ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Reaffirmed December 2008

American National Standard

Design, Rating and Application

of Industrial Globoidal
Wormgearing
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02
 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing
American ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02
National Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
Standard ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial
Globoidal Wormgearing, with the permission of the publisher, the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia
22314.]

Approved March 20, 2003

ABSTRACT
This standard provides guidelines for the design, rating and application of globoidal wormgearing mounted with
axes at a 90 degree angle. Specific definitions for globoidal wormgearing terms are presented, along with for-
mulas for determining the geometric sizes of the major features for the worm and gear. Design considerations,
design procedures, gear blanks and self--locking conditions are also discussed. Procedures for rating the load
capacity of globoidal wormgearing are included.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright  2002 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1--55589--792--4

ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Symbols, terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Gearset design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 Self--locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 Adjustments and contact patterns of globoidal wormgearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7 Run--in procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8 Rating and efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9 Gear blank design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Annexes
A Basic assembly procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B Analysis of gearing forces, worm bending stress and deflection of
globoidal wormgearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
C Backlash measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D Service factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
E Overhung load factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
F Reducer efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
G Formulas for rating factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figures
1 Worm and gear mesh in central plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Gearset central plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Relationship of central plane and transverse plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Gearset transverse plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Pitch circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 Lead angle, normal and axial pressure angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7 Contact lines -- Hindley design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8 Contact lines -- Full contact design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9 Hindley design, 4” C.D., 10:1 ratio, 3 threads, 30 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 Hindley design, 4” C.D., 30:1 ratio, 1 thread, 30 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11 Full contact design, 4” C.D., 30:1 ratio, 1 thread, 30 teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12 Gear blank types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
13 Typical gear blank configuration minimum rim thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Tables
1 Symbols used in design of industrial globoidal wormgears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Recommended number of gear teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Basic pressure factor, Cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 Ratio correction factor, Cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Face width and materials factor, Ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Velocity factor, Cv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

iii
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard
6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]
This standard revises, combines and supersedes two previous independent standards:
ANSI/AGMA 6030--C87, Design of Industrial Double--Enveloping Wormgears, and
ANSI/AGMA 6017--E86, Rating and Application of Single and Multiple Reduction
Double--Enveloping Worm and Helical--Worm Speed Reducers. It presents guidelines and
practices for the design, rating and application for industrial globoidal wormgearing.
The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 was made in December 2000. It was approved by
the AGMA membership in October, 2001. It was approved as an American National
Standard on March 20, 2003.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.

iv
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Wormgearing Committee

Chairman: R. Gregory Estell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accurate Specialties, Inc.

Vice Chairman: James A. Bentley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peerless--Winsmith, Inc.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

H.M. Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gear Products, Inc.

N. Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peerless--Winsmith, Inc.
R.J. Dickhaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colfax PT Group/Delroyd Worm Gear Operation
J.H. Forberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baldor Motors and Drives
J.E. Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textron Power Transmission
J.B. Hagaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Textron Power Transmission
S. Moulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPT Gearing
G.E. Olson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olson Engineering Service
P.C. Patel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockwell Automation/Dodge
G.M. Sawchak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Corporation

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

K.E. Acheson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.

D. Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leeson Electric Corporation
A.S. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engranes y Maquinaria Arco, S.A.
W.P. Crosher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flender Corporation
P. DeRegt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PDR Enterprises, Inc.
F. Eberle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockwell Automation/Dodge
R.J. Ericson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Otis Elevator Company
L. Faure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compagnie Engrenages et Reducteurs
R.K. Glatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flender Corporation
G.G. Rey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instituto Superior Politcnico
G. Henriot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ingenieur Conseil
T. Keenan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EPT Gearing
C.R. Mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franke Gear Works, Inc.
M. Octrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centre Technique des Industries Mecanique
M. Peculis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleveland Gear Company
W.P. Pizzichil, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockwell Automation/Dodge
J.T. Rawlinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renold, Inc.
P.N. Salvucci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boston Gear
H.O. Schlenker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hub City, Inc.
L.J. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consultant
R.E. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R.E. Smith & Co., Inc.
L. Spiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emerson Power Transmission Corporation
R.K. Stephens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regal--Beloit Corporation
F.C. Uherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flender Corporation
P. Vogel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reishauer, Ltd.
D. Von Eschen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hub City, Inc.
C. Weyand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M&M Precision Systems Corporation
G.I. Wyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reishauer Corporation

v
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

American National Standard -- Hindley design, but a standard rating method for full
contact designs has not been established.
1.1 Types of reducers
Design, Rating and This standard provides information pertaining to
globoidal wormgear speed reducers of the following
Application of Industrial specific types:

Globoidal Wormgearing -- single reduction reducers incorporating glo-

boidal wormgearing;
-- multiple reduction reducers incorporating glo-
boidal wormgearing in each stage of reduction;
-- the wormgear portion of multiple reduction re-
1 Scope ducers incorporating globoidal wormgearing with
other types of gearing.

This standard provides guidelines for the design, 1.2 Speed limitation
rating and application of globoidal wormgearing The velocity factor table in this standard provides
mounted with axes at a 90 degree angle. This type of data for sliding velocities up to 6000 feet per minute.
gearing is called double enveloping wormgearing in For velocities in excess of 6000 feet per minute, the
the United States, but the term globoidal is more manufacturer should be consulted.
commonly used worldwide.
Where the sliding velocity of the worm thread
This standard discusses the two main categories of exceeds 2000 feet per minute, additional consider-
globoidal wormgearing manufactured in industry ation must be given to the lubrication of gears and
today: the traditional Hindley designs, and the more bearings. Special lubricants and a pressurized
recently developed full contact designs. The stan- lubrication system may be required.
dard presents the formulas for calculating general
1.3 Included ratios
gearset proportions for the globoidal designs and a
rating procedure for Hindley designs. It does not The input power formulas for globoidal wormgearing
provide a detailed or complete procedure for the apply for ratios of 3:1 and greater. Engineering
design of gearsets and the cutting tools required. practice dictates that ratios in excess of 74:1 should
be discussed with the manufacturer.
Globoidal wormgearing of the Hindley design has
been used in industrial applications for over 200 1.4 Exceptions
years. The manufacturers of Hindley wormgearing Wildhaber plane enveloping globoidal gearing is not
have each designed and built their own tooling to covered in this standard.
manufacture the gearing. The Hindley design uses a
common base circle to form all of the tooth profiles. This standard does not pertain to globoidal worm-
The worm thread is generated by a cutting edge gearing used as speed increasers. For such
(line) rotating in a single plane. applications, the manufacturer should be consulted.
1.5 Intended use
The more recently developed full contact designs do
not use a constant base circle to form the tooth The equations and values presented provide a
profiles. The worm thread is generated in multiple general approach to design and rating. Deviations
planes by a generating surface. The manufacturers from the methods and values stated in this manual
of full contact gearing have each conducted their may be made when justified by experience, testing
own research, and the details of their designs are or more specific analysis. It is intended for use by
proprietary to each company. This design may experienced gear designers capable of selecting
provide increased load carrying capability over the reasonable values based on their knowledge of the

1
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

performance of similar designs and the effect of such ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, Design and Selection of
items as lubrication, deflection, manufacturing toler- Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
ances, metallurgy, residual stresses and system ANSI/AGMA 6010--F97, Standard for Spur, Helical,
dynamics. It is not intended for use by the Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives
engineering public at large.
ANSI/AGMA 9005--D94, Industrial Gear
Lubrication
1.6 References

The following standards contain provisions which, 2 Symbols, terms and definitions
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this American National Standard. At the time of
2.1 Symbols
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
standards are subject to revision, and parties to The symbols, terms and definitions, when applica-
agreements based on this American National Stan- ble, conform to ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear
dard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of Nomenclature, Definitions Of Terms With Symbols.
applying the most recent editions of the standards See table 1.
indicated below. NOTE: The symbols and terminology used in this stan-
dard may differ from other AGMA standards. The user
ANSI/AGMA 2004--B89, Gear Materials and Heat should not assume that familiar symbols can be used
Treatment Manual without careful study of table 1.

Table 1 -- Symbols used in design of industrial globoidal wormgears

Ref.
Symbols Description Units First used para.
aG Addendum of gear tooth in Eq. 10 2.2
aW Addendum of worm thread in Eq. 10 2.2
B Backlash in -- -- 2.2
bG Dedendum of gear tooth in Eq. 14 2.2
bW Dedendum of worm thread in Eq. 13 2.2
C Center distance in Eq. 2 2.2
Ca Face width and material factor -- -- Eq. 24 8.1.4
Cm Ratio correction factor -- -- Eq. 24 8.1.4
Cs Basic pressure factor -- -- Eq. 24 8.1.4
Cv Velocity factor -- -- Eq. 24 8.1.4
cG Clearance in the gear in Eq. 12 2.2
cW Clearance in the worm in Eq. 11 2.2
DG Gear pitch diameter in central plane in Eq. 4 2.2
Db Base diameter (Hindley design) in Eq. 18 2.2
DoG Gear outside diameter in -- -- 2.2
DRG Gear root diameter in central plane in -- -- 2.2
DtG Gear throat diameter in central plane in -- -- 2.2
DW Worm pitch diameter in transverse plane in Eq. 2 2.2
DoW Worm outside diameter in -- -- 2.2
DRW Worm root diameter in transverse plane in Eq. 3 2.2
DtW Worm throat diameter in transverse plane in Eq. 15 2.2
erG Gear root form radius in Eq. 21 2.2
etG Gear throat form radius in Eq. 23 2.2
etW Worm throat form radius in Eq. 22 2.2
FG Gear face width in -- -- 2.2
(continued)

2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Table 1 (concluded)
Ref.
Symbols Description Units First used para.
FW Worm face width in -- -- 2.2
fW Length of flat on outside diameter of worm in Eq. 20 2.2
hk Working depth of tooth in Eq. 9 2.2
htG Whole depth of gear tooth in Eq. 8 2.2
htW Whole depth of worm thread in Eq. 8 2.2
mb Minimum amount of gear bronze below tooth root in -- -- 9.3
mG Gear ratio -- -- Eq. 1 2.2
NG Number of teeth in gear -- -- Eq. 1 4.1
NW Number of threads in worm -- -- Eq. 1 4.2
n Rotational speed of worm rpm Eq. 24 -- --
PW Input power rating hp Eq. 24 8.1.3
p Circular pitch in Eq. 5 2.2
pn Normal circular pitch in Eq. 7 2.2
txG Axial gear tooth thickness in Eq. 18 2.2
tnG Normal gear tooth thickness in -- -- 2.2
txW Axial worm thread thickness in -- -- 2.2
tnW Normal worm thread thickness in -- -- 2.2
v Sliding velocity fpm Eq. 25 8.1.4
Z Effective worm thread length in Eq. 19 2.2
λp Lead angle at pitch point degrees Eq. 6 2.2
Ôx Axial pressure angle degrees Eq. 17 2.2
Ôn Normal pressure angle degrees Eq. 17 2.2

2.2 Terms and definitions addendum circle, gear: The gear addendum circle
coincides with the tops of the gear teeth and is
addendum, aW, aG: The addendum of the worm defined in the central plane. See figures 1 and 2.
thread and gear tooth is the radial distance from the addendum circle, worm: The worm addendum
pitch circle to the addendum circle on the worm and circle coincides with the top of the worm thread and is
gear, respectively. See figures 1, 2 and 4. defined in the transverse plane. See figure 4.

