft pinion blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Bore style gear blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Disc style gear blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Web style gear blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Locations for 15 point method of hardness testing for induction hardened
gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7 Tempered martensite in through hardened alloy steel gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8 Tempered martensite and 5% proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened alloy
steel gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9 Tempered martensite and 10% proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened
alloy steel gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10 Tempered martensite and 20% proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened
alloy steel gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Tables

1 Chemical requirements for typical through hardened alloy steel forged rings 5
2 Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for through hardened alloy
steel forged rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

3 Recommended minimum tempering temperatures for through hardened alloy

steel forged rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Mechanical property requirements for through hardened alloy steel forged
rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Chemical requirements for through hardened alloy steel forgings and bar stock
for gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 Approximate maximum round controlling section sizes for through hardened
alloy steel forgings and bar stock for gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7 Recommended minimum tempering temperatures for through hardened
alloy steel forgings and bar stock for gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8 Mechanical property requirements for through hardened alloy steel forgings
and bar stock for gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9 Chemical requirements for through hardened cast gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10 Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for through hardened
cast gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11 Recommended minimum tempering temperatures for through hardened
cast gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12 Hardness testing intensity for through hardened cast gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13 Mechanical property requirements for through hardened cast gears . . . . . . . 13
14 Magnetic particle indication limits for cast gear blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15 Chemical requirements of steels for carburized and hardened gearing . . . . 15
16 Expected core hardness of carburized and hardened gear teeth . . . . . . . . . . 15
17 Chemical requirements for nitrided gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18 Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for nitrided gearing . . . . . . 18
19 Minimum tempering temperatures of base material for nitrided gearing . . . . 19
20 Mechanical property requirements of base material for nitrided gearing . . . . 19
21 Typical surface hardness for nitrided gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
22 Chemical requirements for induction hardened gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
23 Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for induction hardened
gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
24 Recommended minimum tempering temperatures for induction
hardened gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
25 Mechanical property requirements of base material for induction
hardened gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
26 Surface hardness for induction hardened gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
27 Magnetic particle inspection limits for finished gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Standard
6133--C08, Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition).]
The purpose of ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 is to provide alloy steel specifications and quality
assurance measures for pinions and gears used in main propulsion marine applications.
This document consolidates and adapts the material specifications generally used for
pinions and gears in the defined marine propulsion applications.
ANSI/AGMA 6033--A88 was proposed to the Technical Division Executive Committee in
1979 by the Chairman of the Marine Gearing Committee. Interest in, and the need for this
standard was expressed at a committee meeting in February 1980. Work began on rolled
ring forgings for rims of large fabricated gears. Metallurgists from several member
companies attended that and subsequent meetings. The committee continued work on the
standard, expanding the contents to include other forms of gearing, properties of commonly
available alloy steels, heat treatment methods and inspection requirements.
The Marine Gearing Committee submitted the standard, and it was approved by the entire
AGMA membership in its final edited version in March 1988. On May 31, 1988 it was
approved as an American National Standard.
In late 1993 the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee recommended that the
Marine Gearing Committee review and update ANSI/AGMA 6033--A88, Standard for
Marine Propulsion Gear Units, Part 1, Materials. This review and update was initiated in
early 1994. ANSI/AGMA 6033--B98 was renamed Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing.
ANSI/AGMA 6033--B98 was approved by the membership in July, 1997 and approved as an
American National Standard on June 19, 1998.
ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 is a revision of ANSI/AGMA 6133--B98 to reflect metallurgy and
materials practices currently in use in marine applications, and to refer to other recent
AGMA publications.
AGMA Standards are subject to constant improvement, revision, or withdrawal as dictated
by experience. Any person who refers to an AGMA technical publications should be sure
that the publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter.
The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 was made in September, 2007. It was approved by
the AGMA membership in July, 2008. It was approved as an American National Standard
on September 25, 2008.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical Enclosed Drives Marine Units Committee

Chairman: Art Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin Industries, Inc.

Vice Chairman: Timothy Vail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Geared Products

ACTIVE MEMBERS

D.D. Behlke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Twin Disc, Incorporated

R.A. Calvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chalmers & Kubeck, Inc.
R. Conachey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Bureau of Shipping
E.R. Haley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Haley Marine Gears, Inc.
E.W. Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi State University
J. Mertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Geared Products
S. Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David Brown Engineering, Ltd.
G.P. Mowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gary P. Mowers, Inc.
P. Terry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin Industries, Inc.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 6133--C08

American National Standard -- Engineers; ASTM, American Society for Testing

Materials; AWS, American Welding Society; ISO,
International Organization for Standardization; SAE,
Materials for Marine Society of Automotive Engineers; and AMS,
Aerospace Material Specification.
Propulsion Gearing The following documents contain provisions which,
through reference in this standard, constitute provi-
sions of this document. At the time of publication, the
editions were valid. All publications are subject to
revision, and the users of this standard are encour-
1 Scope aged to investigate applying the most recent editions
of the publications listed.
This standard is applicable to marine gearing made
Elsewhere in this document if no revision level is
from steel forgings, bar stock and castings intended
shown, the revision level used in this clause is
for main propulsion service over 1100 kilowatts.
applicable.
Alloy steel specifications and quality assurance
measures presented represent the state of the art AGMA 923--B05, Metallurgical Specifications for
and are not intended to assure the performance of Steel Gearing
subject assembled marine gear drive systems. AGMA 938--A05, Shot Peening of Gears

This standard pertains to through hardened gearing, ANSI/AGMA 2007--C00, Surface Temper Etch
Inspection After Grinding
as well as carburized, nitrided and induction contour
surface hardened gear teeth of pinions and gears. ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94, Standard for Marine Gear
This standard presents the properties of commonly Units: Rating
available alloy steels used for marine gearing. It is ASTM A148--05, Specification for Steel Castings,
recognized that modifications of these alloys and High Strength, for Structural Purposes
other suitable alloy steels are available which may ASTM A255--02, Test Methods for Determining
be used in marine gearing. It does not address other Hardenability of Steel
forms of surface hardening, such as flame hardening ASTM A275--06, Test Method for Magnetic Particle
and spin coil induction hardening. Examination of Steel Forgings
Requirements for Quality Grades 1 and 2 are defined ASTM A290--05, Specification for Carbon and Alloy
in this standard. Although reference is made to Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
Grade 3 melting practice for carburized steels, the ASTM A291--05, Specification for Steel Forgings,
experience with the use of these steels is limited and Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for
therefore outside the scope of this standard. Reduction Gears
This standard is intended for use by those ASTM A304--05, Specification for Carbon and Alloy
experienced in gear design or manufacture. It is not Steel Bars Subject to End--Quench Hardenability
intended for use by the engineering public at large. Requirements
ASTM A356--07, Specification for Steel Castings,
Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy
2 Normative references Walled for Steam Turbines
ASTM A370--07, Test Methods and Definitions for
Abbreviations are used in the references to specific Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
documents in this standard. The abbreviations ASTM A388--07, Practice for Ultrasonic
include: AGMA, American Gear Manufacturers Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
Association; ANSI, American National Standards ASTM A487--93, Specification for Steel Castings
Institute; ASME, American Society of Mechanical Suitable For Pressure Service

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

ASTM A488--07, Practice for Steel Castings, ISO 14104:1995, Gears -- Surface temper etch
Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and inspection after grinding
Personnel
SAE/AMS--S--13165, Shot Peening of Metal Parts
ASTM A534--04, Specification for Carburizing SAE/AMS 2300, Steel Cleanliness, Premium
Steels for Anti--Friction Bearings Aircraft--Quality, Magnetic Particle Inspection
ASTM A609--91, Practice for Castings, Carbon, Procedure
Low--Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, SAE/AMS 2301, Steel Cleanliness, Aircraft Quality
Ultrasonic Examination Thereof Steel Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
ASTM A751--07, Test Methods, Practices, and SAE/AMS 2304, Steel Cleanliness, Special
Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Aircraft--Quality Magnetic Particle Inspection
Products Procedure
ASTM A837--06, Specification for Steel Forgings, SAE J864, Surface Hardness Testing with Files
Alloy, for Carburizing Applications
ASTM A866--01, Specification for Medium Carbon
Anti--Friction Bearing Steel 3 Definitions
ASTM E3--01, Practice for Preparation of
Metallographic Specimens The terms used in this document are defined in
ASTM E8--04, Test Methods for Tension Testing of AGMA 923--B05.
Metallic Materials
ASTM E18--07, Test Methods for Rockwell
Hardness of Metallic Materials 4 Testing and certification

ASTM E94--04, Guide for Radiographic Testing

4.1 Certificate of test
ASTM E112--96, Test Methods for Determining
Average Grain Size The general tests required by AGMA 923--B05 plus
the specific tests required by this standard shall be
ASTM E114--95, Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-- reported on a certificate of test. Each certificate of
Echo Straight--Beam Examination by the Contact test shall report sufficient data to clearly identify the
Method
components, associated control test coupons, pro-
ASTM E125--63, Reference Photographs for cess and other pertinent data necessary to provide
Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings quality traceability.

ASTM E186--98, Reference Radiographs for 4.2 Mechanical test methods

Heavy--Walled [2 to 4--1/2 Inch (51 to 114 mm)]
Steel Castings Test methods for tension, impact and hardness
testing shall be in accordance with ASTM A370.
ASTM E280--98, Reference Radiographs for
Heavy--Walled [4--1/2 to 12 Inch (114 to 305 mm)] The number, location and orientation of test
Steel Castings specimens shall be according to figure 1 and ASTM
A290 or ASTM A291 as appropriate. Test bars for
ASTM E407--07, Practice for Microetching Metals forged rings shall be in the tangential direction at
and Alloys mid--wall of the prolongation on the ring, as close as
ASTM E428--05, Practice for Fabrication and practical to the end face of the rough machined
Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum Reference, forging. Test bars for forged rings are thus actually in
Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Inspection the longitudinal direction with respect to the direction
of metal working or flow during forging or rolling. Test
ASTM E446--98, Reference Radiographs for Steel
bars for forgings and bar stock shall be in the
Castings Up to 2 inches (51 mm) in Thickness
longitudinal or tangential direction with respect to the
ASTM E709--01, Guide for Magnetic Particle direction of metalworking or flow during forging
Examination unless otherwise specified.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

Tangential
test
Prolongation
Prolongation

Longitudinal test

(a) Cylindrical forgings and barstock

Tangential
Prolongation test

Longitudinal test
(b) Hollow forgings and barstock
Prolongation
Prolongation

Tangential Tangential
test test
(c) Disk components
Prolongation
Prolongation

Tangential
test Tangential
(d) Ring forgings test

Figure 1 -- Locations of test bars for various types of gearing

4.3 Chemical test methods resistance. Quantifying the effects of these

Certification of chemical analysis shall be required. elements is beyond the scope of this standard.
4.3.1 Procedure
Chemical analysis shall be performed in accordance 4.4 Metallographic test methods
with ASTM A751.
4.3.2 Unspecified residual and trace elements Metallographic examination of steel gearing heat
As indicated in ASTM A751, such elements are treated by through hardening, carburize and harden-
acceptable within concentrations that do not ing, nitriding or induction hardening shall be
significantly and deleteriously affect mechanical performed in accordance with the requirements of
properties, metallurgical characteristics or corrosion AGMA 923--B05.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

4.5 Nondestructive test methods ASTM A290 shall apply. ASTM A290 is referenced
as the base standard, modified as necessary to meet
Magnetic particle inspection of steel gearing shall be
specific AGMA metallurgical recommendations. It is
performed in accordance with clause 12 for forgings
also recognized that many organizations have
and bar stock and clause 8 for castings.
internal material specifications that may be more
Ultrasonic inspection of steel gearing shall be restrictive than the ASTM standard.
performed in accordance with clause 13 for forgings
and bar stock and clause 14 for castings. Teeth

5 Maximum controlling section size 100 mm

200 mm
The maximum permitted controlling section size is
based upon the hardenability of alloy steel for 300 mm
Controlling section: 50 mm
through hardened gearing blanks, including those wall thickness
that are subsequently nitrided or induction NOTE: If the bore diameter is less than 20 percent of
hardened. Maximum controlling section sizes the length of the bore, then the controlling section is
recommended in this standard can be increased determined by figures 2 or 4.
when substantiated by test data. Figure 3 -- Bore style gear blank
Figures 2 through 5 illustrate the controlling section
for various gearing configurations whose teeth are Teeth
machined after heat treatment. Maximum control-
ling section size is normally considered as the rim
thickness for rolled rings where the radial thickness
is less than the rim height.
300 mm
Evaluation of the controlling section size for the
selection of an appropriate type of steel and 40 mm
specified hardness combination is to be based on
the dimensions of the component as heat treated. 50 mm

Teeth Controlling section: 50 mm

thickness
Figure 4 -- Disc style gear blank

Teeth
150 mm
200 mm

150 mm Controlling section: 900 mm

200 mm diameter 800 mm
Figure 2 -- Solid on shaft pinion blank

Controlling section: 50 mm 200 mm

6 Forged rings for through hardened rim thickness
gears Figure 5 -- Web style gear blank

This clause applies to quenched and tempered alloy Recommended steel grades are shown in table 1.
steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gear rims. The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on
Unless otherwise specified, and where applicable, the specified hardness and maximum controlling

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

section size, as shown in table 2. Minimum the specified class and maximum controlling section
recommended tempering temperatures are shown size considerations shown in table 2.
in table 3. AGMA 923 specifies a minimum
tempering temperature of 480C. Required The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by
mechanical properties are shown in table 4. Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of Jominy
values or DI values in accordance with ASTM A255.
Forged ring gear rims are defined by two
The Jominy or DI requirements shall be consistent
metallurgical quality grades (1 and 2), according to
with the design requirements. Refer to ASTM A304
both steel melting practice (cleanliness) and
for Jominy specifications for specific steel grades.
nondestructive test requirements.

6.1 Melting practice Specification of a restricted hardenability band for a

given steel grade can sometimes permit the use of a
The steel shall be made by the basic oxygen or lower cost grade of steel for an application or
electric furnace process. Grade 1 gearing may be perhaps permit the use of a given grade of steel for a
made from air melted steel. Grade 2 gearing shall be larger controlling section size than would be possible
made from electric furnace vacuum degassed steel without the restriction on hardenability. This
per SAE/AMS 2301 or ASTM A866. restriction on hardenability can be accomplished by
specifying H--band steels in place of non--H--band
Refining procedures including ladle processing are steels, RH--band steels in place of H--band steels, or
acceptable. Adding calcium to maximum 15 ppm specifying upper half of H--band steels in place of
when melting the steel is permissible for castability RH--band steels.
subject to agreement by the end user.
6.3 Grain size
6.2 Chemical requirements

The steel shall conform to the requirements for The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or
chemical composition as shown in table 1, based on finer per ASTM E112.

Table 1 -- Chemical requirements for typical through hardened alloy steel forged rings

Steel composition, percent 1),2)

Element
4140 4340 34CrNiMo6V3)
Carbon 0.35--0.45 0.35--0.45 0.25--0.39
Manganese 0.70--1.00 0.60--0.90 0.20--0.60
Phosphorus
Grade 1 0.040 max 0.040 max N.A.
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max
Sulfur
Grade 1 0.040 max 0.040 max N.A.
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max
Silicon 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35
Nickel 0.50 max 1.65--2.00 3.25--4.00
Chromium 0.80--1.15 0.60--0.90 1.25--1.75
Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.20--0.50 0.30--0.70
Vanadium 0.06 max 0.10 max 0.05--0.15
Copper 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max
Aluminum 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.025 max
NOTES:
1) These composition limits usually represent the broader of SAE and ASTM composition limits. N.A. indicates not
applicable.
2) Permissible variations in product analysis shall be in accordance with ASTM A290.
3) Grade 2 only.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 2 -- Approximate maximum controlling Table 3-- Recommended minimum tempering

section sizes for through hardened alloy steel temperatures for through hardened alloy steel
forged rings1), 2) forged rings

Minimum Minimum tempering

Minimum Maximum controlling
hardness,, section4), mm hardness, temperature2), C
HBW3) HBW1) 4140 4340 34CrNiMo6V
4140 4340 34CrNiMo6V
223 180 U. N.R. 223 580 595 N.R.
248 150 U. N.R. 248 565 580 N.R.
262 100 5) U. U. 262 5503) 565 580
285 755) U. U. 285 5503) 565 565
302 N.R. 305 U. 302 N.R. 565 565
321 N.R. 230 U. 321 N.R. 540 565
341 N.R. N.R. 510 341 N.R. N.R. 540
363 N.R. N.R. 510 363 N.R. N.R. 540
NOTES:
1) Alternative steel alloys may be used provided their NOTES:
1) The hardness does not necessarily fit all ASTM
hardenability meets the minimum hardenability of the
A290 classes, but is aligned with ANSI/AGMA
referenced alloy.
2) Based on the minimum tempering temperatures 6032--A94, table 4.
2) N.R. (not recommended) indicates that this
from table 3.
3) The hardness does not necessarily fit all ASTM hardness and material combination is not
recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is
A290 classes, but is aligned with ANSI/AGMA restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufac-
6032--A94, table 4. turer has documentation of the hardenability of the
4) Controlling section sizes shown are for round
substituted material.
sections, such as cylindrical pinions. Controlling section 3) Composition not in accordance with ASTM A290.
sizes for flat sections, such as rims or plates, are typical-
ly 70% of those for round sections. U. (unrestricted) indi-
cates that the maximum controlling section size (rim
thickness) thought possible for rolled ring forgings is not 6.4 Heat treatment
anticipated to provide any restriction; N.R. (not
recommended) indicates that this hardness and Heat treatment for mechanical properties shall
material combination is not recommended unless the
consist of quenching and tempering for all classes.
chemistry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3)
and the gear manufacturer has documentation of the Minimum tempering temperatures shall be per table
hardenability of the substituted material. 3. Re--heat treatment, not more than three times, is
5) Composition not in conformance with ASTM A290.
permissible without the approval of the purchaser.

Table 4 -- Mechanical property requirements for through hardened alloy steel forged rings1)

Minimum Minimum tensile Minimum yield Minimum Minimum reduction

hardness, strength, strength3), elongation3), in area, percent
HBW2) N/mm2 N/mm2 percent
223 725 515 20 45
248 795 620 17 42
262 860 690 15 42
285 930 760 15 40
302 1000 825 14 40
321 1070 895 13 35
341 1105 895 12 32
363 1170 965 10 30
NOTES:
1) Mechanical properties in this table differ from those in other tables because of different tempering temperatures, chemistry,
controlling section size and material hardenability. Refer to figure 1 for an illustration of test bar location and orientation.
2) The hardness does not necessarily fit all ASTM A290 classes, but is aligned with ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94, table 4.
3) Yield strength is determined by the 0.2% offset method and elongation is determined over a 50 mm gauge length.

6  AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

The corresponding furnace stress relieving temper- 6.7.2 Ultrasonic inspection

ature for weld fabricated gears shall be 25 to 55 C Ultrasonic inspection is recommended and may be
less than the actual tempering temperature used for required by classification societies or end users.
the forged ring. The highest practical tempering Refer to clause 13 for ultrasonic inspection of heat
temperature should be used. The highest practical treated gearing blanks.
stress relieving temperature below the tempering
temperature is desired. 6.8 Shot peening
Shot peening is acknowledged as a viable tool to
6.5 Mechanical requirements enhance bending strength if accomplished per
The steel shall be tested for hardness and tensile SAE/AMS--S--13165. It is recommended that AGMA
properties. Impact tests need only be performed 938--A05 be reviewed to determine if the benefits
when deemed necessary due to a special achieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the
application or if required by a classification society. particular application.

The number, location and orientation of test

specimens shall be according to figure 1 and ASTM 7 Forgings and bar stock for through
A290. Re--testing per ASTM A290 is permissible. hardened pinions and gears
For additional test bar information, see 4.2.
This clause applies to quenched and tempered
6.5.1 Hardness tests wrought alloy steel forgings and bar stock for pinions
and gears. ASTM A291 is referenced as the base
The test method, number and location of tests shall standard for through hardened alloy steel forgings
be according to ASTM A290. Hardness testing shall and ASTM A304 for bar stock, both modified as
be performed after all heat treatments are complete. necessary to meet specific AGMA metallurgical
recommendations. It is recognized that many
The material shall meet the minimum hardness
organizations have internal material specifications
values shown in table 4 throughout the tooth area,
that may be more restrictive than the ASTM stan-
and the hardness shall not vary by more than 40 dards. Forgings may be used in place of bar stock.
Brinell numbers. Hot rolled bar stock up to 300 mm diameter may be
used in place of forgings at the gearing
6.5.2 Tensile tests
manufacturer’s discretion.
Tensile properties tested per ASTM A370 and ASTM Recommended steel grades are shown in table 5.
E8 shall be as shown in table 4. The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on
the specified hardness and maximum controlling
6.5.3 Impact tests
section size, as shown in table 6. Minimum
Typical impact strength properties tested per ASTM tempering temperatures are shown in table 7.
A370 and ASTM E3, for use when specified, are Required mechanical properties are shown in table
shown in annex B, table B.1. 8.
Gearing is defined by two metallurgical quality
6.6 Metallographic examination
grades (1 and 2) according to both steel melting
Metallographic examination may be specified. Refer practice (cleanliness) and nondestructive test
to clause 15 for inspection requirements and requirements.
illustrative photomicrographs of heat treated 7.1 Melting practice
microstructures. The steel shall be made by the basic oxygen or
6.7 Nondestructive test requirements electric furnace process. Grade 1 gearing may be
made from air melted steel. Grade 2 gearing shall be
6.7.1 Magnetic particle inspection made from electric furnace vacuum degassed steel
per SAE/AMS 2301 or ASTM A866. Refining
Magnetic particle inspection per ASTM A275 of gear procedures including ladle processing are
blanks is optional. Refer to clause 12 for required acceptable. Adding calcium to maximum 15 ppm
magnetic particle inspection per ASTM E709 for when melting the steel is permissible for castability
finished gears. subject to agreement by the purchaser.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

7.2 Chemical requirements 7.3 Grain size

The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or
The steel shall conform to the requirements for finer per ASTM E112.
chemical composition as shown in table 5, based on
the specified class and maximum controlling section 7.4 Heat treatment
size considerations shown in table 6. Heat treatment for mechanical properties shall
consist of quenching and tempering for all classes.
The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by The heat treatment shall be as required in ASTM
Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of Jominy A291. Minimum recommended tempering tempera-
values or DI values in accordance with ASTM A255. tures shall be per table 7, which are below those
The Jominy or DI requirements shall be consistent specified in ASTM A291. AGMA 923--B05 specifies
with the design requirements. Refer to ASTM A304 an absolute minimum tempering temperature of
for Jominy specifications for specific steel grades. 480C. Re--heat treatment, not more than three
times, is permissible without the approval of the
purchaser.
Specification of a restricted hardenability band for a
given steel grade can sometimes permit the use of a If the manufacturer elects to heat treat for
lower cost grade of steel for an application or mechanical properties prior to rough machining, the
perhaps permit the use of a given grade of steel for a gearing should be stress relieved after rough
larger controlling section size than would be possible machining to minimize distortion. If stress relieving
without the restriction on hardenability. This restric- is performed after heat treatment, for any reason, the
tion on hardenability can be accomplished by stress relieving temperature shall be 28 to 56C
specifying H--band steels in place of non--H--band below the tempering temperature. The highest
steels, RH--band steels in place of H--band steels or practical tempering temperature should be used.
specifying upper half of H--band steels in place of The highest practical stress relieving temperature
RH--band steels. below the tempering temperature is desired.