Line of Root circle,

centers gear
Addendum, Whole depth, Tooth
worm worm thickness, Clearance Dedendum,
axial gear
Dedendum,
worm Addendum,
Gear gear
Addendum
Pitch circle, circle, gear
gear
Backlash Whole
Working depth,
depth, Clearance Working gear
Circular
worm depth,
pitch
gear
Thread Worm
thickness,
axial

Figure 1 -- Worm and gear mesh in central plane

3
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Line of
centers

Base
circle

Base
diameter

Pitch circle,
gear Root circle,
1/2 effective gear
worm thread
Center length
distance
Addendum
circle, gear

Outside
diameter,
worm Pitch Root Throat
Worm Worm shank
dia. dia. dia.
axis diameter
worm worm worm

Face angle,
Throat form worm
Flat, radius, worm
worm
Face width,
worm
Figure 2 -- Gearset central plane

backlash, B: The backlash is the amount by which For full contact designs, the generating lines are the
the circular pitch exceeds the worm thread and gear generatrices of cutting planes or cutting cones.
tooth thickness. See figure 1 and annex C.
base diameter, Db: The base diameter is the
base circle: The base circle is the tangent circle of diameter of the base circle. See figure 2.
two generating lines of the tooth of the worm cutter.
For the Hindley design, the generating lines are center distance, C: The center distance of the
cutting lines which lie in the central plane. They are gearset is the shortest distance from the axis of the
the cutting edges of the worm cutter. See figure 2. worm to the axis of the gear. See figure 2.

4
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

central plane: The central plane is the plane the transverse plane to the point on the thread where
perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the worm theoretical contact with a gear tooth first occurs. It is
axis and the line of centers. See figures 1, 2 and 3. measured parallel to the worm axis. See figure 2.
circular pitch, p: The circular pitch is the length of face angle, gear: The gear face angle is the angle of
the arc along the gear pitch circle between two the beveled surface between the gear face and the
corresponding successive gear tooth flanks mea- gear outside diameter. See figure 4.
sured in the central plane. See figure 1.
face angle, worm: The worm face angle is the
circular pitch, normal, pn: The normal circular
angle of the beveled surface between the worm
pitch is a theoretical value and is defined as the
shank diameter and the worm outside diameter. See
circular pitch times the cosine of the lead angle at the
figure 2.
pitch point.
face width, gear, FG: The gear face width is the
clearance, cW, cG: The clearance is the amount by
distance between the faces of the gear measured
which the whole depth of the worm threads and gear
parallel to the gear axis. See figure 4.
teeth exceeds the working depth. The clearance is
measured in the central plane. See figure 1. face width, worm, FW: The worm face width is the
dedendum, bW, bG: The dedendum of the worm distance across the worm flats measured parallel to
thread and gear tooth is the radial distance from the the worm axis. See figure 2.
root circle to the pitch circle on the worm and gear
flats, gear: Gear flats are the surfaces included on
respectively. See figure 1.
the outside diameter of the gear. Gear flats avoid
effective worm thread length, Z: The effective sharp edges at the intersections of the gear face
worm thread length is two times the distance from angles and the throat form radius. See figure 4.

Transverse
plane
Line of
centers

Gear
axis
Worm

Worm
axis

Gear

Central
plane

Figure 3 -- Relationship of central plane and transverse plane

5
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

flats, worm, fW: Worm flats are the surfaces gear. The gear axis lies in the transverse plane. See
included on the outside diameter of the worm. Worm figures 3 and 4.
flats avoid sharp edges at the intersections of the
gear face: The gear faces are the flat sides of the
worm face angles and the throat form radius. See
gear. See figure 4.
figure 2.
root form radius, gear, erG: The gear root form
gear: The gear is the toothed output member. The radius is the root radius generated by the hob. It is
gear increases in diameter from the central plane shown in the transverse plane and provides clear-
toward both sides generally conforming to the ance for the tips of the worm threads. See figure 4.
curvature of the worm. Other commonly used terms lead angle at the pitch point, λp: The lead angle at
to describe this component include wormwheel and the pitch point is the angle formed between the
wormgear. For purposes of this standard, the term tangent to the trace of the pitch point on the worm
gear is used. See figures 3 and 4. thread surface and a line perpendicular to the worm
axis. The lead angle varies through the length and
gear axis: The gear axis is the axis of rotation of the the depth of the worm. See figure 6.

Face width,
gear Flat, gear

Gear
face

Line of
centers

Gear Root Pitch Throat Outside

axis dia., dia., dia., dia.,
gear gear gear gear

Face
angle,
gear

Pitch point
Root form
Throat form radius, gear
radius, gear
Addendum
circle, worm
Root circle,
worm Pitch circle,
worm

Figure 4 -- Gearset transverse plane

6
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

line of centers: The line of centers connects the Worm

center of the worm pitch circle and the center of the Line of pitch circle
centers
gear pitch circle. The line of centers is formed by the
intersection of the central plane and the transverse
plane. See figure 3. Pitch
point
outside diameter, gear, DoG: The gear outside
diameter is the maximum diameter of the gear blank
measured at the gear flats. See figure 4.

outside diameter, worm, DoW: The worm outside

diameter is the maximum diameter of the worm blank
measured at the worm flats. See figure 2. Gear
pitch circle

pitch circle, gear: The gear pitch circle is the

reference circle used for determination of gear tooth
proportions. The gear pitch circle lies in the central
plane. See figures 1, 2 and 5. Figure 5 -- Pitch circles

Pressure
angle,
axial

A--A section

Pressure
angle,
normal

B--B section

Lead angle
at pitch point Trace of pitch point

B
A A
B

Figure 6 -- Lead angle, normal and axial pressure angles

7
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

pitch circle, worm: The worm pitch circle is the thread thickness, normal, tnW: The normal worm
reference circle used for determination of worm thread thickness is the length of arc between two
thread proportions. The worm pitch circle lies in the sides of a worm thread in a plane normal to the
transverse plane. See figures 4 and 5. thread surface passing through the pitch point at the
center of the thread.
pitch diameter, gear, DG: The gear pitch diameter
is the diameter of the gear pitch circle. See figure 4. throat diameter, gear, DtG: The gear throat
diameter is the diameter of the gear addendum
pitch diameter, worm, DW: The worm pitch circle. See figure 4.
diameter is the diameter of the worm pitch circle.
See figure 2. throat diameter, worm, DtW: The worm throat
diameter is the diameter of the worm addendum
pitch point: The pitch point is the common point of circle. See figure 2.
the worm pitch circle and the gear pitch circle and is
throat form radius, gear, etG: The gear throat form
on the line of centers. See figures 4 and 5.
radius is the radius of the throat surface of the gear
pressure angle, axial, Ôx: The axial pressure angle blank in the transverse plane. See figure 4.
is the pressure angle in the central plane. It is the throat form radius, worm, etW: The worm throat
angle at the pitch point formed between the projec- form radius is the radius of the throat surface of the
tion of the normal of the worm thread surface in the worm blank in the central plane. See figure 2.
central plane and a line parallel to the worm axis in
the central plane. See figure 6. tooth thickness, axial, txG: The axial gear tooth
thickness is the length of arc between the two sides
pressure angle, normal, Ôn: The normal pressure of a gear tooth measured on the gear pitch circle.
angle is the pressure angle in the normal plane. It is See figure 1.
the angle at the pitch point formed between the
tooth thickness, normal, tnG: The normal gear
normal of the worm thread surface and the tangent
tooth thickness is the length of arc between the two
plane of the pitch surface. See figure 6.
sides of a gear tooth in a plane normal to the tooth
ratio, mG: The gearset ratio is the number of teeth in surface passing through the pitch point at the center
the gear divided by the number of threads in the of the gear tooth.
worm. transverse plane: The transverse plane is the
root circle, gear: The gear root circle coincides with plane perpendicular to the worm axis, and contains
the bottoms of the gear tooth spaces and is defined the gear axis and the line of centers. See figures 3
in the central plane. See figures 1 and 2. and 4.

root circle, worm: The worm root circle coincides whole depth, htW, htG: The whole depth is the total
with the bottom of the worm thread space and is depth of a tooth space or thread space. It is the radial
defined in the transverse plane. See figure 4. distance between the addendum circle and the root
circle. See figure 1.
root diameter, gear, DRG: The gear root diameter is
working depth, hk: The working depth is the depth
the diameter of the gear root circle. See figure 4.
of engagement of the worm thread and gear tooth.
root diameter, worm, DRW: The worm root See figure 1.
diameter is the diameter of the worm root circle. See worm: The worm is the threaded input member.
figure 2. The worm has one or more threads, also called leads
thread: The thread is the tooth element of the worm. or starts. The threaded area of the worm has a throat
It forms a helix along the worm face width. The which increases in diameter from the transverse
thread advances one or more axial pitches for each plane toward both ends generally conforming to the
worm revolution, with additional threads required for curvature of the gear. See figures 2 and 3.
each additional pitch advance. worm axis: The worm axis is the axis of rotation of
thread thickness, axial, txW: The axial worm the worm. The worm axis lies in the central plane.
thread thickness is the length of arc between two See figures 2 and 3.
sides of a worm thread measured on the gear pitch wormgearing: Wormgearing refers to gearsets
circle. See figure 1. consisting of a worm and a gear.