Table 5 -- Chemical requirements for through hardened alloy steel forgings

and bar stock for gearing

Steel composition, percent 1),2)

Element
4140 4340 4350 34CrNiMo6V 3)
Carbon 0.35--0.45 0.35--0.45 0.48--0.55 0.27--0.34
Manganese 0.40--1.00 0.40--0.90 0.40--0.90 0.20--0.60
Phosphorus
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.040 max 0.040 max N.A.
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max
Sulfur
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max N.A.
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max
Silicon 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35
Nickel 0.50 max 1.65--2.00 1.65--2.00 3.25--4.00
Chromium 0.80--1.15 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90 1.25--1.75
Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.20--0.60 0.20--0.60 0.30--0.70
Vanadium 0.50 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.05--0.15
Copper 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max
Aluminum 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.025 max
NOTES:
1) These composition limits are usually broader than SAE and ASTM composition limits. 4350 is not a standard SAE
designation.
2) Permissible variations in product analysis shall be in accordance with ASTM A291 or ASTM A304.
3) Grade 2 only.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

Table 6 -- Approximate maximum round The number, location and orientation of test speci-
controlling section sizes for through mens shall be according to figure 1 and ASTM A291.
hardened alloy steel forgings and bar Re--testing per ASTM A290 is permissible. For
stock for gearing1), 2) additional test bar information, see 4.2.

Maximum controlling section4),

Minimum mm
hardness
hardness, Table 7 -- Recommended minimum tempering
HBW3) 34CrNi
4140 4340 4350 temperatures for through hardened alloy steel
Mo6V
223 200 U.5) N.A. N.R. forgings and bar stock for gearing
248 140 U.5) N.A. N.R. Minimum tempering
262 115 6) U.5) N.A. U.5) Minimum temperature1), _C
285 100 6) 640 5) N.A. U.5) hardness
hardness,
HBW 34CrNi
4140 4340 4350
302 756) 3805) U.5) U.5) Mo6V
321 N.R. 305 5) U.5) U.5) 223 580 595 N.A. N.R.
341 N.R. 200 U.5) 5105) 248 565 580 N.A. N.R.
363 N.R. 100 580 5) 5105) 262 5502) 565 N.A. 580
NOTES:
1) Alternative steel alloys may be used provided their
285 5502) 565 N.A. 565
hardenability meets the minimum hardenability of the 302 5502) 565 565 565
referenced alloy. 321 N.R. 540 565 565
2) Based on the minimum tempering temperatures
341 N.R. 480 510 540
from table 7 and not the requirements of ASTM A291.
Higher tempering temperatures may not achieve the 363 N.R. 480 510 540
hardness for the given section. Number and location of NOTES:
test specimens shall be according to ASTM A291. 1) N.A. (not applicable) indicates that a lower
3) The hardness does not necessarily fit all ASTM
hardenability steel grade should be considered; N.R.
A290 classes, but is aligned with ANSI/AGMA (not recommended) indicates that this hardness and
6032--A94, table 4. material combination is not recommended unless the
4) Controlling section sizes shown are for round sec-
chemistry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3)
tions, such as cylindrical pinions. Controlling section and the gear manufacturer has documentation of the
sizes for flat sections, such as rims or plates, are typical- hardenability of the substituted material.
ly 70% of those for round sections. U (unrestricted) 2) Composition not in conformance with corresponding
indicates that the maximum controlling section size is material class in ASTM A291.
not anticipated to provide any restriction; N.A.(not
applicable) indicates that a lower hardenability steel
grade should be considered; N.R. (not recommended)
indicates that this hardness and material combination is
7.5.1 Hardness tests
not recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is
restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear
manufacturer has documentation of the hardenability of The test method, number and location of tests shall
the substituted material. be according to ASTM A291. Hardness testing shall
5) Note that ASTM A291 has diameter categories. be performed after all heat treatments are complete.
Forgings over 250 mm diameter have reduced
mechanical properties. The material shall meet the minimum hardness
6) Composition not in accordance with ASTM A291.
values shown in table 8 throughout the tooth area,
and shall not vary by more than 40 Brinell numbers.

7.5.2 Tensile tests

7.5 Mechanical requirements
Tensile properties tested per ASTM A370 and ASTM
The steel shall be tested for hardness and tensile E8 shall be as shown in table 8.
properties. Impact tests need only be performed 7.5.3 Impact tests
when deemed necessary due to a special applica-
tion or if required by a classification society. Typical impact strength properties tested per ASTM
Hardness testing shall be after all heat treating is A370 and ASTM E3, for use when specified, are
complete. shown in annex B, table B.1.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 8 -- Mechanical property requirements for through hardened alloy steel forgings and bar stock
for gearing1)
Minimum
Minimum Minimum
Minimum Minimum Minimum reduction
Section Minimum elongation reduction
tensile yield elongation in area,
size, hardness, transverse in area,
strength, strength2), longitudinal2), transverse
mm HBW (tangential)2), longitudinal,
N/mm2 N/mm2 percent (tangential),
percent percent
percent
<250 223 725 550 19 ---- 45 ----
250--500 223 725 550 19 16 45 32
>500 223 725 550 18 14 38 30
<250 248 825 655 16 ---- 40 ----
250--500 248 825 655 14 12 35 30
>500 248 795 620 13 10 33 25
<250 262 895 725 16 ---- 40 ----
250--500 262 860 690 14 12 35 30
>500 262 825 655 13 10 32 25
<250 285 965 790 16 ---- 40 ----
250--500 285 930 760 15 12 35 30
>500 285 895 725 14 10 30 25
<250 302 1000 825 15 ---- 40 ----
250--500 302 965 790 14 12 35 30
>500 302 930 760 12 10 30 25
<250 321 1105 930 14 ---- 36 ----
250--500 321 1070 895 13 10 32 27
>500 321 1035 860 12 10 28 25
<250 341 1170 965 14 ---- 35 ----
250--500 341 1140 930 12 10 30 25
>500 341 1100 895 10 10 25 25
<250 363 1240 1000 12 ---- 32 ----
250--500 363 1205 965 11 10 30 25
>500 363 1170 930 10 10 25 25
NOTES:
1) Mechanical properties in this table differ from those in other tables because of different tempering temperatures, chemistry,
controlling section size and material hardenability. Refer to figure 1 for an illustration of test bar location and orientation.
2) Yield strength is determined by the 0.2% offset method. Elongation is determined over a 50 mm gauge length.

7.6 Metallographic examination 7.8 Shot peening

Metallographic examination may be specified. Refer Shot peening is acknowledged as a viable tool to
to clause 15 for inspection requirements and enhance bending strength if accomplished per
illustrative photomicrographs of heat treated SAE/AMS--S--13165. It is recommended that AGMA
microstructures. 938--A05 be reviewed to determine if the benefits
achieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the
7.7 Nondestructive test requirements particular application.

7.7.1 Magnetic particle inspection

Magnetic particle inspection per ASTM A275 of 8 Cast through hardened gears
gearing blanks is optional. Refer to clause 12 for
required magnetic particle inspection per ASTM This clause applies to through hardened alloy steel
E709 for finished gearing. castings for gears. Unless otherwise specified,
AGMA 923--B05, and where applicable ASTM A148,
7.7.2 Ultrasonic inspection shall apply.
Ultrasonic inspection is recommended and may be Recommended steel grades are shown in table 9.
required by classification societies or end users. The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on
Refer to clause 13 for ultrasonic inspection of heat the specified hardness and maximum controlling
treated gearing blanks. section size, as shown in table 10. Minimum

10  AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

tempering temperatures are shown in table 11. morphology shall be predominantly round (Type 1)
Required mechanical properties are shown in table or angular (Type 3) for optimum ductility.
12.
8.2 Chemical requirements
8.1 Melting practice
Chemical analysis requirements, which are based
The steel shall be made by the electric arc furnace on chromium--molybdenum and chromium--nickel--
process. Degassing by vacuum treating, or refining molybdenum steels, are shown in table 9. The
by ladle metallurgy or argon oxygen decarburization addition of vanadium can be used for grain refine-
(AOD) processes may be used. Deoxidation ment. The steel shall conform to the requirements
practice according to ASTM A356, including the for chemical composition as shown in table 9, based
supplemental aluminum restriction, shall be on the specified class and maximum controlling
performed in order that sulphide inclusion section size considerations shown in table 10.

Table 9 -- Chemical requirements for through hardened cast gears

Steel composition1), percent
Element
4140 8630 8630X 8640 4340
Carbon 0.37--0.43 0.27--0.37 0.30--0.37 0.38--0.45 0.38--0.43
Manganese 0.70--1.00 0.70--1.00 0.70--1.00 0.70--1.00 0.70--1.00
Phosphorus 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max
Sulfur 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Silicon 0.60 max 0.60 max 0.60 max 0.60 max 0.60 max
Nickel 0.25 max 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90 1.50--2.00
Chromium 0.80--1.15 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90 0.70--0.90
Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.30--0.40 0.40--0.50 0.40--0.50 0.20--0.30
Vanadium 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max
Aluminum 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
NOTES:
1) These composition limits may be broader than SAE composition limits. 8630X is a higher hardenability version of
8630. Other low alloy cast steels are permitted.

Table 10 -- Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for through hardened cast gears1), 2)
Minimum Maximum controlling section3), 4), mm
hardness,
h d HBW 4140 8630 8630X 8640 4340
223 180 U. U. N.A. U.
248 150 U. U. N.A. U.
262 100 230 U. N.A. U.
285 75 230 U. N.A. U.
302 N.R. 180 U. N.A. U.
321 N.R. 150 200 U. U.
341 N.R. 150 180 250 250
NOTES:
1) Alternative steel alloys may be used provided their hardenability meets the minimum hardenability of the referenced
alloy.
2) Table is based on specified minimum tempering temperatures.
3) Controlling section sizes shown are for flat sections, such as rim thickness in a cast gear.
4) N.A. (not applicable) indicates that a lower hardenability steel grade should be considered; U. (unrestricted) indicates
that the maximum controlling section size (rim thickness) thought possible for through hardened cast gearing, 250 mm, is
not anticipated to provide any restriction; N.R. (not recommended) indicates that this hardness and material combination
is not recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufacturer has
documentation of the hardenability of the substituted material.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 11 -- Recommended minimum tempering temperatures for through hardened cast gears

Minimum Minimum tempering temperature,1) C

hardness,
h d HBW 4140 8630 8630X 8640 4340
223 580 565 580 N.A.2) 595
248 560 550 565 N.A.2) 580
262 550 540 550 N.A.2) 565
285 550 540 550 N.A.2) 565
302 550 540 550 N.A.2) 565
321 N.R. 510 525 540 540
341 N.R. 480 480 480 480
NOTES:
1) N.A. (not applicable) indicates that a lower hardenability steel grade should be considered; N.R. (not recommended)
indicates that this hardness and material combination is not recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is restricted
(see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufacturer has documentation of the hardenability of the substituted material.
2) Unless teeth are to be induction hardened above 40 HRC minimum in which case use 4340 temperatures.

The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by Welding in other than tooth regions shall be followed
Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of DI by stress relieving or an austenitizing heat treatment.
values in accordance with ASTM A255. The DI
Welding in the tooth region should be followed by an
requirements shall be consistent with the design
austenitizing heat treatment to eliminate high hard-
requirements. Refer to ASTM A304 for Jominy
ness weld heat affected zones. Welding in the tooth
specifications for specific steel grades.
region without a subsequent austenitizing heat
8.3 Heat treatment treatment may only be performed with the approval
of the purchaser and classification society, and
Castings shall be annealed or normalized after
procedure qualification must demonstrate that heat
removal from the mold to refine and homogenize the
affected zone (HAZ) hardness is 38 HRC maximum.
as--cast structure and relieve residual casting stress
Weld filler metal used in the tooth region must
prior to process welding and heat treating for
produce weld hardness equivalent to the base metal
mechanical properties.
hardness in the finished part. If minor discontinuities
The heat treatment for mechanical properties shall are detected on finish machined teeth, grinding to
be quench and temper for all classes. Minimum remove the flaws and blending the cavity contour
tempering temperatures shall be per table 11. with the surrounding surface may be preferable to
welding (see 8.9).
8.4 Process welding
Casting discontinuities such as shrinkage porosity, Welded areas shall be inspected to the same criteria
gas porosity, or inclusions that do not meet accep- specified for the casting.
tance criteria for the casting must be removed. 8.5 Mechanical requirements
Resulting cavities can be blended into the contour of
the casting or can be welded. However, the Castings are required to be tested for hardness and
purchaser and classification society may require tensile properties. Impact tests need only be
notification prior to welding or blending. performed when deemed necessary due to a special
application or if required by a classification society.
Welders and welding procedures shall be qualified to
the requirements of ASTM A488 or other suitable 8.5.1 Hardness tests
codes or standards. Weld metal chemistry and
Hardness tests shall be made on the rim edge at
hardness shall be suitable for the cast steel grade
mid--rim thickness after all heat treatments are
and strength requirements. For welds requiring
complete.
strength (hardness) matching the base metal
strength (hardness), the purchaser and classifica- The minimum number of hardness tests on each
tion society may require documentation of weld size casting shall be based on the diameter of the
and location before welding is performed. castings as shown in table 12.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

Table 12 -- Hardness testing intensity for and the hardness shall not vary by more than 40
through hardened cast gears Brinell numbers.

Minimum 8.5.2 Tensile and impact tests

Outside diameter, mm number of
hardness tests Test coupons, test procedure, number of tests and
To 1000 inclusive 2 permitted re--tests shall be in accordance with ASTM
Over 1000 to 2000 inclusive 4 A148. Requirements for tensile properties shall be
Over 2000 8 as shown in table 13.

Charpy V--notch impact tests, when specified, shall

be prepared and performed from heat treated cast
When a minimum of two hardness tests are
test coupons. Test temperature and minimum
specified, one shall be on the cope side preferably
impact requirements shall be as agreed between the
over a riser connection, the other on the drag side
purchaser and the supplier.
approximately 180 degrees away.
8.6 Metallographic requirements
When a minimum of four hardness tests are
specified, two tests shall be on the cope side, one Castings shall be analyzed metallographically for
over a riser connection, and the other approximately sulphide type (shape or distribution) and grain size.
180 degrees away between riser connections (two
tests 180 degrees apart for solid ring riser castings). 8.6.1 Testing
Two tests shall be on the drag side, 180 degrees
A specimen from a tensile bar shall be sectioned,
apart and offset 90 degrees from the tests on the
polished and metallographically analyzed, unetched
cope side.
initially, for sulphide type at 200X -- 500X. The
When a minimum of eight hardness tests are specimen shall then be etched and examined at
specified, four tests shall be on the cope side, two 100X magnification for grain size, per ASTM E112.
over riser connections approximately 180 degrees
8.6.2 Sulfide morphology
apart, and two between the riser connections also
approximately 180 degrees apart. For solid ring riser Sulfides shall be predominantly Type 1 (round) or
castings four tests shall be on the cope side Type 3 (angular). The limit of widely scattered
approximately 90 degrees apart. Four tests shall be undesirable Type 2 (grain boundary outline type)
on the drag side, approximately 90 degrees apart shall be 10 percent maximum of the sulfides present.
and offset approximately 45 degrees from those on
the cope side. 8.6.3 Grain size

The material shall meet the minimum hardness The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or
values shown in table 13 throughout the tooth area, finer per ASTM E112.

Table 13 -- Mechanical property requirements for through hardened cast gears1)

Minimum yield Minimum Minimum

Minimum Minimum tensile
strength2), elongation2), reduction in area,
hardness, HBW strength, N/mm2
N/mm2 percent percent
223 690 515 15 35
248 760 550 13 31
262 815 620 11 28
285 895 690 10 26
302 965 795 9 23
321 1000 825 8 21
341 1035 860 8 20
NOTES:
1) These mechanical testing requirements are modifications of ASTM A148 (Grades 105--85 through 150--135).
2) Yield strength is determined by the 0.2% offset method. Elongation is determined over a 50 mm gauge length.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

8.7 Nondestructive test requirements sections, which may not be discernible by nonde-
structive inspection of the rough blank. They may be
8.7.1 Magnetic particle inspection of cast gear
revealed later during visual or magnetic particle
blanks
inspection after subsequent machining.
Castings shall be free of linear discontinuities Initial thought should be given to contour grinding for
(cracks and hot tears) and unfused chaplets or chills. removal of minor discontinuities on teeth to reduce
The rim (tooth) section shall not contain chaplets or stress concentration. Welding on the tooth portion of
chills. Surface discontinuities in other than the rim heat treated gears should be avoided. Limited
(tooth) section shall not exceed the limitations of welding certified to an ASME, ASTM or AWS weld
ASTM E125 (see table 14). The rim is defined in procedure may be conducted; however, welding
AGMA 923--B05 as the area from the top of the tooth requires prior approval of the purchaser and any
to a depth of 1.5 times the tooth height. applicable classification society, see 8.4.
Interim inspections during manufacture are Location of the discontinuities on teeth should be
recommended to meet the requirements of this analyzed with respect to stress, with the roots of the
standard. The dry powder method, per ASTM E709, teeth being the major area of concern.
may be used for interim inspections.

9 Carburized pinions and gears

Table 14 -- Magnetic particle indication limits
for cast gear blanks This clause applies to alloy steel forgings and bar
stock for carburized and hardened pinions and
Type Rim area Non--rim area
gears. ASTM A291 and ASTM A837 are referenced
Shrinkage Level 1 Level 3
as the base standards for carburizing alloy forgings,
Inclusions Level 1 Level 3 ASTM A290 and ASTM A837 for carburized alloy
Porosity Level 1 Level 2 steel forged or rolled gear rings, and ASTM A304 for
bar stock, modified as necessary to meet specific
8.7.2 Ultrasonic inspection AGMA metallurgical requirements. It is also recog-
nized that many organizations have internal material
Ultrasonic inspection on machined surfaces of the
specifications that may be more restrictive than the
rim (teeth portion) is required. Refer to clause 14 for
ASTM standards.
ultrasonic inspection of heat treated cast gear
blanks. Recommended steel grades are shown in table 15.
The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on
8.7.3 Magnetic particle inspection of finished the required core hardness of the teeth, as shown in
gearing table 16, and the metallurgical requirements, as
defined in AGMA 923--B05.
Magnetic particle inspection of finished gears is
required. Refer to clause 12 for requirements. 9.1 Melting practice

8.8 Shot peening The steel shall be made by the basic oxygen or
electric furnace process. Grade 1 gearing may be
Shot peening is acknowledged as a viable tool to made from air melted steel. Grade 2 gearing shall be
enhance bending strength if accomplished per made from electric furnace vacuum degassed steel
SAE/AMS--S--13165. It is recommended that AGMA per SAE/AMS 2301 or ASTM A534. Grade 3 gearing
938--A05 be reviewed to determine if the benefits shall be mill certified as made from vacuum induction
achieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the melt (VIM), vacuum arc remelted (VAR) or
particular application. electroslag remelted (ESR) steel billets per SAE/
AMS 2300. Equivalent quality electric furnace
8.9 Workmanship and quality vacuum degassed steel certified to meet the cleanli-
Unless otherwise specified, workmanship and ness requirements of SAE/AMS 2304 is also
quality shall be according to ASTM A487. acceptable for Grade 3. Refining procedures
including ladle processing are acceptable. Adding
Consideration should be given to the disposition of calcium to maximum 15 ppm when melting the steel
possible minor internal discontinuities (shrinkage, is permissible for castability subject to agreement by
inclusions or porosity) in the rim (tooth) and hub the gear manufacturer.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

9.2 Chemical requirements 9.2.2 Chemical analysis

9.2.1 Steel selection Chemical analysis shall conform to a composition

shown in table 15. Other alloy steels of equivalent
Suitable chemical analysis and hardenability of the hardenability may be used for carburized gearing
steel along with proper heat treat practices will help when approved by the purchaser.
ensure that design strength considerations, core
hardness of the teeth (if required, refer to table 16), 9.2.3 Hardenability
and carburizing and hardening requirements (refer The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by
to AGMA 923--B05) will be met. Reference may be Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of Jominy
made to annex A as a guide for the appropriate values or DI values in accordance with ASTM A255.
selection of steel grade, based on hardenability and The Jominy or DI requirements shall be consistent
controlling section size, to best ensure that the case with the design requirements. Refer to ASTM A304
in the roots of the teeth is hardened. for Jominy specifications for specific steel grades.

Table 15 -- Chemical requirements of steels for carburized and hardened gearing

Steel composition, percent1)
Element
8620 4320 8822 4820 9310 3310 PS 55 18CrNiMo 7--6
Carbon 0.18--0.23 0.17--0.22 0.20--0.25 0.18--0.23 0.07--0.13 0.08--0.13 0.15--0.19 0.14--0.19
Manganese 0.70--0.90 0.45--0.65 0.75--1.00 0.50--0.70 0.40--0.70 0.45--0.65 0.70--1.00 0.40--0.60
Phosphorus
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.035 max
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Sulfur
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.035 max
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Silicon 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.40 max
Nickel 0.40--0.70 1.65--2.00 0.40--0.70 3.25--3.75 2.95--3.55 3.25--3.75 1.65--2.00 1.40--1.70
Chromium 0.40--0.70 0.40--0.60 0.40--0.60 0.25 max 1.00--1.45 1.40--1.75 0.45--0.65 1.50--1.80
Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.20--0.30 0.30--0.40 0.20--0.30 0.08--0.15 0.10 max 0.65--0.80 0.25--0.35
Copper 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max
Aluminum 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max
NOTES:
1) Permissible variations in product analysis shall be in accordance with ASTM A290.

Table 16 -- Expected core hardness of carburized and hardened gear teeth

Core hardness1), HRC
Steel
grade 3.6 module and
17 module 8--13 module 6 module 4--5 module
finer
8620 ---- ---- ---- 27 28
4320 ---- ---- 27 30 33
8822 ---- ---- 30 32 34
4820 26 27 33 35 36
9310 27 28 31 33 34
3310 30 31 33 35 36
PS--55 35 36 38 39 40
18CrNiMo 7--6 35 36 38 39 40
NOTE:
1) These approximate minimum core hardnesses are for reference purposes only. Highest expected hardness may be
8 -- 10 HRC numbers higher than the approximate minimums listed. Minimum core hardness shall meet AGMA 923
values.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Specification of a restricted hardenability band for a Carbon potential in the furnace is recommended to
given steel grade can sometimes permit the use of a be consistent with the alloy content. See table 2 of
lower cost grade of steel for an application or AGMA 923--B05 for specific values.
perhaps permit the use of a given grade of steel for a
9.7.2 Hardening and tempering
larger controlling section size than would be possible
without the restriction on hardenability. This restric- Gearing shall be cooled in the furnace, cooling
tion on hardenability can be accomplished by chamber or pit, then may be subcritical tempered
specifying H--band steels in place of non--H--band (optional) at 595--675C, austenitized at 790--845C,
steels, RH--band steels in place of H--band steels, or and liquid quench hardened. Surface
specifying upper half of H--band steels in place of decarburization is minimized when heat treating in a
RH--band steels. protective atmosphere. As an alternative, gearing
may be carburized, cooled in the furnace to
9.3 Grain size
790--845C and direct liquid quenched. The
The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or carburizing procedure used shall ensure that
finer per ASTM E112. requirements of this standard are met.