8
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

3 General design considerations the distribution of load between the teeth, and the
sliding friction forces caused by the rotation of the
Successful application of globoidal wormgearing worm and the materials. When designing gearsets,
begins with an understanding of the unique charac- consideration should be given to maximizing both
teristics of this type of gearing and a consideration of the total length of contact lines and the relative radii
the requirements for the application. This clause of curvature between the worm and gear.
discusses both the Hindley and full contact designs. 3.2 Application
3.1 Characteristics of wormgearing The design of globoidal wormgearing may be
Globoidal wormgearing consists of a threaded input tailored to the type of load and speed being
member (worm) driving a larger toothed gear at right transmitted. For transmission of power at higher
angles. By restraining the rotating worm axially, the speeds, a relatively fine pitch gear tooth should be
gear is made to turn. As the worm rotates through used, while high torques at low speeds require larger
the gear tooth, lines of contact progress from the worm diameters and coarser pitches. When
outer edges of the face width of the gear tooth toward smoothness of transmission with low noise and
the center where they exit the mesh. As shown in vibration is a requirement, finer pitches are pre-
figures 7 and 8, these contact lines are approximate- ferred. For general design when the application is
ly perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the not predefined, a balanced design approach would
worm providing a favorable lubrication condition. At be appropriate.
any given instant there will be several teeth in 3.3 Ratios
contact transmitting the power, where the number of
teeth in contact is a function of pitch (tooth size) and Globoidal wormgearing is generally limited to ratios
worm length. Finer pitches will increase the number of 3:1 through 100:1; however, ratios outside this
of teeth in contact but decrease the working depth. range are possible when due consideration is given
The worm length is limited by the pressure angle to the design and application. The ratio is the
where the outermost thread cannot wrap around the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of
gear to a point of interference with the gear teeth. threads in the worm. Ratios above 30:1 are usually
The Hindley gearset design has approximately 1/8 of produced with a single--thread worm and ratios lower
the gear teeth in contact with the worm thread at any than 30:1 favor the use of multiple threads.
given instant. The loaded gear teeth are in varying Generally, the larger the center distance, the greater
positions along the worm thread as shown in figure 7. the number of threads that should be selected.
At any instant in time, each loaded tooth has one or However, there can be exceptions.
two contact lines on its face. The contact lines In the design or selection of ratios requiring multiple
sweep across the entering half of the gear tooth face thread worms, there are two tooth combination
and converge at the tooth centerline. systems that can be used. One is the even number
The full contact gearset design has approximately system where the number of teeth in the gear can be
1/8 of the gear teeth in contact with the worm thread evenly divided by the number of threads in the worm,
at any given instant. The loaded gear teeth are in for example 40/2 = 20:1. The hunting tooth ratio
varying positions along the worm thread as shown in system uses a combination of gear teeth and worm
figure 8. At any instant in time, each loaded tooth has threads where the number of teeth in the gear is not
two contact lines on its face. The contact lines evenly divisible by the number of threads of the
originate from each side of the gear tooth and worm, for example 39/2 = 19.5:1. Over the years,
progress toward the center where they converge. there has been a difference of opinion of the benefit
This design makes full use of the gear tooth by of one system over the other. Use of state--of--the--
spreading the contact stress over a wider area. art manufacturing equipment, tools, and technology
has resulted in either of the two systems performing
The movement of lines of contact as the tooth
suitably in virtually all types of applications.
progresses through the mesh results in an area of
contact marking on each gear tooth. The stresses In designs requiring precision motion transmission,
developed along the lines of contact are surface and or in designs that are extremely cost sensitive,
subsurface stresses related to the load, the relative further investigation of the hunting tooth system
radii of curvature of the worm thread and gear tooth, versus even number system may be required.

9
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

2 3 4 2 3 4
1 5 1 5

Gear teeth in mesh Gear teeth in mesh

Worm thread Worm thread

sliding direction sliding direction

1 1 1

2 2
2

3 3
3
3

4 4
4

5 5
5

Lines of contact on Lines of contact on

successive gear teeth successive gear teeth
Figure 7 -- Contact lines -- Hindley design Figure 8 -- Contact lines -- Full contact design

10
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

3.4 Accuracy Backlash of worm gears is not defined as holding the

gear stationary and rotating the worm because the
Satisfactory performance of wormgearing depends
amount of worm rotation becomes a function of ratio,
on the accuracy of manufacturing even when an
and is not indicative of the clearance between the
application has no special requirements for index-
worm threads and gear teeth. The worm rotation
ing, noise level or accuracy.
resulting from gearset backlash is easily calculated
3.4.1 Worm accuracy by multiplying the gearset backlash measured at the
gear (in arc minutes or degrees) by the ratio of the
The accuracy of worm dimensions (i.e., runout, lead gearset. See annex C for backlash measurement.
variations, profile variations, and thread spacing
variations for multiple worms) are most important Gearset backlash is usually specified by the
because the worm is the harder member and, as manufacturer as a range (minimum to maximum) in
such, will not correct for these variations during units of arc minutes or degrees, and varies depend-
run--in. In addition, the worm is subject to many more ing on the size of the gearset and the manufacturing
stress cycles than the gear. processes used to produce the worm and gear. The
backlash is specified and measured on the designed
3.4.2 Gear accuracy center distance with the worm and gear correctly
The gear is usually made from the softer material positioned (see annex A). Each manufacturer
and, as such, any initial minor tooth spacing specifies the backlash ranges for their various
variations as well as minor profile variations will be product lines and generally includes this information
greatly reduced within a few hours of operation. in their product catalog. Manufacturers may offer a
However, excessive gear tooth runout will tend to range of options for reduced backlash.
accelerate the gear every half revolution causing The purchaser often specifies the maximum accept-
contact area variations and increased stresses. able gearset backlash for a specific application.
Excessive face runout or wobble, either in hobbing or
mounting of the gear, will also cause the gear contact 3.5.2 Assembled backlash
area to shift across the face, causing the gear to When a gearset is assembled into a reducer or as
accelerate and decelerate during each revolution. part of a machine, the resulting rotational movement
3.5 Backlash of the gear with the worm held stationary (assembled
backlash) will be affected by the gearset backlash,
Gearsets have backlash (clearance) to allow for free manufacturing tolerances, and design clearances of
running with lubrication between the worm threads the housing and mounting components. These
and gear teeth. Backlash also allows for expansion include:
of the worm threads and the gear teeth during
-- Worm bearing endplay: The bearing endplay
operation, and for manufacturing tolerances of the
or clearance for tapered roller bearings results in
worm and gear including tooth thickness and runout.
axial and radial movement of the worm. Bearing
Backlash should be kept to a minimum in the design endplay adds directly to the backlash of the gear-
of the assembled gearset to minimize dynamic set to increase assembled backlash. Angular
loading of the gear teeth and worm threads in load contact (ball) bearings usually do not have end-
reversal applications. Gearset backlash will in- play.
crease slightly after initial operation and run--in (see -- Gear bearing endplay: Tapered roller bear-
clause 7) and gradually over the life of the gearset as ings on the gearshaft operate at slow speed and
wear occurs. are generally set with zero clearance to slightly
preloaded. Even if there is a slight amount of end-
3.5.1 Gearset backlash
play in the gear bearings, it will have very little ef-
Gearset backlash is defined as the rotational gear fect on reducer backlash.
movement at a specified radius with the worm and -- Housing center distance: The manufacturing
gear on designed center distance, properly posi- tolerance on housing center distance will affect
tioned and the worm held stationary. This value is backlash. If the housing center distance is greater
generally converted to arc minutes or degrees. See than the design center distance (open condition),
table C.1 in annex C. reducer assembled backlash will increase. If it is

11
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

less than the design center distance (closed con- sembled reducer backlash values based on mid--
dition), assembled backlash will decrease. range tolerances.
-- Fits between bearing supports and bearings: Assembled backlash is measured by: locking the
If the worm or gear bearing outer race is mounted worm so that it cannot rotate, yet leaving it free to
in the housing bore, there is a slight clearance be- move axially; rotating the gearshaft in both directions
tween the housing bore and the outside diameter through the backlash; and, using a dial indicator to
of the bearing race for assembly purposes. If the determine the amount of gearshaft movement in
worm or gear bearing is mounted in a bearing car- inches at a measured radius. When rotating the
rier, the outer race is generally a press fit in the gearshaft, it is important to apply sufficient torque to
bore of the carrier, but there is a slight clearance the gearshaft in both directions to “seat” the worm
between the outside diameter of the bearing bearings and obtain an accurate measurement of
carrier and the housing bore for assembly pur- backlash. See annex C for additional information on
poses. These clearances allow the worm and measuring backlash.
gear to separate slightly (increase center
distance) under load increasing the backlash of 3.5.3 Low backlash
the reducer. Many manufacturers offer gearsets or reducers with
reduced backlash, near zero and zero backlash for
-- Worm and gear bearing runout: Runout in the
applications requiring accurate positioning, or a
bearings results in slight opening and closing of
minimum of “lost motion” when reversing.
the gearset center distance and a corresponding
increase and decrease in assembled backlash for Low backlash gearsets are manufactured with less
each revolution of the worm and gear. backlash than standard products, by increasing
tooth or thread thickness. Backlash may be
-- Worm, gear and gearshaft runout: Runout
specified by the manufacturer or the purchaser.
between the worm pitch circle and the worm bear-
ing diameters, runout between the gear pitch Backlash increases with gear wear. Low backlash
circle and the gear bore, and runout between the gearsets or reducers should be selected using a
gear diameter and bearing diameters on the gear- service factor at least 20% higher than normal to
shaft will all slightly add to or subtract from as- minimize wear.
sembled backlash during rotation of the 3.5.4 Low backlash reducers
components as the center distance opens or
Low backlash reducers are equipped with a low
closes.
backlash gearset as described above and may
-- Temperature: When the reducer is operating include the following features:
under load, the worm, gear, housing and related
-- Reduced worm bearing endplay: A reduction
components all expand as the reducer comes up
in worm bearing endplay provides an equivalent
to operating temperature. Although each compo-
reduction in reducer backlash measured at the
nent reacts differently because of nonuniform
gear pitch circle. When using tapered roller bear-
temperature distribution throughout the reducer, if
ings, the standard endplay may be reduced de-
the reducer operates continuously at a stabilized
pending on reducer duty cycle, speed, loading
temperature, most of the steel and cast iron com-
and operating temperature. When using angular
ponents will expand about the same amount and
contact (ball) bearings, endplay can be reduced to
operating clearances will be similar to what they
zero.
were when the unit was cold. However, the
bronze gear will expand approximately 50% more -- Precision bearings: Bearings with reduced
than the cast iron and steel components, which runout will reduce the backlash variation of the
may result in a slight decrease in assembled speed reducer.
backlash with the unit at operating temperature. -- Closing center distance: Closing the center
distance of a low backlash gearset slightly will de-
Each of the above items will affect the assembled crease reducer backlash. Attempts to reduce the
backlash. However, it is highly unlikely that all of the center distance by more than a small amount will
tolerances and fits will combine to increase backlash distort the gearset contact and cause increased
to the maximum possible or decrease backlash to wear. Reducing the center distance can also re-
the minimum possible amount. Speed reducer sult in “bottoming” the throat of the worm or gear in
manufacturers generally publish nominal as- the root of the mating part.

12
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

3.5.5 Zero backlash gearsets and reducers teeth for single--threaded worms is limited only by
manufacturing considerations.
These products are highly engineered and each
application must be reviewed with the manufacturer:
Table 2 -- Recommended number of gear teeth
-- Split worms: The worms for these gearsets
are split through the transverse plane with the Maximum
floating half of the worm threads preloaded number of
through the worm bearings against the gear teeth. Center distance, gear teeth
This arrangement provides zero backlash and ac- inches Minimum with multiple
commodates wear as it occurs in the gearset and From Less number of threaded
worm bearings. Additional input torque is re- than gear teeth worms
quired to overcome the preload between the 1.5 -- 2.5 24 40
worm and gear. 2.5 -- 3.5 24 50
-- Split gears: The gears are split through the 3.5 -- 6.0 30 50
central plane with the floating half of the gear 6.0 -- 13.0 40 60
preloaded against the worm threads. This 13.0 -- 19.0 50 60
arrangement provides zero backlash and accom- 19.0 -- 23.0 50 70
modates wear as it occurs in the gearset. Addi-
23.0 -- Larger 60 80
tional input torque is required to overcome the
preload between the worm and gear.
4.2 Number of threads in worm, NW
The number of teeth in the gear and the ratio will
4 Gearset design determine the number of threads for the worm.
Generally, one to ten threads are used. In special
cases a larger number of threads may be required.
Design data is presented as steps arranged in the
same order that a designer would normally use to N
N W = mG (1)
calculate dimensions of the gearing. It is recognized G
that these steps will not always be followed in the where
same sequence, being dependent on the known
NW is the number of threads in worm;
factors and requirements for the gearing. The ratio
and center distance should be established prior to NG is the number of teeth in gear;
the start of the design. mG is the gear ratio.
If a new gearset is being designed as part of a 4.3 Worm pitch diameter, DW
standard product line, the dimensions of the stan- The first approximation of worm pitch diameter is:
dard worm and gear blank should be considered
0.875
when determining gearset proportions. DW = C (2)
2.2
The following design information is presented to where
establish the basic worm and gear proportions for a
DW is the worm pitch diameter in transverse
globoidal gearset. All of the design data applies to plane, in;
the Hindley design. Some of this information is also
C is the center distance, in.
used to calculate worm and gear proportions for the
full contact design. This value may be adjusted after calculating the
worm root stress.
4.1 Number of teeth in gear, NG
4.4 Minimum worm root diameter, DRW
The number of teeth in the gear is influenced to a
0.875
large extent by center distance. In order to achieve D RW = C (3)
3
proper tooth proportions, the number of teeth in the
gear should be selected from table 2. Special where
applications may require selecting a different num- DRW is the worm root diameter in transverse
ber of gear teeth. The maximum number of gear plane, in.

13
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

4.5 Gear pitch diameter, DG 4.12 Clearance worm and gear, cW, cG

D G = 2C − D W (4) c W = h tW − h k (11)

where c G = h tG − h k (12)

DG is the gear pitch diameter in central plane, in. where

cW is the clearance in the worm, in;
4.6 Circular pitch, p
cG is the clearance in the gear, in.
π DG
p= (5) 4.13 Dedendum worm and gear, bW, bG
NG
b W = h tW − a W (13)
where
b G = h tG − a G (14)
p is the circular pitch, in.
where
4.7 Lead angle at the pitch point of the worm, λp bW is the dedendum of worm thread, in;
DG bG is the dedendum of gear tooth, in.
λ p = tan −1 (6)
D W mG 4.14 Worm throat diameter, DtW
where D tW = D W + 2 a W (15)
λp is the lead angle at pitch point, degrees. where
4.8 Normal circular pitch, pn DtW is the worm throat diameter in transverse
plane, in.
p n = p cos λ p (7)
4.15 Worm root diameter, DRW
where D RW = D W − 2b W (16)
pn is the normal circular pitch, in. The root diameter obtained in this equation should
4.9 Whole depth, htW, tG be compared to the value obtained from equation 3.
If the value obtained from equation 16 is less than the
p
h tW = h tG = n (8) minimum, reducing the gear pitch diameter until the
2 worm root diameter meets the minimum require-
where ment, or increasing the number of gear teeth, should
be considered.
htW is the whole depth of worm thread, in;
In order to obtain optimum tooth proportions, it is
htG is the whole depth of gear tooth, in.
desirable that the worm root diameter should not be
The value obtained in this equation is a starting point less than that indicated by the above equation. For
and may be varied to suit the design. The whole ratios less than 8 to 1, the worm root diameter may
depth of the worm is generally equal to the whole be increased. This increase may vary up to 15
depth of the gear. percent for a 3 to 1 ratio, and is done for manufactur-
ing purposes.
4.10 Working depth worm and gear, hk
NOTE: When the final worm root diameter is deter-
h k = 0.9 h tW = 0.9 htG (9) mined, the combined bending and torsional stress must
be calculated to insure adequate strength.
where
4.16 Normal pressure angle, Ôn
hk is the working depth of tooth, in.
The normal pressure angle is generally 20 to 25
4.11 Addendum worm and gear, aW, G degrees.
h 4.17 Axial pressure angle, Ôx
aW = aG = k (10)
2 tan Ô n
Ô x = tan −1 (17)
where cos λ p
aW is the addendum of worm thread, in; where
aG is the addendum of gear tooth, in. Ôx is the axial pressure angle, degrees;

14
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Ôn is the normal pressure angle, degrees. effective length of the worm thread will reduce the
rating of the gearset.
4.18 Worm thread and gear tooth thickness
Effective worm thread length
It is common practice in globoidal wormgearing to
proportion the gear tooth and worm thread thickness Z = D b − 0.02 C (19)
as follows: the axial gear tooth thickness, txG, is where
generally 55 percent of the circular pitch, and the
Z is the effective worm thread length, in.
axial worm thread thickness, txW, is 45 percent of the
circular pitch. The backlash of the gearset is 4.22 Worm outside diameter, DoW
subtracted from the axial worm thread thickness. The worm outside diameter is generally scaled from
This practice will produce greater tooth strength in the gearset layout. If a worm will be manufactured
the gear, which is the limiting member. See annex C from a standard blank, this also must be considered
for backlash. in the gearset design.
4.19 Base diameter for Hindley design only, Db 4.23 Worm flat, fW


D b = D G sin Ô x +
180 t xG
p NG
 (18) fW =
p
5.5
(20)

where
where
fW is the length of flat on outside diameter of
Db is the base diameter (Hindley design), in; worm, in.
txG is the axial gear tooth thickness, in. 4.24 Gear face width, FG
The base circle can be determined using equation 18 The face width of the gear is generally equal to or
or constructed from a layout as shown in figure 2. slightly less than the root diameter of the worm.
The base circle lies in the central plane. After laying Additional face width will not increase the rating, and
out the centerline of the worm and gear, the line of is wasteful of material. Conversely, significant
centers and the gear pitch circle, measure along the reduction of face width will reduce gearset rating.
common worm and gear pitch circle to the right or left
4.25 Gear root form radius, erG
of the line of centers an amount equal to 27.5 percent
of the circular pitch, p. Through the point thus To construct the gear root form radius, add twice the
established, and at an angle to the line of centers clearance to 0.5 times the worm throat diameter and
equal to the axial pressure angle, Ôx, extend a line lay this distance out along the centerline of the gear
upward. A circle tangent to this line and concentric to from the root of the gear tooth. Draw a radius from
the gear axis is the base circle. this point to the gear faces.
4.20 Tooth or thread profile for Hindley design Gear root form radius
only e rG = 2c G + 0.5 D tW (21)
The thread profile is usually straight in the central where
plane, but any other form may be used. Because
erG is the gear root form radius, in.
there is no rolling action up or down the flanks, the
profile is unimportant except that it must be the same 4.26 Gear face angle
on the worm and hob. The straight--sided tooth
The gear face angle is typically 30° -- 35°. If the gear
provides the greatest ease of manufacture and
will be manufactured from a standard blank, this
checking, for both gearsets and cutting tools.
must also be considered in the design.
4.21 Effective worm thread length for Hindley
4.27 Worm face angle
design only, Z
The worm face angle is typically 30° -- 45°. If the
The effective length of the worm thread should be the worm will be manufactured from a standard blank,
base diameter, minus approximately 0.02 times this must also be considered in the design.
center distance. The worm thread extending beyond
the effective length must be relieved to prevent 4.28 Worm throat form radius, etW
interference. The effective length cannot extend The worm throat form radius is generally selected by
outside of the base circle. Significantly reducing the judgement when the worm outside diameter is

15
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

scaled from the gearset layout. If a worm will be ratio and 30:1 ratio Hindley designs are shown in
manufactured from a standard blank, this also must figures 9 and 10. Contact patterns for full contact
be considered. An approximate value for the worm design gearsets do not vary significantly with ratio. A
throat form radius is: 30:1 ratio full contact design is shown in figure 11.

 D
e tW = 1.06 C − tW
2
 (22)

where 7 Run--in procedures

etW is the worm throat form radius, in.