9.4 Prior heat treatment Austenitizing time shall be 0.75 hour minimum per 25
mm of maximum section thickness. Time shall start
Gearing blanks may be: normalized; normalized and
when the entire furnace load reaches the
tempered; quenched and tempered; or normalized,
austenitizing temperature.
quenched and tempered prior to machining for
dimensional stability and machinability consider- After austenitization, gearing should be quenched in
ations. Stress relieving may be performed at any a suitable liquid quench. To reduce distortion,
time prior to carburizing. quenching may be done in a press quench, or
gearing may be marquenched.
9.5 Mechanical requirements
Gearing shall be tempered in a circulating air furnace
Gearing blanks are not required to be tested for at 150--230C to meet specified surface hardness
hardness, tensile or impact properties prior to requirements. Tempering time at the tempering
carburizing and hardening, nor tensile or impact temperature shall be two hours minimum, plus one
tested after carburizing and hardening. half hour for each 12 mm of the maximum thickness
9.6 Carburizing and hardening specification exceeding 25 mm. Multiple tempering may be used
to reduce retained austenite.
The following shall be specified for carburized
gearing: 9.7.3 Cold treatment

-- surface hardness range; If gearing is to be cold treated, it is recommended

that it be tempered prior to the cold treatment to
-- effective case depth range after finishing per
minimize microcracking. Gearing shall be
ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94;
re--tempered after cold treatment.
-- AGMA metallurgical quality grade.
9.8 Quality control
9.7 Carburizing and hardening process
This clause covers nondestructive test requirements
9.7.1 Carburizing for gearing blanks, requirements for process control
parameters for gearing, nondestructive testing of
Carburizing shall be by the gas method in a
finished gearing, surface hardness testing of gear-
controlled atmosphere furnace. Vacuum and plas-
ing, test coupon requirements and metallographic
ma carburizing processes are acceptable. Pack
examination of test coupon. Control parameters
carburizing is prohibited. Recommended carburiz-
include case hardness, core hardness, effective
ing temperature range is 900--980C, with
case depth, and case microstructure.
925--955C being most common. Carburizing
temperatures above 980C may be used where 9.8.1 Nondestructive test requirements for
grain size control will permit. gearing blanks
Gas carburizing furnaces shall be equipped with Magnetic particle inspection (per ASTM A275) of
carbon potential controls for gas carburizing. gearing blanks to detect flaws before incurring the

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

expense of further machining and heat treating is ing process, and are used to establish the case
recommended. hardness profile.

Ultrasonic inspection of gearing blanks is Where tests are carried out on actual parts, the
recommended and may be required by classification following guidance is suggested. Surface hardness
societies or end users. Refer to clause 13 for should be measured on the top lands or end faces of
the teeth. The measurement should be on four teeth
ultrasonic inspection.
(90 degrees apart) for gearing under 600 mm in
9.8.2 Effective case depth diameter, or at six teeth (60 degrees apart) for
gearing of 600 mm or greater. Hardness should be
Effective case depth for carburized gearing is measured using an appropriate hardness tester.
defined and specified at one--half the tooth height. The measured hardness at each location should
With atmosphere carburizing furnaces, effective meet the surface hardness specified by the part
case depths obtained at the center of roots of teeth drawing or specification.
are typically one--half to two--thirds of those obtained
9.8.7 Nondestructive testing of finished gearing
at the defined location, and the effective case depth
at the tips of gearing can be 1.5 times that obtained at Magnetic particle inspection of finished gears is
the defined location. Low pressure carburizing required. Refer to clause 12 for requirements.
(vacuum carburizing) may yield more uniform case
Gearing that has been finish ground may be surface
depths.
temper inspected per ANSI/AGMA 2007--C00 or ISO
9.8.3 Core hardness 14104, with swabbing technique permitted. The
maximum amount of surface tempering shall be in
Core hardness may vary over a large range, and is accordance with ANSI/AGMA 2007--C00 or ISO
dependent on the steel type, module of the teeth, 14104 Class FB2, which allows light tempering up to
size, and mass effects of the whole part. The 25% of a tooth flank.
manufacturer may specify the minimum core hard-
ness based on past experience or appropriate test Barkhausen Noise Analysis (BNA) is a
data based on hardenability considerations. nondestructive inspection method which may be
Approximate minimum tooth core hardnesses, used to detect grind burns and other surface defects
which can be obtained from typical carburizing due to non--uniform surface stress.
grades of steel, are as shown in table 16. Minimum 9.9 Shot peening
hardness at the center of the tooth at the pitch line is
expected to be approximately 3 HRC numbers Shot peening is acknowledged as a viable tool to
higher. The minimum core hardness shall meet enhance bending strength if accomplished per
AGMA 923 values. SAE/AMS--S--13165. It is recommended that AGMA
938--A05 be reviewed to determine if the benefits
9.8.4 Test coupon requirements achieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the
particular application.
Process control test coupons and representative
test coupons shall meet the requirements of AGMA
923--B05.
10 Nitrided pinions and gears
9.8.5 Metallographic examination

Metallographic examination at 400X -- 600X of the This clause applies to quenched and tempered
process control test coupon is required, see AGMA wrought alloy steel forgings and bar stock for pinions
923--B05. and gears to be surface hardened by nitriding.
ASTM A291 is referenced as the base line standard
9.8.6 Surface hardness testing of gearing for alloy steel forgings, ASTM A290 for alloy steel
Hardness tests on finished carburized and ground forgings and rims, and ASTM A304 for bar stock,
gears present significant accuracy problems due to modified as necessary to meet specific AGMA
access, test equipment alignment, effects of case recommendations. It is also recognized that many
depth, and other variables. It is recommended that organizations have internal material specifications
suitable test specimens as defined in AGMA that may be more restrictive than the ASTM
923--B05 accompany the parts through the carburiz- standards.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Recommended steel grades are shown in table 17. Note that nitrided cast alloy steel gearing is not
The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on recommended or covered by this standard.
the specified hardness and maximum controlling
section size, as shown in table 18. Minimum Gearing is defined into two metallurgical quality
tempering temperatures of base material are shown grades (1 and 2), according to both steel melting
in table 19. Required mechanical properties are practice (cleanliness) and nondestructive test
shown in table 20. requirements.
Table 17 -- Chemical requirements for nitrided gearing
Steel composition, percent1),2)
Element
4140 4340 31CrMoV9 34CrNiMo6V3) Nitralloy 135M
Carbon 0.35--0.45 0.35--0.45 0.26--0.34 0.27--0.34 0.38--0.43
Manganese 0.40--1.00 0.60--0.90 0.40--0.70 0.20--0.60 0.50--0.80
Phosphorus
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.025 max N.A. 0.025 max
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max 0.025 max
Sulfur
Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max N.A. 0.025 max
Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.015 max 0.025 max
Silicon 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.40 max 0.05--0.35 0.20--0.40
Nickel 0.40 max 1.65--2.00 0.40 max 3.25--4.00 0.25 max
Chromium 0.80--1.15 0.60--0.90 2.30--2.70 1.25--1.75 1.40--1.80
Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.20--0.60 0.15--0.25 0.30--0.70 0.30--0.40
Vanadium 0.06 max 0.10 max 0.10--0.20 0.05--0.15 -- --
Copper 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max
Aluminum 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.025 max 0.95--1.30
NOTES:
1) These composition limits usually represent the broader of SAE and ASTM composition limits. N.A. (not applicable)
indicates that a higher metallurgical quality grade should be considered.
2) Permissible variations in product analysis shall be in accordance with ASTM A290, ASTM A291 or ASTM A304.
3) Grade 2 only.

Table 18 -- Approximate maximum controlling section sizes for nitrided gearing1), 2)

Minimum Maximum controlling section size3), mm
hardness (base
material), HBW 4140 4340 31CrMoV9 34CrNiMo6V Nitralloy 135M
262 1154) U. U. U. U.
302 754) 380 230 U. 305
321 N.R. 305 180 U. 230
341 N.R. 200 N.R. 510 N.R.
363 N.R. 100 N.R. 510 N.R.
NOTES:
1) Alternative steel alloys may be used provided their hardenability meets the minimum hardenability of the referenced
alloy.
2) Based on the minimum tempering temperatures from table 20 and not the requirements of ASTM A290 or ASTM A291.
Higher tempering temperatures may not achieve the hardness for the given section. Number and location of test
specimens shall be according to ASTM A290 or ASTM A291.
3) Controlling section sizes shown are for round sections, such as cylindrical pinions. Controlling section sizes for flat
sections, such as rims or plates, are typically 70% of those for round sections. U (unrestricted) indicates that the maximum
controlling section size is not anticipated to provide any restriction; N.A.(not applicable) indicates that a lower hardenabil-
ity steel grade should be considered; N.R. (not recommended) indicates that this hardness and material combination is
not recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufacturer has
documentation of the hardenability of the substituted material.
4) Composition not in conformance with corresponding material class in ASTM A290 or ASTM A291.

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Table 19 -- Minimum tempering temperatures of base material for nitrided gearing1)

Minimum Minimum tempering temperature2), C

hardness (base
material), HBW 4140 4340 31CrMoV9 34CrNiMo6V Nitralloy 135M
262 5503) 565 580 580 565
302 5503) 565 580 565 565
321 N.R. 540 550 565 540
341 N.R. N.R. N.R. 540 N.R.
363 N.R. N.R. N.R. 540 N.R.
NOTES:
1) N.R. (not recommended) indicates that this hardness and material combination is not recommended unless the chem-
istry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufacturer has documentation of the hardenability of
the substituted material.
2) Nitriding is typically performed at 480--510 C and the tempering temperature must be at least 25 C above the nitriding
temperature.
3) Composition not in conformance with material class in ASTM A 290 or ASTM A 291.

Table 20 -- Mechanical property requirements of base material for nitrided gearing1)

Minimum
Minimum Minimum Minimum
Minimum Minimum Minimum reduction,
hardness elongation reduction,
Section tensile yield elongation in area,
(base transverse in area,
size, mm strength, strength2), longitudinal2), transverse
material), (tangential)2), longitudinal,
N/mm2 N/mm2 percent (tangential),
HBW percent percent
percent
<250 262 895 725 16 ---- 40 ----
250--500 262 860 690 14 12 35 30
>500 262 825 655 13 10 32 25
<250 302 1000 825 15 ---- 40 ----
250--500 302 965 795 14 12 35 30
>500 302 930 760 12 10 30 25
<250 321 1105 930 14 ---- 36 ----
250--500 321 1070 895 13 10 32 27
>500 321 1035 860 12 10 28 25
<250 341 1170 965 14 ---- 35 ----
250--500 341 1140 930 12 10 30 25
>500 341 1105 895 10 10 25 25
<250 363 1240 1000 12 ---- 32 ----
250--500 363 1205 965 11 10 30 25
>500 363 1170 930 10 10 25 25
NOTES:
1) Mechanical properties in this table differ from those in other tables because of different tempering temperatures, chemistry,
controlling section size and material hardenability. Refer to figure 1 for an illustration of test bar location and orientation.
2) Yield strength is determined by 0.2% offset method and elongation is determined over a 50 mm gauge length.

10.1 Melting practice 10.2 Chemical requirements

The steel shall be made by the basic oxygen or The steel shall conform to the requirements for
electric furnace process. Grade 1 gearing may be chemical composition as shown in table 17, based
made from air melted steel. Grade 2 gearing shall be on the specified grade and maximum controlling
made from electric furnace vacuum degassed steel section size considerations shown in table 18.
per SAE/AMS 2301 or ASTM A866. Refining
procedures including ladle processing are accept- The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by
able. Adding calcium to maximum 15 ppm when Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of Jominy
melting the steel is permissible for castability subject values or DI values in accordance with ASTM A255.
to agreement by the end user. The Jominy or DI requirements shall be consistent

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

with the design requirements. Refer to ASTM A304 The material shall meet the minimum hardness
for Jominy specifications for specific steel grades. values shown in table 21 throughout the tooth area,
and will not vary by more than 40 Brinell numbers.
Specification of a restricted hardenability band for a
given steel grade can sometimes permit the use of a 10.5.2 Tensile tests
lower cost grade of steel for an application or Tensile properties tested per ASTM A370 and ASTM
perhaps permit the use of a given grade of steel for a E8 shall be as shown in table 20. ASTM A291 values
larger controlling section size than would be possible may be used providing that the minimum tempering
without the restriction on hardenability. This restric- temperatures of ASTM A291 are met.
tion on hardenability can be accomplished by
10.5.3 Impact tests
specifying H--band steels in place of non--H--band
steels, RH--band steels in place of H--band steels, or Typical impact strength properties tested per ASTM
specifying upper half of H--band steels in place of A370 and ASTM E3, for use when specified, are
RH--band steels. shown in annex B, table B.1. ASTM A291 values
may be used providing that the minimum tempering
10.3 Grain size temperatures of ASTM A291 are met.
The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or 10.6 Nitriding specification
finer per ASTM E112. The following shall be specified for nitrided gearing:
10.4 Prior heat treatment -- AGMA metallurgical quality grade;