The running--in of globoidal wormgearing immedi-
4.29 Gear throat form radius, etG ately after installation of new gearing may not always
The gear throat form radius is struck from the same be necessary, but doing so is certainly
point as the gear root form radius, but is shorter in advantageous.
length by one whole depth. When the gearing is correctly designed for its load
e tG = e rG − h tG (23) conditions and properly manufactured, there is
generally no difficulty if its full load is applied from the
where start. However, there are advantages to be gained
etG is the gear throat form radius, in. from an initial running under part load, followed by a
gradual build--up to full load.
7.1 Results of run--in
5 Self--locking
No matter how well finished wormgearing surfaces
may be, they do require some time to run in to
A gearset is said to be self--locking or non--backdriv- conform and achieve a work hardened surface on
ing when torque applied at the low speed shaft will the bronze. The gearing has a better chance of
not result in motion from a static condition. All providing maximum performance if the initial work-
gearsets will backdrive to some degree if they are in ing can be done gradually.
motion. It is not accepted practice to consider any
worm gearset to be statically self--locking. 7.2 Initial running at full load

A test of a particular gearset in its actual operating An immediate application of full load or overloads,
environment will not provide complete assurance of due to new driven equipment, concentrates high
self--locking since, after running, the gear teeth will contact pressures on small areas which may cause
become polished, increasing the probability for some temporary damage to the surfaces and may
backdriving. To ensure irreversibility, a suitable cause high local surface temperatures. The tempo-
brake must be used. rary damage to the gear bronze surfaces will often
“heal” after continued running at full or less than full
load. The run--in of wormgearing at gradually
increasing loads can prevent the occurrence of such
6 Adjustments and contact patterns of surface damage.
globoidal wormgearing
7.3 Recommended run--in period

Globoidal gearsets must be positioned properly at Experience of testing and running of wormgearing
assembly to obtain the desired contact between the indicates that the initial friction is 10 to 15 percent
worm threads and gear teeth. Gearset mountings higher than that which will be obtained after run--in is
should allow for adjustment of the worm in the worm completed. The first few hours of operation at
axial direction (worm end position), and the gear in gradually increasing loads reduces the friction and
the gear axial direction (gear side position). the efficiency settles down to a steady figure after
about 10 --100 hours of operation, depending on the
Figures 9 through 11 illustrate examples of correct
size and speed of the gearing.
contact patterns before and after run--in, and incor-
rect contact patterns with the worm off end position A reasonable run--in procedure is to apply approxi-
and the gear off side position. The contact patterns mately one--half load for a few hours and then to
for Hindley design gearsets vary with ratio. The 10:1 increase the load in at least two stages.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Correct contact pattern before running--in. Correct contact pattern after running--in.

How to correct for “worm off end position”. How to to correct for “gear off side position”.
Figure 9 -- Hindley design, 4” C.D., 10:1 ratio, 3 threads, 30 teeth

7.4 Gear pitting globoidal wormgearing designed in accordance with

The surface damage occurring during initial running, clause 4 of this standard. This procedure is taken
whether at full load or reduced load, and described in from ANSI/AGMA 6017--E86.
7.2 may result in scattered corrective pitting on the
gear tooth surfaces after 500 -- 1000 hours of 8.1 Input power rating of gearing
additional operation. Laboratory load testing of even
extensively pitted bronze gears has shown that 8.1.1 Type of service
accuracy of motion transmission, gearing efficiency,
noise level, load capacity, and the heat generated The input power rating formula contained in this
may not be significantly affected by the presence of section develops a horsepower value applicable to a
such pitting. unity (1.0) service factor. A service factor of 1.0
applies to the following operating conditions:

8 Rating and efficiency -- uniform load, free of shock pulses;

The rating procedure in clause 8 is applicable to -- continuous service up to 10 hours per day.

17
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Correct contact pattern before running--in. Correct contact pattern after running--in.

How to correct for “worm off end position”. How to to correct for “gear off side position”.

Figure 10 -- Hindley design, 4” C.D., 30:1 ratio, 1 thread, 30 teeth

8.1.2 Starting loads and momentary overloads seconds duration and may occur when the reducer is
starting, running, stopping, or in a static condition.
Starting loads and momentary overloads up to 300
percent of the input power rating are permissible.
The reducer and its components must be designed 8.1.2.2 Frequency of application
for this 300% overload condition. Loads in excess of
300% can result in reducer failure. Since momentary overloads can result in stresses at
the mesh and in other reducer components that
8.1.2.1 Duration of starting loads and
exceed the endurance limit of the materials used, the
momentary overloads
total number of applications of momentary overloads
These loads are applied to a reducer for one to two should not exceed 25 000 over the life of the reducer.

18
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Correct contact pattern before running--in. Correct contact pattern after running--in.

How to correct for “worm off end position”. How to to correct for “gear off side position”.

Figure 11 -- Full contact design, 4” C.D., 30:1 ratio, 1 thread, 30 teeth

8.1.2.3 Life 8.1.3 Fundamental rating formula for surface

durability
When the appropriate service factor is selected, and The equation for input power rating includes factors
proper lubrication and maintenance practices are for ratio, pressure, size, face width, material, and
followed, experience shows that nominal wormgear sliding velocity of the worm. The equation is:
service life of 25 000 hours will be attained. If a
P W = mn C s C m C a C v (24)
service life of greater than 25 000 hours is required, a G
higher service factor than specified in annex D, shall where
be used. If a lower service life than 25 000 hours is
PW is the input power rating, hp;
acceptable, a lower service factor than specified in
annex D can be used if the manufacturer is consulted n is the rotational speed of worm, rpm;
about the particular gearing being used. Cs is the basic pressure factor;

19
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Cm is the ratio correction factor; divided by the efficiencies of all preceding stages.
Ca is the face width and material factor; Typical efficiencies for globoidal gearing are shown
in annex F. The efficiency can vary substantially
Cv is the velocity factor.
depending on center distance, reduction ratio and
8.1.4 Empirical factors speed. The efficiencies for stages not covered by
this standard should be established using the
Values of empirical factors used in the above
applicable standard as stated in 8.2.1.
equation are obtained as follows:
-- basic pressure factor, Cs, is to be selected The unit rating is the lesser of the following:
from table 3; -- Input power rating (1st stage)
-- ratio correction factor, Cm, is to be selected Input power rating (2nd stage)
from table 4; --
Efficiency (1st stage)
-- face width and material factor, Ca, is to be se-
Input power rating (3rd stage)
lected from table 5; --
Efficiency (1st stage) × Efficiency (2nd stage)
-- velocity factor, Cv, is to be selected from table
6, using sliding velocity, v. Table 3 -- Basic pressure factor, Cs
π D tW n
v= (25) Center distance, C Basic pressure factor,
12 cos λ p inches Cs
where 2.000 0.0852
2.500 0.1560
v is the sliding velocity, fpm.
3.000 0.2553
8.2 Input power rating -- single and multiple
3.500 0.4650
reductions
4.000 0.6200
8.2.1 Rating determination 5.000 1.1500
The input power rating of each stage of a multiple 6.000 1.6630
reduction unit must be determined by considering 7.000 2.5220
each stage to be separate and connected in series. 8.000 3.6600
The input power rating of any stage of a globoidal 10.000 6.6050
speed reducer is determined from equation 24. This
12.000 10.9200
is important because one stage will be limiting and
15.000 20.5000
will establish the allowable input power rating of the
reducer. 18.000 32.9000
21.837 56.3000
The input power rating of each reduction must be
24.000 72.0000
determined at the input speed of that stage, using the
applicable AGMA document for rating that type of 26.000 89.7000
gearing. Due consideration must be given to the 28.000 109.2500
overload capacity of each reduction based on that 30.000 132.6000
type of gearing. 32.000 157.4000
8.2.2 Unit rating 34.000 185.8000
36.000 214.5000
The input rating of the unit is determined by referring
each stage of reduction back to the input shaft of the 38.000 249.6000
first stage. The input power rating of each stage is 40.000 287.3000

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Table 4 -- Ratio correction factor, Cm

Ratios 2 to 20
Ratio,
mG 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
2 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370
3 0.380 0.391 0.402 0.413 0.424 0.435 0.446 0.457 0.468 0.479
4 0.490 0.496 0.502 0.508 0.514 0.520 0.526 0.532 0.538 0.544
5 0.550 0.555 0.561 0.566 0.572 0.577 0.582 0.588 0.593 0.599
6 0.604 0.607 0.610 0.612 0.615 0.618 0.621 0.624 0.626 0.629
7 0.632 0.635 0.639 0.642 0.645 0.648 0.652 0.655 0.658 0.662
8 0.665 0.666 0.667 0.668 0.669 0.670 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.674
9 0.675 0.676 0.678 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.684 0.685 0.687 0.688
10 0.690 0.691 0.692 0.693 0.694 0.695 0.696 0.697 0.698 0.699
11 0.700 -- -- 0.701 -- -- 0.702 -- -- 0.703 -- -- 0.704 -- --
12 0.706 -- -- 0.707 -- -- 0.708 -- -- 0.710 -- -- 0.711 -- --
13 0.712 -- -- 0.713 -- -- 0.715 -- -- 0.717 -- -- 0.718 -- --
14 0.720 -- -- 0.720 -- -- 0.721 -- -- 0.722 -- -- 0.722 -- --
15 0.723 -- -- 0.724 -- -- 0.725 -- -- 0.725 -- -- 0.726 -- --
16 0.727 -- -- 0.727 -- -- 0.728 -- -- 0.728 -- -- 0.729 -- --
17 0.730 -- -- 0.730 -- -- 0.731 -- -- 0.731 -- -- 0.732 -- --
18 0.732 -- -- 0.732 -- -- 0.733 -- -- 0.733 -- -- 0.734 -- --
19 0.735 -- -- 0.735 -- -- 0.736 -- -- 0.736 -- -- 0.737 -- --
20 0.737 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ratios 20 to infinity
Ratio,
mG 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 0.737 0.739 0.739 0.740 0.741 0.742 0.743 0.744 0.745 0.745
3 0.746 -- -- 0.746 -- -- 0.747 -- -- 0.747 -- -- 0.748 -- --
4 0.748 -- -- 0.748 -- -- 0.749 -- -- 0.749 -- -- 0.750 -- --
5 0.750 -- -- 0.750 -- -- 0.751 -- -- 0.751 -- -- 0.751 -- --
6 0.751 -- -- 0.751 -- -- 0.752 -- -- 0.752 -- -- 0.752 -- --
7 0.752 -- -- 0.752 -- -- 0.7531) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
NOTE:
1) For ratios 74:1 and higher, C = 0.753.
m

Table 5 -- Face width and materials factor, Ca

(These factors apply only for materials listed in 8.8.4 and 8.8.5.)
Center distance, C Face width and Center distance, C Face width and
inches materials factor, Ca inches materials factor, Ca
2.000 0.620 18.000 1.328
2.500 0.684 21.837 1.380
3.000 0.755 24.000 1.398
3.500 0.780 26.000 1.411
4.000 0.855 28.000 1.425
5.000 0.934 30.000 1.438
6.000 1.014 32.000 1.445
7.000 1.073 34.000 1.453
8.000 1.113 36.000 1.460
10.000 1.175 38.000 1.469
12.000 1.250 40.000 1.476
15.000 1.281

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ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 6 -- Velocity factor, Cv

Values for v from 0 thru 699 fpm
v 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0.750 0.748 0.745 0.743 0.740 0.738 0.735 0.733 0.730 0.728
1 0.725 0.723 0.720 0.717 0.715 0.713 0.710 0.708 0.705 0.703
2 0.700 0.698 0.695 0.693 0.690 0.688 0.685 0.683 0.680 0.680
3 0.680 0.678 0.676 0.674 0.672 0.670 0.668 0.666 0.664 0.662
4 0.660 0.658 0.657 0.655 0.654 0.652 0.651 0.649 0.648 0.647
5 0.645 0.643 0.642 0.640 0.639 0.637 0.636 0.634 0.632 0.630
6 0.628 0.627 0.626 0.625 0.624 0.622 0.621 0.620 0.619 0.618
7 0.617 0.616 0.615 0.614 0.612 0.611 0.610 0.609 0.607 0.606
8 0.605 0.604 0.604 0.603 0.602 0.601 0.600 0.599 0.599 0.598
9 0.597 0.596 0.595 0.594 0.593 0.593 0.592 0.591 0.590 0.589
10 0.588 0.587 0.586 0.586 0.586 0.585 0.584 0.584 0.583 0.583
11 0.582 0.581 0.581 0.580 0.580 0.579 0.578 0.578 0.577 0.577
12 0.576 0.575 0.575 0.574 0.574 0.573 0.572 0.572 0.571 0.571
13 0.570 0.569 0.569 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.566 0.566 0.565 0.564
14 0.564 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.561 0.561 0.560 0.559 0.559 0.558
15 0.558 0.557 0.556 0.556 0.555 0.554 0.554 0.553 0.553 0.552
16 0.551 0.551 0.550 0.549 0.549 0.548 0.548 0.547 0.546 0.546
17 0.545 0.544 0.544 0.543 0.543 0.542 0.542 0.541 0.540 0.540
18 0.539 0.539 0.538 0.537 0.536 0.536 0.536 0.535 0.535 0.534
19 0.534 0.533 0.533 0.532 0.531 0.531 0.530 0.530 0.529 0.529
20 0.528 0.527 0.527 0.526 0.526 0.525 0.525 0.524 0.524 0.523
21 0.522 0.522 0.521 0.521 0.520 0.520 0.519 0.518 0.518 0.517
22 0.517 0.516 0.516 0.515 0.515 0.514 0.513 0.513 0.512 0.512
23 0.511 0.511 0.510 0.510 0.509 0.508 0.508 0.507 0.507 0.506
24 0.506 0.505 0.504 0.504 0.503 0.503 0.502 0.502 0.501 0.501
25 0.500 0.499 0.499 0.498 0.498 0.497 0.497 0.496 0.496 0.495
26 0.494 0.494 0.493 0.493 0.492 0.492 0.491 0.490 0.490 0.489
27 0.489 0.488 0.488 0.487 0.487 0.486 0.485 0.485 0.484 0.484
28 0.483 0.483 0.483 0.482 0.481 0.480 0.480 0.479 0.479 0.478
29 0.478 0.477 0.476 0.476 0.475 0.475 0.474 0.474 0.473 0.473
30 0.472 0.471 0.471 0.470 0.470 0.469 0.469 0.468 0.468 0.467
31 0.467 0.466 0.466 0.465 0.465 0.464 0.464 0.463 0.463 0.462
32 0.462 0.461 0.461 0.460 0.460 0.460 0.458 0.458 0.457 0.457
33 0.456 0.456 0.455 0.455 0.454 0.454 0.453 0.453 0.452 0.452
34 0.451 0.451 0.450 0.450 0.449 0.449 0.448 0.448 0.447 0.447
35 0.446 -- -- 0.445 -- -- 0.444 -- -- 0.443 -- -- 0.442 -- --
36 0.441 -- -- 0.440 -- -- 0.439 -- -- 0.438 -- -- 0.437 -- --
37 0.436 -- -- 0.435 -- -- 0.434 -- -- 0.433 -- -- 0.432 -- --
38 0.431 -- -- 0.430 -- -- 0.429 -- -- 0.428 -- -- 0.427 -- --
39 0.426 -- -- 0.425 -- -- 0.424 -- -- 0.423 -- -- 0.422 -- --
40 0.421 -- -- 0.420 -- -- 0.419 -- -- 0.418 -- -- 0.417 -- --
41 0.416 -- -- 0.415 -- -- 0.415 -- -- 0.414 -- -- 0.413 -- --
42 0.412 -- -- 0.411 -- -- 0.410 -- -- 0.409 -- -- 0.408 -- --
43 0.407 -- -- 0.406 -- -- 0.405 -- -- 0.404 -- -- 0.404 -- --
(continued)

22
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Table 6 (continued)
Values for v from 0 thru 699 fpm
v 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
44 0.403 -- -- 0.402 -- -- 0.401 -- -- 0.400 -- -- 0.399 -- --
45 0.399 -- -- 0.398 -- -- 0.397 -- -- 0.396 -- -- 0.395 -- --
46 0.395 -- -- 0.394 -- -- 0.393 -- -- 0.392 -- -- 0.391 -- --
47 0.391 -- -- 0.390 -- -- 0.389 -- -- 0.389 -- -- 0.388 -- --
48 0.387 -- -- 0.386 -- -- 0.385 -- -- 0.385 -- -- 0.384 -- --
49 0.383 -- -- 0.382 -- -- 0.381 -- -- 0.381 -- -- 0.380 -- --
50 0.380 -- -- 0.379 -- -- 0.378 -- -- 0.377 -- -- 0.376 -- --
51 0.376 -- -- 0.375 -- -- 0.374 -- -- 0.373 -- -- 0.372 -- --
52 0.372 -- -- 0.371 -- -- 0.370 -- -- 0.369 -- -- 0.369 -- --
53 0.368 -- -- 0.368 -- -- 0.367 -- -- 0.367 -- -- 0.366 -- --
54 0.366 -- -- 0.365 -- -- 0.364 -- -- 0.364 -- -- 0.363 -- --
55 0.363 -- -- 0.363 -- -- 0.362 -- -- 0.362 -- -- 0.361 -- --
56 0.360 -- -- 0.359 -- -- 0.359 -- -- 0.358 -- -- 0.357 -- --
57 0.357 -- -- 0.356 -- -- 0.356 -- -- 0.355 -- -- 0.354 -- --
58 0.354 -- -- 0.354 -- -- 0.354 -- -- 0.353 -- -- 0.353 -- --
59 0.352 -- -- 0.352 -- -- 0.351 -- -- 0.351 -- -- 0.350 -- --
60 0.350 -- -- 0.349 -- -- 0.349 -- -- 0.348 -- -- 0.348 -- --
61 0.347 -- -- 0.347 -- -- 0.346 -- -- 0.346 -- -- 0.345 -- --
62 0.344 -- -- 0.344 -- -- 0.343 -- -- 0.342 -- -- 0.342 -- --
63 0.341 -- -- 0.341 -- -- 0.340 -- -- 0.340 -- -- 0.339 -- --
64 0.338 -- -- 0.338 -- -- 0.337 -- -- 0.337 -- -- 0.336 -- --
65 0.336 -- -- 0.336 -- -- 0.335 -- -- 0.335 -- -- 0.334 -- --
66 0.334 -- -- 0.333 -- -- 0.333 -- -- 0.332 -- -- 0.332 -- --
67 0.331 -- -- 0.331 -- -- 0.330 -- -- 0.330 -- -- 0.328 -- --
68 0.328 -- -- 0.328 -- -- 0.328 -- -- 0.327 -- -- 0.327 -- --
69 0.326 -- -- 0.326 -- -- 0.326 -- -- 0.325 -- -- 0.325 -- --
Values for v from 700 thru 2900 fpm
v 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
7 0.325 0.323 0.321 0.319 0.317 0.315 0.313 0.311 0.309 0.307
8 0.305 0.302 0.300 0.298 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.291 0.289
9 0.287 0.285 0.284 0.282 0.281 0.279 0.278 0.276 0.275 0.273
10 0.272 0.270 0.269 0.267 0.265 0.264 0.263 0.261 0.260 0.259
11 0.258 0.257 0.256 0.255 0.253 0.252 0.250 0.249 0.248 0.247
12 0.245 0.244 0.243 0.242 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.237 0.236 0.235
13 0.233 0.232 0.231 0.230 0.229 0.227 0.226 0.225 0.224 0.223
14 0.222 0.220 0.219 0.218 0.217 0.216 0.215 0.214 0.213 0.212
15 0.210 0.209 0.208 0.207 0.206 0.205 0.205 0.204 0.203 0.202
16 0.202 0.201 0.200 0.199 0.198 0.198 0.197 0.196 0.195 0.194
17 0.194 0.193 0.192 0.192 0.191 0.190 0.190 0.189 0.188 0.188
18 0.187 0.186 0.186 0.185 0.185 0.184 0.183 0.183 0.182 0.182
19 0.181 0.180 0.180 0.179 0.179 0.178 0.177 0.177 0.176 0.176
20 0.175 -- -- 0.174 -- -- 0.173 -- -- 0.172 -- -- 0.171 -- --
21 0.170 -- -- 0.169 -- -- 0.168 -- -- 0.167 -- -- 0.166 -- --
22 0.165 -- -- 0.164 -- -- 0.163 -- -- 0.162 -- -- 0.161 -- --

(continued)