The prior heat treatment shall consist of quenching -- Case depth per ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94;
and tempering for all grades. Minimum tempering -- Surface hardness measured on a superficial
temperatures shall be per table 19. Re--heat hardness scale, such as HR15N. Surface hard-
treatment, not more than three times, is permissible ness requirements are specified in ANSI/AGMA
without the approval of the purchaser. 6032--A94. Typical values for a range of
materials are shown in table 21.
If stress relieving is performed after prior heat
treating and rough machining, before nitriding,
Table 21 -- Typical surface hardness for nitrided
temperature shall be 14C minimum above the
gearing
maximum nitriding temperature, but shall not exceed
the actual tempering temperature. For nitriding Case hardness
Material
process requirements, see 10.7. HR15N
4140 85.0
10.5 Mechanical requirements
4340 84.5
The steel shall be tested for hardness and tensile 31CrMoV9 90.0
properties of the core material. Impact tests need NiCrMoV 85.5
only be performed when deemed necessary due to a Nitralloy 135M 90.0
special application or if required by a classification
society. 10.7 Nitriding process
Surface hardening of components may be either by
The number, location and orientation of test
the gas nitriding process using dissociated ammonia
specimens shall be according to figure 1 and ASTM
gas or by the ion nitriding process. The nitriding
A291 (ASTM A290 for ring forgings). Re--testing per
process must be in accordance with established
ASTM A290 is permissible. For additional test bar
industry procedures. Nitriding temperature for the
information, see 4.2.
class selected shall be 28C minimum below the
10.5.1 Hardness tests tempering temperature. A second nitriding cycle, if
required, is permitted to achieve specified case
The test method, number and location of tests shall depth.
be according to ASTM A291 (ASTM A290 for ring
forgings and ASTM A304 for bar stock). Hardness 10.8 Quality control
shall also be checked after all heat treatments are This clause covers: nondestructive test require-
complete. ments for gearing blanks; requirements for surface,

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

base hardness and case depths for nitrided gearing; accompany the parts. The reason for re--nitriding
and test coupon requirements and quality assurance shall be documented.
testing. Quality control parameters covered in this 10.8.3 Quality assurance tests
clause are applicable to all grades.
Each control test coupon shall be tested for
10.8.1 Test requirements prior to nitriding compliance to specification requirements.
10.8.1.1 Magnetic particle inspection 10.8.3.1 Surface hardness
Magnetic particle inspection of gearing blanks is Hardness tests shall be made on a previously
recommended. Refer to clause 12 for required ground surface of each control test coupon after
magnetic particle inspection of all grades of finished nitriding. Hardness measurement shall be made by
gearing. a superficial method suitable for thin, hard case
10.8.1.2 Ultrasonic inspection specimens, such as HR15N in accordance with
ASTM E18.
Ultrasonic inspection is recommended and may be
required by classification societies or end users. 10.8.3.2 Base hardness
Refer to clause 13 for ultrasonic inspection of heat Hardness tests shall be made on the core of each
treated gearing blanks. control test coupon before and after nitriding to
10.8.1.3 Microstructure determine whether the nitriding operation has
affected the base hardness.
Metallographic examination of gearing blanks may
be specified. Refer to clause 15 for inspection 10.8.3.3 Metallographic examination
requirements and illustrative photomicrographs of Metallographic examination of test coupon is
through hardened gearing blanks prior to nitriding.
required, see AGMA 923--B05.
10.8.2 Test coupon requirements
10.8.3.4 Control test coupons and marking of
Test coupons shall be processed with the gearing
components being nitrided.
Test coupons and gearing shall be suitably marked
10.8.2.1 Test coupon material and identified for record and traceability purposes.
Test coupons shall be made from the same steel 10.8.3.5 Case depth
grade and shall be quenched and tempered to the
Both effective and total case depths are determined
same hardness range as the gearing they represent.
from a polished surface perpendicular to a nitrided
For forgings, coupons made from bar stock are
surface on the test coupon. Metallographic tests
acceptable.
may also be used on at least one test coupon to
10.8.2.2 Surface finish determine approximate total case depth.
Control test coupons with one finished surface, 10.8.3.6 White layer thickness
0.8 mm, or better, are required during each nitriding A metallographic test shall be performed on one
cycle. control test coupon to determine the thickness of the
10.8.2.3 Number of test coupons white layer. White layer determination shall be at a
magnification of 200X -- 400X on a polished metallo-
The number of test coupons shall be sufficient to graphic surface perpendicular to a nitrided surface of
ensure uniformity of the nitriding process. the test coupon. The nitrided edge surface shall be
protected from damage during mounting and
10.8.2.4 Location of test coupon
polishing of the microspecimen. The white layer
Test coupons shall be so located in the nitriding thickness shall not exceed 0.020 mm unless further
furnace that they adequately represent the surface finishing (such as lapping) or chemical means are
of the part or parts being nitrided. used to remove the white layer.
10.8.2.5 Re--nitriding 10.8.4 Hardness testing of gearing
If a second nitriding cycle is required to achieve Hardness tests on finished nitrided gears present
proper case depth, one half segment of all of the significant accuracy problems due to access, test
original coupons plus a set of new coupons must equipment alignment, effects of case depth, and

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

other variables. It is recommended that suitable test alloy steel for induction hardened gearing is not
specimens, as defined in AGMA 923--B05, accom- covered by this standard.
pany the parts through the nitriding process and are
used to establish the case hardness profile. Where Table 22 -- Chemical requirements for induction
tests are carried out on actual parts, the following hardened gearing
guidance is suggested.
Steel composition, percent 1),2)
Element
Surface, and where possible, base hardness should 4140 4340 4350
be measured on each gear element. A minimum of Carbon 0.35--0.45 0.35--0.50 0.48--0.55
two superficial hardness HR15N or equivalent Manganese 0.40--1.00 0.40--0.90 0.60--0.90
measurements per ASTM E18, separated by Phosphorus
approximately 180 degrees around the circumfer- Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max
ence of gearing, should be made on the nitrided Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
case. It is recommended that hardness tests on the Sulfur
actual gear be taken on the top land or end face of Grade 1 0.030 max 0.030 max 0.030 max
the tooth and not the flank of the tooth. The hardness Grade 2 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
values included in table 21 are for nitrided surfaces in Silicon 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35 0.05--0.35
the unground condition. The base hardness test Nickel 0.50 max 1.65--2.00 1.65--2.00
should be made on non--nitrided surfaces, when Chromium 0.80--1.15 0.60--0.90 0.60--0.90
possible, using either the HRC or HBW scale. Molybdenum 0.15--0.25 0.20--0.60 0.20--0.60
Calibrated portable hardness testers are Vanadium 0.06 max 0.10 max 0.10 max
acceptable. Copper 0.35 max 0.35 max 0.35 max
Aluminum 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max
10.9 Shot peening NOTES:
1) These composition limits usually represent the
Shot peening is not recommended for nitrided broader or SAE and ASTM composition limits.
gearing. 2) Permissible variations in product analysis shall be in
accordance with ASTM A290, ASTM A291 or ASTM
A304.

11 Induction hardened pinions and gears Table 23 -- Approximate maximum controlling

section sizes for induction hardened gearing1)

This clause applies to quenched and tempered Minimum Maximum controlling

wrought alloy steel forgings and bar stock for pinions hardness (base section size 2), mm
and gears to be contour tooth induction hardened. material),
t i l) HBW 4140 4340 4350
ASTM A291 is referenced as the base line standard 262 115 3) U. N.A.
for alloy steel forgings, ASTM A290 for alloy steel 302 75 380 U.
forgings and rims and ASTM A304 for bar stock, 321 N.R. 305 U.
modified as necessary to meet specific AGMA NOTES:
recommendations. It is also recognized that many 1) Alternative steel alloys may be used provided their
organizations have internal material specifications hardenability meets the minimum hardenability of the
that may be more restrictive than the ASTM stan- referenced alloy.
2) Controlling section sizes shown are for round
dards.
sections, such as cylindrical pinions. Controlling section
Recommended steel grades are shown in table 22. sizes for flat sections, such as rims or plates, are typical-
ly 70% of those for round sections. U (unrestricted)
The suitability of a specific steel grade is based on indicates that the maximum controlling section size is
the specified hardness and maximum controlling not anticipated to provide any restriction; N.A.(not
section size, as shown in table 23. Minimum applicable) indicates that a lower hardenability steel
tempering temperatures are shown in table 24. grade should be considered; N.R. (not recommended)
indicates that this hardness and material combination is
Required mechanical properties are shown in table not recommended unless the chemistry of the steel is
25. restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) and the gear manufac-
turer has documentation of the hardenability of the
Cast alloy steel may be used for induction hardened substituted material.
gearing when the suitability and properties can be 3) Composition not in conformance with corresponding

justified by past experience and test. However, cast material class in ASTM A290 or ASTM A291.

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Table 24 -- Recommended minimum tempering able. Adding calcium to maximum 15 ppm when
temperatures for induction hardened gearing melting the steel is permissible for castability subject
to agreement by the end user.
Minimum Minimum tempering
hardness (base temperature1), C 11.2 Chemical requirements
material),
t i l) HBW 4140 4340 4350
The steel shall conform to the requirements for
262 5502) 565 N.A.
chemical composition as shown in table 22, based
302 5502) 565 565 on the specified grade and maximum controlling
321 N.R. 540 565 section size considerations shown in table 23.
NOTES:
1) N.A. (not applicable) indicates that a lower The hardenability of the steel shall be determined by
hardenability steel grade should be considered; N.R. Jominy end quench tests or by calculation of Jominy
(not recommended) indicates that this hardness and values or DI values in accordance with ASTM A255.
material combination is not recommended unless the
chemistry of the steel is restricted (see 6.2, paragraph 3) The Jominy or DI requirements shall be consistent
and the gear manufacturer has documentation of the with the design requirements. Refer to ASTM A304
hardenability of the substituted material. for Jominy specifications for specific steel grades.
2) Composition not in conformance with corresponding
material class in ASTM A290 or ASTM A291. Specification of a restricted hardenability band for a
given steel grade can sometimes permit the use of a
lower cost grade of steel for an application or
Gearing is defined into two metallurgical quality perhaps permit the use of a given grade of steel for a
Grades (1 and 2), according to both steel melting larger controlling section size than would be possible
practice (cleanliness) and nondestructive test without the restriction on hardenability. This restric-
requirements. tion on hardenability can be accomplished by
specifying H--band steels in place of non--H--band
11.1 Melting practice steels, RH--band steels in place of H--band steels, or
The steel shall be made by the basic oxygen or specifying upper half of H--band steels in place of
electric furnace process. Grade 1 gearing may be RH--band steels.
made from air melted steel. Grade 2 gearing shall be 11.3 Grain size
made from electric furnace vacuum degassed steel
per SAE/AMS 2301 or ASTM A866. Refining The grain size of the steel shall be predominantly 5 or
procedures including ladle processing are accept- finer per ASTM E112.