23
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 6 (concluded)
Values for v from 700 thru 2900 fpm
v 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
23 0.160 -- -- 0.159 -- -- 0.158 -- -- 0.158 -- -- 0.157 -- --
24 0.156 -- -- 0.155 -- -- 0.154 -- -- 0.154 -- -- 0.153 -- --
25 0.152 -- -- 0.151 -- -- 0.150 -- -- 0.150 -- -- 0.149 -- --
26 0.148 -- -- 0.147 -- -- 0.146 -- -- 0.146 -- -- 0.145 -- --
27 0.144 -- -- 0.143 -- -- 0.142 -- -- 0.142 -- -- 0.141 -- --
28 0.140 -- -- 0.139 -- -- 0.139 -- -- 0.138 -- -- 0.138 -- --
29 0.137 -- -- 0.136 -- -- 0.136 -- -- 0.135 -- -- 0.135 -- --
Values for v from 3000 thru 6000 fpm
v 000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
3 0.1340 0.1310 0.1278 0.1245 0.1215 0.1185 0.1160 0.1130 0.1105 0.1080
4 0.1060 0.1040 0.1020 0.1000 0.0984 0.0967 0.0950 0.0935 0.0920 0.0904
5 0.0889 0.0875 0.0862 0.0850 0.0840 0.0830 0.0822 0.0814 0.0806 0.0789
6 0.0790 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

8.3 Adverse applications ble for such system effects unless special provisions
are part of contract negotiations.
8.3.1 Operational conditions
NOTE: This standard does not provide any allowance
Applications involving ambient temperatures greater for the existence of resonant frequencies.
than 100°F, or less than 32°F, momentary loads in
8.3.3 Overspeeds
excess of 300% of normal rated loads, repetitive
shock loads, frequent starts and stops, external Overspeeds contributing to external transmitted
thrust loads, operation at high altitudes, worm sliding loads and dynamic loads require special analysis.
velocity in excess of 2000 feet per minute, low
8.4 Lubrication
rotational speed (worm speed of 100 rpm or less),
contaminated environments, and prime movers 8.4.1 Lubrication standard
other than alternating current electric motors, can all
Lubricants recommended for globoidal worm gear
have an effect on the speed reducer operation and
speed reducers designed in accordance with this
should be referred to the manufacturer for analysis.
specification should be compounded gear oils with
8.3.2 Resonant frequencies viscosities in accordance with ANSI/AGMA
9005--D94, Industrial Gear Lubrication. Com-
The advent of modern measuring devices and
pounded gear oils are petroleum based lubricants
analytical methods has made it possible to deter-
with 5 to 10 percent acidless tallow additives and are
mine the resonant frequencies of the total drive
sometimes referred to as “Steam Cylinder Oils”.
system and to evaluate the effect on the speed
reducer caused by operation at a speed which CAUTION: Synthetic hydrocarbons, polyglycols, and
produces excitation at these frequencies. The diesters are now being formulated into synthetic oils.
resulting dynamic (vibratory) loads within the system Extreme pressure gear lubricants (EP) are petroleum
based lubricants containing special chemical additives
will be superimposed on the normal running load of
such as sulphur and phosphorous. These lubricants
the speed reducer and other components of the should not be used unless specified or approved by the
system. Such dynamic loads can lead to destruction speed reducer manufacturer.
of the system or any of its components. In speed
8.4.2 Lubrication maintenance
reducers, these vibratory loads can lead to tooth
breakage, surface destruction of the worm or gear, It is recommended that users adhere to the reducer
shaft breakage or fatigue, helical pinion and gear manufacturer’s lubrication maintenance schedule.
distress, and bearing fatigue. The manufacturer of All gear oils deteriorate with age and temperature. A
the speed reducer is not responsible for the design of deteriorated or contaminated gear oil may ultimately
the total drive systems, and cannot be held responsi- lead to failure of the speed reducer.

24
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

8.4.3 High speed operation sufficiently below the static oil level to ensure proper
determination of sump oil temperature.
Enclosed worm gear drives operating at worm
sliding velocities greater than 2000 feet per minute 8.5.2 Auxiliary cooling
may require special lubricants, pressurized When thermal capacity is not sufficient to maintain
lubrication systems, or both. Consult the gear the indicated sump temperature, auxiliary cooling
manufacturer for recommendations. devices should be employed. Some suggested
8.4.4 Oil levels methods of auxiliary cooling are as follows:
-- fan and shroud;
With oil bath lubrication, oil levels must be estab-
lished at a level to ensure adequate lubrication of the -- cooling coils with circulating water or other
gearing and bearings. Required levels will vary with coolants in the coils;
operating conditions, mounting position, and the -- circulating sump oil through heat exchangers
configuration of slingers or oil scoops, which may be or additional oil tanks.
used. Most manufacturers will specify the oil level on
8.6 Service factors
the speed reducer itself, either by a sight glass, a
designated pipe plug, or a suitable oil level indicator. 8.6.1 Operating conditions

8.4.5 Temperature limitations When operating conditions differ from those de-
scribed in 8.1.1, an appropriate service factor must
Maximum allowable sump temperature of an operat- be applied. See 8.6.3.
ing reducer shall not exceed 200°F. Components
such as seals, shims, and gaskets may be damaged 8.6.2 Equivalent horsepower
by temperatures in excess of 200°F. Where Before an enclosed speed reducer can be designed
conditions result in a sump temperature in excess of or selected for any application, an “equivalent
200°F, consult the manufacturer for special horsepower” to be transmitted must be determined.
lubrication recommendations. In order to determine the “equivalent horsepower”,
8.5 Unit thermal rating one of two methods may be used: (1) reducer input
horsepower rating is divided by the appropriate
8.5.1 Thermal capacity service factor, or (2) either the prime mover name-
plate rating or the transmitted horsepower is multi-
Thermal capacity is defined as that input power
plied by the appropriate service factor.
which results in an oil sump temperature of 100°F
above ambient temperature or a maximum tempera- The manufacturer and user must agree upon which
ture of 200°F, whichever is less. Thermal capacity is method should dictate the selection of the gear drive.
determined by establishing the allowable input It is necessary that the gear drive selected have an
power without exceeding the allowable sump input power rating in accordance with equation 24
temperature when tested under the following equal to or in excess of this “equivalent horsepower”.
conditions. 8.6.3 Service factor table
8.5.1.1 Thermal qualifications The listed table of service factors shown in annex D
Qualifications which apply to the reducer thermal has been developed from the experience of
rating are: the reducer, when filled to specified oil manufacturers and users of gear drives for use in
level with recommended lubricant and after the unit common applications and has been found to be
has been “run--in”, is to operate continuously at rated generally satisfactory when gears are rated using
speed until the oil temperature in the reducer sump AGMA standards. It is recommended that service
has stabilized. factors for special applications be agreed upon by
the user and the gear manufacturer when variations
8.5.1.2 Temperature measurement from the table may be required.
Temperature of the lubricant is to be measured at a In addition to the table given in annex D, an analytical
level slightly below the mesh of the worm and gear. approach may be used to estimate the service factor.
Do not measure temperature at the mesh itself. The Such an approach is beyond the scope of this
point of temperature measurement must also be standard.

25
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

8.6.4 Operational characteristics and the number of stress cycles accumulated at

overload, it can be a fatigue or yield stress consider-
Some of the operational characteristics that affect
ation.
the selection of the proper service factors are listed
and discussed in 8.6.4.1 through 8.6.4.5. Applications with high torque motors and motors for
intermittent operations and applications where ex-
8.6.4.1 Types of prime movers treme repetitive shock occurs, or where high energy
loads must be absorbed, as when stalling, require
Different types of prime movers include electric
special consideration.
motors, steam or gas turbines, and internal combus-
tion engines having single or multiple cylinders. 8.6.4.5 Reliability requirement and life
Since service factors represent the normal relation- requirement
ship between gear design power rating and the Applications requiring a high degree of dependability
maximum potential transmitted horsepower, it is or unusually long life should be given careful
recommended that the service factor be applied to consideration by the user and the gear manufacturer
the nameplate horsepower rating of the prime before assigning a service factor.
mover.
8.7 Reducers used in drive systems
8.6.4.2 Starting conditions incorporating a dynamic brake
Starting conditions where high peak loads or where 8.7.1 Brake on gearshaft
frequent starts and stops occur, require special load When a dynamic brake (used to decelerate the drive
analysis. system) is mounted on the slow speed shaft or
8.6.4.3 Systems conditions gearshaft, consult the reducer manufacturer for
proper reducer selection.
An essential phase in the design of a system of
8.7.2 Brake on high speed or input shaft
rotating machinery is the analysis of the dynamic
(vibratory) response of a system to excitation forces. A dynamic brake mounted in this position can create
It is the responsibility of the system designer to very severe dynamic reaction forces because of the
perform this dynamic analysis. wide range of backdriving efficiencies of worm
gearsets. Such applications must be referred to the
The dynamic response of a system results in manufacturer for a detailed examination.
additional loads imposed on the system and relative
8.8 Speed reducer component design
motion between adjacent elements in the system.
The vibratory loads are superimposed upon the 8.8.1 Component design
mean running load in the system and, depending For operation under loads as specified in 8.1,
upon the dynamic behavior of the system, could lead components must be designed and selected to meet
to failure of the system components. the requirements of ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, Design
In a gear drive these failures could occur as tooth of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives.
breakage or severe surface destruction of the gear 8.8.2 Housings
elements, shaft breakage, or bearing failure. Housings should be oil tight and of adequate design
Any vibration analysis must consider the complete and strength for the maximum 300 percent starting
system including prime mover, gear drive, driven loads, and must not exhibit distortions which could
equipment, couplings, and foundations. The dy- adversely affect gearset alignment.
namic loads imposed upon a gear drive are the result 8.8.3 Worm thread
of the dynamic behavior of the total system and not of
The threaded portion of the worm is considered as
the gear drive alone.
gearing rather than shafting and is, therefore, not
8.6.4.4 Overloads subject to the shafting stress limitations as specified
in ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97.
Loads which are in excess of the nominal design
loads are designated as overloads. Overload can be 8.8.4 Worm material
of momentary duration, periodic, quasi steady state Worm material generally is steel, through hardened
or vibratory in nature. Depending on its magnitude to a minimum of 32 HRC, with sufficient strength to

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

resist the torsional and bending stresses imposed by consideration of both internally and externally ap-
the maximum 300 percent permitted starting loads plied loads and the limitations imposed by 8.6. The
(see 8.1.2). Other materials may be used provided externally applied loads are to be taken in the
they are adequate for the application. directions which will add their effects to those of the
internally applied loads. The overhung load capacity
8.8.5 Gear material
must be based on the weakest member of the
Wormgear material generally is chill cast or centrifu- reducer components. Overhung load computations
gally cast bronze. Generally, the bronze alloy must take into account starting and momentary
consists of 10--12 percent tin, 0--2 percent nickel, overloads. See annex E for representative overhung
and remainder copper. Other materials may be used load factors.
provided they are adequate for the application;
however, the gearset rating may be affected.