Table 25 -- Mechanical property requirements of base material for induction hardened gearing1)

Minimum
Minimum Minimum
Minimum Minimum Minimum reduction
Section Minimum elongation reduction
tensile yield elongation in area,
size, hardness, transverse in area,
strength, strength2), longitudinal2), transverse
mm HBW 2 2 (tangential)2), longitudinal,
N/mm N/mm percent (tangential),
percent percent
percent
<250 262 895 725 16 ---- 40 ----
250--500 262 860 690 14 12 35 30
>500 262 825 655 13 10 32 25
<250 302 1000 825 15 ---- 40 ----
250--500 302 965 795 14 12 35 30
>500 302 930 760 12 10 30 25
<250 321 1105 930 14 ---- 36 ----
250--500 321 1070 895 13 10 32 27
>500 321 1035 860 12 10 28 25
NOTES:
1) Mechanical properties in this table differ from those in other tables because of different tempering temperatures, chemistry,
controlling section size and material hardenability. Refer to figure 1 for an illustration of test bar location and orientation.
2) Yield strength is determined by 0.2% offset method and elongation is determined over a 50 mm gauge length.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

11.4 Prior heat treatment -- AGMA metallurgical quality grade;

The heat treatment for forged rings shall be as -- minimum effective case depth in the roots
required in 6.4 and for other forgings and bar stock according to module per ANSI/AGMA
per 7.4. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be 6032--A94;
per table 24, which are below those specified in -- surface hardness as shown in table 26.
ASTM A291. Re--heat treatment, not more than
three times, is permissible without the approval of Table 26 -- Surface hardness for induction
the purchaser. hardened gearing
If stress relieving is performed after prior heat Material1) Surface hardness, HRC2)
treatment and rough machining, temperature shall
4140 50 minimum
be 28--56C below the tempering temperature.
4340 50 minimum
11.5 Mechanical requirements prior to induction 4350 54 minimum
hardening NOTES:
1) Or other steels of equivalent nominal carbon content
The steel shall be tested for hardness and tensile and hardenability.
properties. Impact tests need only be performed 2) Typically measured using a portable light load

when deemed necessary due to a special hardness tester and converted to HRC.
application or if required by a classification society.
The number, location and orientation of test speci- 11.7 Induction hardening process
mens shall be according to figure 1 and ASTM A291 11.7.1 Induction hardening
(ASTM A290 for ring forgings). Re--testing per
Induction hardening shall be performed by the
ASTM A290 is permissible. For additional test bar
tooth--by--tooth progressive scanning method by
information, see 4.2.
induction heating the opposite flanks and root
11.5.1 Hardness tests between adjacent teeth to a temperature within the
range required for austenite formation.
The test method, number and location of tests shall
be according to ASTM A291 (ASTM A290 for ring The inductor shall be passed between adjacent teeth
forgings and ASTM A304 for bar stock). Hardness for hardening of the root and flanks.
shall also be checked after all heat treatments are Top lands of teeth are not necessarily hardened
complete. uniformly across their width. Gearing finer than 6.4
The material shall meet the minimum hardness normal module is typically submerged in a liquid
values shown in table 25 throughout the tooth area, quench media during heating. Gearing coarser than
and shall not vary by more than 40 Brinell points. 6.4 normal module can also be processed, in some
situations, with special facilities using the sub-
11.5.2 Tensile tests merged method. Large diameter gearing and
Tensile properties tested per ASTM A370 and ASTM gearing coarser than 5 normal module are typically
E8 shall be as shown in table 25. ASTM A291 tensile processed in open air during heating.
values may be used providing that the minimum Spin coil induction hardening is not recommended
tempering temperatures of ASTM A291 are met. for applications within the scope of this standard.
11.5.3 Impact tests Power frequency, power output or density, inductor
design and position, heating time or rate of travel,
Typical impact strength properties tested per ASTM
delay time, and the type, amount and direction of the
A370 and ASTM E3, for use when specified, are
quenchant are important process variables. These
shown in annex B, table B.1. ASTM A291 impact
variables must be controlled to provide the
values may be used providing that the minimum
repeatability necessary to meet specified surface
tempering temperatures of ASTM A291 are met.
hardness, hardness pattern, and case depth
11.6 Induction hardening specification requirements.
The following must be specified for induction The sequence of hardening of the teeth may vary
hardened gearing: based on distortion considerations.

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11.7.2 Tempering after induction hardening one--half to two--thirds of the case depth at the pitch
line. Unless the case depth at the root meets
Immediately after hardening, gearing shall be
one--half the case depth requirement at 1/4 tooth
tempered at 150--230C for 0.75 hours minimum per
height above the root, derating the allowable
25 mm of controlling section size at the root
bending stresses may be required.
diameter, see clause 5. The actual tempering
temperature used shall be consistent with the 11.8.4 Pilot gearing requirements
specified surface hardness.
Pilot gearing is required to establish the induction
11.8 Quality control hardening process. At least three teeth shall be
hardened and sectioned to determine the hardened
This clause covers nondestructive test requirements
case profile. The pilot gear shall be hardened and
for gearing blanks, requirements for control
sectioned for each set--up of the induction hardening
parameters, test coupon or pilot gearing require-
operation.
ments and their inspection, and nondestructive
testing of induction hardened gearing. Quality The type of alloy steel, prior heat treatment, and the
control parameters include surface hardness and hardness range shall be the same as for the gearing
effective case depth. represented.

11.8.1 Test requirements prior to induction The module shall be the same as the actual gear and
hardening the mass under the teeth shall approximate that of
the part. The length of teeth shall be sufficient to
11.8.1.1 Magnetic particle inspection eliminate the end effects (increased case depth)
Magnetic particle inspection of gear blanks is during hardening.
recommended. Refer to clause 12 for required Induction hardening shall be performed with process
magnetic particle inspection of finished gearing. variables varied as required, and recorded for
different sets of adjacent teeth on the test coupon or
11.8.1.2 Ultrasonic inspection pilot gearing, see 11.7.1. Selected process and
Ultrasonic inspection is recommended and may be variables established must ensure that the specified
required by classification societies or end users. surface hardness and case depth (after tempering)
Refer to clause 13 for ultrasonic inspection of heat shall be obtained on the production gearing.
treated gearing blanks. 11.8.5 Pilot gearing inspection
11.8.1.3 Microstructure The surface hardness shall be determined at the
middle of the root and at one--half the tooth height on
Metallographic examination of gearing blanks may
the profile at the ends of adjacent teeth on the test
be specified. Refer to AGMA 923--B05 for inspection
coupon or pilot gearing using an appropriate
techniques, requirements and illustrative
hardness tester, see 11.8.6.
photomicrographs.
Nital etch (macro--etching version of ASTM E407
11.8.2 Surface hardness
Etchant 74) the top lands and ends of teeth on the
Surface hardness of gearing is the hardness test coupon or pilot gearing to determine the
measured normal to the surface, preferably at the hardening pattern on the teeth, see 11.8.7.
pitch line (one--half tooth height) and at the center of
Transverse sections of adjacent teeth, which
the root between adjacent teeth, after tempering
represent the induction hardening process
following induction hardening, see 11.8.6. If those variables, shall be obtained at mid--face and at
locations are not accessible for hardness testing, one--eighth of face width from both end faces after
then another representative surface shall be used. induction hardening and tempering. Transverse
11.8.3 Effective case depth at root tooth sections from this location shall be suitably
ground and polished for determining case hardness
High frequency profile induction hardening with the and effective case depths by microhardness
gearing submerged in the liquid quenchant results in surveys. This transverse tooth section shall be nital
increased similarity of case depth at the pitch line etched for case depth and case microstructure
and root. Induction hardening in the open air determination at the pitch lines of adjacent teeth and
produces a case depth at the root approximately at the center of the root.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Specified minimum surface hardness and effective L

case depth shall be obtained to the appropriate L/2 L/8
depth at all test locations after finishing of the A Typical
A
induction hardened gearing. Case microstructure A F
F R
shall be primarily tempered martensite with no F R
R F
decarburization, see AGMA 923--B05. F
F A
A
A
The set of hardening process variables which was Single helical
successful in producing specified test results for the
L
pilot gearing must be used for the induction hard- L/2 L/8 Typical
ened production gearing. A record of the hardening A A
process variables selected for production hardening A A
A F F A
shall be documented and available for review. F R R F
F R F R F
R F R
F F
F A A F
Induction hardened case depth may be significantly A A
A A
different at the ends of teeth due to edge effects and
because the power is frequently reduced to prevent Double helical
edge burning. Profiles at the ends of teeth may also F Hardness inspection on both flanks of four teeth
be chamfered or broken to reduce edge burning. (90 apart) if accessible for hardness inspection.
Both of these considerations may adversely affect
hardness inspection and nital etching for hardness R Hardness inspection of roots of four teeth (90
pattern. apart) if accessible for hardness inspection.
A Hardness inspection of adjacent flanks of four
11.8.6 Hardness inspection of gearing teeth (90 apart) if accessible for hardness
inspection.
Flanks of four teeth (90 degrees apart) at the Figure 6 -- Locations for 15 point method
mid--length and near the ends (one--eighth of the of hardness testing for induction
face width from both end faces) of all helices should hardened gearing
be hardness inspected using an appropriate porta-
ble superficial (nondestructive) hardness tester, see 11.8.7 Etching for hardness pattern of gearing
figure 6. Method of hardness testing shall have been
Top lands and both end faces of four induction
determined earlier on the pilot gearing, see 11.8.5.
hardened teeth (90 degrees apart) on all helices
Surface hardness shall be comparable to that
shall be polished and nital etched (macro--etching
obtained for the pilot gearing.
version of ASTM E407 Etchant 74) for the presence
of hardened case, see figure 6 for locations of
If hardness cannot be determined on flanks of teeth etching. Case pattern shall show proper depth,
(due to electrical power being lowered near the end uniformity and symmetry.
faces to prevent edge burning, chamfering of the end
Case pattern shall be comparable to that obtained
profiles, or if geometry considerations do not permit
earlier for the induction hardened test coupon or pilot
access of the hardness tester), existence of the
gearing.
hardened pattern shall be demonstrated by etching,
see 11.8.7. File hardness testing per SAE J864 of 11.8.8 Surface temper inspection
the flanks and edges of the top lands can be used to
Gearing that has been finish ground on tooth profiles
approximate surface hardness.
may be surface temper etch inspected per ANSI/
AGMA 2007--C00 (ISO 14104), with swabbing
Locations chosen for hardness testing must include technique permitted. Maximum amount of temper-
consideration of the possibility that a previously ing shall be in accordance with ANSI/AGMA
hardened tooth flank might be tempered back when 2007--C00 FB2, which allows light tempering up to
the adjacent tooth is hardened. 25% of a tooth flank.

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11.8.9 Magnetic particle inspection Table 27 -- Magnetic particle inspection limits

for finished gearing
Refer to clause 12 for required wet fluorescent
magnetic particle inspection per ASTM E709 for all Maximum
grades of finished gearing. Location Tooth size indication
length, mm1)
11.9 Shot peening
Below the pitch
Shot peening is acknowledged as a viable tool to No indications
line
enhance bending strength if accomplished per
Module All grades
SAE/AMS--S--13165. It is recommended that AGMA Above the
Ab th
938--A05 be reviewed to determine if the benefits Coarser than 8 3.2
pitch line
achieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the 8 and finer 2.4
particular application. NOTE:
1) Limits: Maximum of one indication per 25 mm of face
width with a maximum of five such indications on any
one tooth flank. Indications less than 0.8 mm are not
12 Magnetic particle inspection of considered.
finished gearing from alloy steel forgings
and bar stock
13.1 Inspection procedure
This clause outlines the procedure for magnetic
The straight beam procedures described in ASTM
particle inspection and the quality acceptance levels
A388 shall apply. Either the flat bottom hole or back
for different grades of finished gearing. Types
reflection method may be used. Ultrasonic test entry
include through hardened, carburized, nitrided and
surfaces shall be machined with the surface
induction hardened gearing.
roughness of exterior finishes not exceeding 6 mm.
12.1 Inspection procedure
The minimum volume of metal to be included for
Finished gearing shall be wet fluorescent magnetic evaluation according to the quality acceptance
particle inspected in accordance with ASTM E709. levels presented is specified below, according to the
12.2 Quality acceptance levels configuration of the gearing blank. Acceptance
levels in other volumes of the blank should also be
Quality acceptance levels shall be per table 27 for all considered.
types of gearing.
-- for forged rings for gear rims (as described in
All gearing, regardless of grade, shall be free of clause 6), the entire rim section from both faces
bursts, seams, laps and other defects from hot and the outside diameter should be inspected.
working, heat treating and finishing (including Consideration should be given to inspection of
grinding cracks). forged gear rims from the inside diameter surface
Defects which exceed these limitations may be to preclude interpretation problems due to
removed by grinding and polishing, to blend in the contact interference;
surface, with the approval of the purchaser or -- for cylindrical gear blanks (solid or bored) and
classification society, or both. barstock, the entire circumference from the out-
side diameter to mid--radius should be inspected;
-- for disc or pancake gearing blanks, both faces
13 Ultrasonic inspection of gearing blanks and the outside diameter radially through the
from alloy steel forgings and bar stock entire rim or tooth section to two tooth heights
below the finished tooth tip diameter.
This clause outlines the ultrasonic test procedures 13.2 Quality acceptance levels
and quality acceptance limits for different grades of
gearing blanks manufactured from forgings and Quality acceptance levels shall be as follows,
alloy steel bar stock for through hardened, according to the ultrasonic inspection technique
carburized, nitrided and induction hardened gearing. applied and the grade of gearing.

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13.2.1 Back reflection method The established DAC curve is typically drawn on an
overlay or protection shield over the ultrasonic
Indications greater than the following percent of the display screen.
first back reflection shall be cause for rejection:
Indications that are in areas that will be removed by
Grade 1 20% machining are not cause for rejection. Indications
Grade 2 15% greater than those allowed by 13.2, and located in
non--critical areas (low stress), may be acceptable
Indications equal to the maximum permitted percent
subject to approval by designer and applicable
of the first back reflection above, and less than 12
classification society.
mm apart, as determined by transducer movement,
shall be cause for rejection.
14 Ultrasonic inspection of cast gears
Multiple indications that lower the first back reflection
by more than those 40% shall be cause for rejection
This clause outlines the ultrasonic test procedures
for grades 1 and 2 steel.
and quality acceptance limits for the rim (tooth)
Traveling indications whose amplitude is greater section of gears manufactured from cast steel.
than 10 of back reflection and exceeding the size 14.1 Inspection procedure
indicated below (determined by transducer move-
Unless otherwise specified, general techniques
ment or by decibel or ultrasound signal drop
shall meet the requirements of ASTM A609, with
methods) shall be cause for rejection:
either the back reflection or flat bottom hole
Grade 1 25 mm long (reference block) technique.
Grade 2 19 mm long The straight beam procedures described in ASTM
A609 shall apply. Either the flat bottom hole or back
13.2.2 Reference block method reflection method may be used. Ultrasonic test entry
The sensitivity for the flat bottom hole method shall surfaces shall be machined with the surface
roughness of exterior finishes not exceeding 6
utilize standard test blocks per ASTM E428 with a
micrometers.
reflector size of 3.18 mm. The metal test distance for
the blocks shall be 101.6 mm. This sensitivity shall Zone 1 is the volume within the outside diameter of
be used when radially scanning the portion of the the rim extending to a depth of two tooth heights
wrought material that will comprise the tooth area. below the finished tooth tip diameter. Zone 2 is that
The tooth area will include that volume of metal part of the rim not included in Zone 1.
within two tooth heights below the finished tooth tip 14.1.1 Back reflection method
diameter. The balance of the part may be scanned The transducer size shall be 28 mm in diameter or
using a distance amplitude correction curve (DAC) less. Axially inspect by scanning 100 percent of both
whose construction is detailed in ASTM A388. rim edge surfaces at a sensitivity that is 1.5 -- 3.0
times the sensitivity required to obtain a full screen
The recommended rejection criteria are as follows:
back reflection.
-- No indications giving a signal response greater The indications noted by axial inspection on the
than the specified reflector size; outside rim diameter which exceeded the limitations
shall be ultrasonically examined in the radial direc-
-- No indications giving a signal response greater tion from the outside rim diameter at a sensitivity that
than 50% of the reference standard if is 1.5 -- 3.0 times the sensitivity required to obtain a
accompanied by a 50% loss of back reflection; full screen back reflection.
-- No indications which are continuous over an area Indication area(s) which exceed the limitations of the
twice the diameter of the search unit. radial inspection may be radiographic or betatron
inspected per ASTM E94 for a visual interpretation of
The number of reference blocks in the set shall be as noted ultrasonic indications.
required to satisfactorily establish the DAC curve.
The number of test blocks may vary depending upon 14.1.2 Flat bottom hole method
test parameters, test equipment and section The rim (tooth) portion of the casting shall be 100
thickness of the gearing blank. percent tested on two perpendicular surfaces of the

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rim with the straight beam technique in accordance than 30 percent loss of the full screen back
with ASTM A609 for Zone 1, except that the reflection;
calibration sensitivity shall be established using a
-- 30 percent of the full screen back reflection, or 20
3.18 mm diameter flat bottom hole. The 3.18 mm
percent or greater loss in back reflection with
diameter flat bottom hole may be placed within the
transducer travel in excess of 25 mm;
inner diameter of the gearing blank or within a
reference block. If a reference block with smoother -- All traveling indications.
examination surface than the gearing blank is used,
compensation for surface differences must be Acceptance levels for radiographic or rotation
utilized in accordance with ASTM E114. inspections shall be better than Class 1 of refer-
enced radiographs in either ASTM E446, E186, or
14.2 Quality acceptance levels E280, depending upon thickness inspected.

No chaplets or chill related defects shall be Ultrasonic indications in Zone 1 shall be limited to
permitted. If defects found in excess of those ASTM A609 Level 1. Ultrasonic indications in Zone 2
permitted can be removed by subsequent machin- shall be limited to ASTM A609 Level 2.
ing, including gear cutting then the gear blank may
14.2.2 Interpretation of flat bottom hole method
be considered acceptable.
Acceptance levels for the defined zones in the rim
14.2.1 Interpretation of back reflection method portion shall be as follows:

Evaluate the indications at a sensitivity level which is -- No cracks, chaplets or chills shall be permitted in
set to just obtain a full screen back reflection. Zone 1. All other type discontinuities within Zone
Indications which exceed the following amplitude 1 shall be Level 1 of ASTM A609. If the calibra-
levels from either rim edge surface, and are able to tion hole response cannot be separated from the
be detected from the opposite rim edge surface, background noise, the gear blank shall also be
regardless of magnitude, shall be noted on the considered unacceptable;
scanning surface and on the outside rim diameter:
-- The acceptance level shall be Level 2 of ASTM
A609 in Zone 2, using the reference block cal-
-- 65 percent of the full screen back reflection, or
ibration sensitivity as specified in ASTM A609. A
single or multiple indications resulting in greater
complete loss of back reflection not associated
than 50 percent loss of the full screen back
with or attributable to the geometric configuration
reflection;
is also not acceptable. Complete loss in back re-
-- 50 percent of the full screen back reflection, or 40 flection shall be defined as when the back reflec-
percent or greater loss in back reflection with tion falls below 5 percent of full calibration screen
transducer travel in excess of one inch; height.

-- All traveling indications.

A map of the above indications can be provided, if

mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the 15 Metallographic examination
customer.

Evaluate radial indications at a sensitivity level which The type, location and number of microspecimens or
is set to just obtain a full screen back reflection. analyses to be used for metallographic examination
of through hardened gearing when specified (includ-
Ultrasonic indications in Zone 1 of the outside rim ing through hardened gearing to be nitrided or
diameter as defined in 14.1 shall not exceed the induction hardened), carburized, nitrided, and induc-
following limitations: tion hardened wrought steel gearing are contained in
AGMA 923--B05. Representative photomicro-
-- 40 percent of the full screen back reflection, or graphs for through hardened alloy steel gearing are
single or multiple indications resulting in greater shown in figures 7 through 10.

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

5% nital etch 400X mag.

Figure 7 -- Tempered martensite in through hardened alloy steel gearing

5% nital etch 400X mag. 5% nital etch 400X mag.

Figure 8 -- Tempered martensite and 5% Figure 9 -- Tempered martensite and 10%

proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened alloy proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened alloy
steel gearing steel gearing

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSi/AGMA 6133--C08

5% nital etch 400X mag.

Figure 10 -- Tempered martensite and 20%
proeutectoid ferrite in through hardened alloy
steel gearing

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ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Annex A
(informative)
Case hardenabillity consideration in selection of carburizing grades of steel
[This annex is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of AGMA 6133--C08,
Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition).]

A.1 Scope when the teeth are cut after heat treating. The same
examples can be used for carburized gearing even
This annex assists in the selection of a grade of
though the gear teeth are machined prior to carbu-
carburizing steel to help ensure that the carburized
rized hardening. The controlling section size in both
case has sufficient hardenability to be capable of
instances is the section related to the location of gear
hardening roots of teeth to meet specified surface
teeth which governs the rate of heat removal during
hardness requirements. The method used is based
quench hardening.
on steel hardenability considerations and standard
hardening procedures used for carburized gearing. A.2.2 Selection of steel
It may be used in conjunction with design and other
To help ensure that the steel under consideration has
hardenability and heat treat considerations to select
sufficient case hardenability to be capable of
the appropriate grade of steel.
satisfactorily hardening the case in the roots of teeth,
A.2 Method figure A.1 should be used. Figure A.1 is based on
hardenability and controlling section size consider-
A.2.1 Controlling section size
ations. Steels are presented in order of hardenability
The controlling section size of carburized gearing on the ordinate of figure A.1. Steels not shown in
can be determined using the same general prin- figure A.1, therefore, can be evaluated by comparing
ciples described in clause 5 for through hardened hardenability to those steels presented to determine
gearing. Figures 2 through 5 in the standard the maximum recommended approximate control-
describe examples of how the controlling section ling section size, as indicated by the solid line in
size is determined for through hardened gearing figure A.1.

3310 *18CrNiMo 7--6 is considered as having the same hardenability as PS55.

PS55*
9310
4820 Adequate case
hardenability

4320
Case may or
8822 may not harden

8620
No case
hardenability
Revised from:
The Influence of Microstructure on the
Properties of Case--Carburized Components
4118 by Geoffrey Parrish, ASM Text (1980)

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

Approximate controlling section size, mm

Figure A.1 -- Effect of controlling section size on the case hardenability of

carburizing grades of steel

32  AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08

Annex B
(informative)
Impact properties
[This annex is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of AGMA 6133--C08,
Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition).]

B.1 Purpose per ASTM A370 and ASTM E3 are shown in table
Impact testing is only required when specified. B.1.
Typical values for impact requirements when tested

Table B.1 -- Typical impact property requirements1)

Charpy V--notch2), minimum, J
Minimum hardness
Forged rings Forgings and bar stock
(base material),
HBW Transverse
Tangential Longitudinal
(tangential)
223 -- -- 41 27
248 -- -- 41 27
262 41 37 23
285 38 34 20
302 34 34 20
321 34 30 16
341 -- -- 27 14
363 -- -- 20 9
NOTES:
1) Refer to 4.2 for an illustration of test bar location and orientation.
2) Charpy test is performed at 21--27C.

 AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved 33

ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Bibliography

The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA 6133--C08, Materials for Marine
Propulsion Gearing (Metric Edition), or indicated for additional information.

ANSI/AGMA 1010--E95, Appearance of Gear Teeth ASTM E92--82, Test Method for Vickers Hardness
-- Terminology of Wear and Failure of Metallic Materials
ANSI/AGMA 1012--G05, Gear Nomenclature, ASTM E140--07, Hardness Conversion Tables for
Definitions of Terms with Symbols Metals, Relationship Among Brinell Hardness,
ANSI/AGMA 2001--D04, Fundamental Rating Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial
Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur Hardness, Knoop Hardness and Scleroscope
and Helical Gear Teeth Hardness

ANSI/AGMA 2003--B97, Rating the Pitting Resist- ASTM E1077--01, Test Methods for Estimating the
ance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Depth of Decarburization of Steel Specimens
Bevel, Zerol Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
ISO 6336--5:2003, Calculation of load capacity of
ANSI/AWS D1.1:2002, Structural Welding Code --
spur and helical gears -- Part 5: Strength and quality
Steel
of materials
ASTM A941--06, Terminology Relating to Steel,
Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys Practical Data for Metallurgists, 14th edition, The
Timken Company, Canton, Ohio, 1999
ASTM E10--07, Test Method for Brinell Hardness of
Metallic Materials Parrish, Geoffrey, The Influence of Microstructure
ASTM E23--07, Test Methods for Notched Bar on the Properties of Case--Carburized
Impact Testing of Metallic Materials Components, ASM, 1980

34  AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved

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