8.8.6 Oil seals

9 Gear blank design
8.8.6.1 Requirements

Globoidal reducers must be furnished with oil seals Good wormgearing design is greatly dependent on
on all shaft extensions. These seals should be proper gear blank design. The blank must properly
selected to retain the lubricant in the gearbox under support gear teeth and withstand tangential, sepa-
the normal range of applications, atmospheric rating and axial forces applied during tooth cutting
conditions, and operating conditions. and operation. The gear hub must serve as an
effective output member, in addition to supporting
8.8.6.2 Unusual operating conditions
the gear. This section will address effective blank
Dusty and corrosive atmospheres, moisture or vapor design and construction. Gear materials are dis-
laden operating conditions, high or low ambient cussed in clause 8.
temperatures, and other unusual operating condi-
9.1 Typical gear blank configuration
tions will generally require special seal compounds,
seal arrangements, or other protective measures. Figure 12 shows typical blank designs. Gear blanks
Such operating conditions should be brought to the may be solid bronze, bimetal (two dissimilar metal-
attention of the reducer manufacturer for recommen- lurgically diffused bronzes), or constructed as com-
dations. posites with bronze attached to a hub typically made
of cast iron, ductile iron or steel. For composite
8.8.7 Overhung load capacity
construction, adequate mechanical strength must
The overhung load capacity of speed reducers be assured through proper lug design or selection
covered by this standard can be determined from a and sizing of bolts, dowels, set screws or welds.

Hub Hollow Flange Ring

type shaft type type
gear gear gear gear

Figure 12 -- Gear blank types

27
 ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The amount of bronze below the root diameter is 9.3 Gear hub design
critical to properly supporting gear teeth during
Good gear hub design allows for proper support of
operation. With the exception of bimetal gears, it is gear material and output means (solid or hollow
recommended that the depth of material below the shaft). Hub diameter and length are typically
root diameter of coarse pitch gears equal 1.5 times determined by the amount of material required for
the whole depth, htG, for general conditions, with a effective keyway strength.
minimum amount of 1 times the whole depth for
Usually a single key is used for torque transfer,
applications involving light, non--shock loads. For
although multiple keys or splines are occasionally
fine pitch gears, a factor greater than 1.5 times the
used. Cross sectional thickness, especially in the
whole depth may be necessary. When using bimetal
key area, must be sufficient to support operating and
gears, the minimum distance between the root of the
shock loads. Care must be taken to properly size key
gear teeth and the theoretical bond line should be
material in order to avoid introduction of excessive
0.38 inch on 12 inch center distance and smaller tensile stresses at keyway corners. For shaft and
gears, and 0.5 inch on gears larger than 12 inch key stress values, consult ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97.
center distance.
Typical hub design includes an interference fit
between the output shaft and gear bore. The
9.2 Gear web configuration nominal interference fit is typically 0.0005 inch per
inch of shaft diameter, with a maximum interference
A web design is commonly used to reduce the fit of 0.004 inch for cast, ductile iron or steel hubs,
amount of gear blank material. The use of a conical and 0.003 inch for bronze.
configuration should be considered when a gear web Another factor in hub design is the amount of
section is a significant portion of the blank’s overall material required over the bore to prevent excessive
size (refer to figure 13, configuration 1). This design bore distortion due to keyway cutting. It is not
will add axial stiffness to the gear blanks, and it also uncommon to find bore distortion, in some cases
results in reduced stresses during the casting equal to or exceeding total bore tolerance, after
process. For smaller or hollow output shaft gear keyway cutting. This distortion does not present a
blanks, no separate web section may exist, problem in gearset operation, and will be eliminated
especially if the hub is of relatively large diameter. during press fitting in shaft assembly.

≥1.5 htG ≥1.5 htG ≥1.5 htG mb ≥1.5 htG ≥1.5 htG ≥1.5 htG

1 2 3 4 5 6
Configuration htG= Whole depth of gear tooth
number mb = 0.375 to 0.5 inch
1 Uniform material -- cast, forged or machined.
2 Composite construction -- flanged rim shrunk on and bolted to hub.
3 Bimetal construction -- metallurgically diffused bronze.
4 Composite construction -- mechanical bond -- rim cast on lugged hub.
5 Composite construction -- rim shrunk on and welded to hub.
6 Composite construction -- rim shrunk on and pinned to hub.

Figure 13 -- Typical gear blank configuration minimum rim thickness

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex A
(informative)
Basic assembly procedure
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

A.1 Purpose bearings also provide the axial positioning of the

gear.
The performance capability that is designed and
manufactured into globoidal wormgearing can only To achieve expected performance, the same care
be achieved by the correct mounting of the worm and that goes into the design of the worm, gear and blank
gear in its assembly. The purpose of this annex is to must be exercised in the design of the housing. The
provide general guidelines on proper assembly of worm and gear mountings must be designed to have
globoidal wormgearing so as to maximize its design adequate support for all operating load conditions.
capabilities.
A.2 Mounting Both the worm and the gear must be restrained
against lateral, vertical, axial and angular displace-
To achieve the correct mounting, the worm and gear ment. Excessive misalignment in any of these
must be properly located in the lateral, vertical, and directions will reduce the load carrying capacity of
axial directions relative to each other. The required the globoidal wormgear set and result in premature
shaft angle must be maintained in order to provide wear or failure.
the appropriate tooth contact pattern and backlash
allowance designed into the gearing. See figure A.1. Consideration must be given to the alignment and
concentricity of opposing bearing seats and angular
A.3 Housing
and vertical position relative to the mating gear
The housing provides the worm and gear with lateral, element axis. Bearing carriers must be designed to
vertical (center distance) and angular positioning. maintain gear element lateral, vertical and angular
The end--covers used to maintain the output shaft positions, relative to the mating gear axis.

Lateral worm
shaft angle
rotation

Vertical positioning
Axial positioning
wheel up worm backward Axial positioning
worm forward
Axial positioning
Axial positioning wheel backward
wheel forward

Vertical worm
shaft angle
Vertical positioning rotation
wheel down

Figure A.1 -- Assembly orientation

29
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

A.4 Position tolerance A.6 Endplay check

Precise axial position and restraint of the worm and
Endplay allows for axial component thermal expan-
gear is necessary to provide the desired system
sion of the worm and gear assemblies with respect to
backlash and contact pattern of the globoidal set. In
the housing, and to prevent or minimize bearing
the assembly of a globoidal worm and gear, usually
pre--load, as temperature changes from ambient to
the only controllable adjustment is the axial position-
operating. Endplay must be established to achieve
ing of the worm and of the gear. Most designs
specific conditions at full load and operating
provide a means of shimming or other method for
temperature.
positively locating the axial position of the worm and
gear.
Assembled endplay should be kept to minimum
The gear must be axially positioned to result in it values. Gear elements supported by tapered roller
being centrally located on the worm. The worm must bearings will have radial play associated with
be axially positioned to result in it being centrally endplay. Ball, spherical and cylindrical roller bear-
located on the gear. The final positions are ings need only be addressed from an axial gear
established when correct gearset backlash and element position standpoint. Bearing races must be
contact patterns are achieved. fully seated in the housing and on the shaft when
assembling units.
A.5 Contact pattern check
The two basic objectives of a correct contact pattern Endplay is checked by positioning a dial indicator at
are adequate contact area and its location, and an oil the end of the gear element shaft having its pointer
entry gap to precede the mesh. This is a visual parallel to the shaft axis. A slight axial back--and--
determination. Figure A.2 provides some general forth force is applied to the shaft to obtain movement.
information on contact patterns for full contact For best results, the shaft should be rotated a small
designs: correct patterns, incorrect patterns and amount to seat the bearing rollers as readings are
means of adjustment. See clause 6 for contact taken. The amount of endplay is read directly from
patterns for Hindley designs. the dial indicator.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Correct contact patterns on worm and gear (before running--in)

Adjusting direction of worm Adjusting direction of worm

Adjusting direction of gear

Adjusting direction of gear

Figure A.2 -- Contact patterns on worm and gear for full contact design (before running--in)

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ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Annex B
(informative)
Analysis of gearing forces, worm bending stress and deflection of globoidal wormgearing
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

B.1 Purpose B.2.1 Gear tangential force

Gearing mesh forces between the worm and gear The gear tangential force component, which is the
exist which must be analyzed in order to: worm axial thrust component, is determined as
follows:
-- assure adequate worm root diameter design
selection; 2 TG
W tG = = W aW (B.1)
-- calculate housing and bolt stresses; D mG

-- calculate bearing loading and bearing life. where

The purpose of this annex is to provide a means for WtG is the gear tangential force component, lb;
calculating such forces. TG is the gear torque, lb in;
B.2 Tangential, separating and axial thrust DmG is the gear mean diameter, in;
forces D mG = 2C − D mW
WaW is the worm axial thrust force component, lb;
A globoidal gearset transmitting power is subject to
reaction forces at the contact mesh as shown in C is the center distance, in;
figure B.1. These forces are assumed to act at the DmW is the worm mean diameter, in.
mean point of the mesh. D mW = D tW − h k

WsG

WtW WaG
WaW WtG

DmW

WsW
Figure B.1 -- Gearing mesh forces

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02


 
B.2.2 Separating force 2
W aW D mW W sW L A
RB = −
The mesh separating force component which tends 2 L A + L B L A + L B
to push apart the gear and worm in mesh, and which 


acts parallel to the line of centers is determined as 0.5


2
follows:
W tW L A
+
W sG = W tG tan Ô x = W sW (B.2) L A + L B
(B.5)
where
where
WsG is the gear separating force component, lb;
RA is the radial reaction force of bearing A, lb;
Ôx is the axial pressure angle at the pitch point,
degrees; RB is the radial reaction force of bearing B, lb;
LA is the distance from the pitch point or line of
WsW is the worm separating force component, lb. centers to the effective load center of
bearing A, in;
B.2.3 Gear axial thrust force
LB is the distance from the pitch point or line of
The thrust force component acting axially along the centers to the effective load center of
gear shaft axis is determined as follows: bearing B, in.
NOTE: The location of the effective load center is de-
2 TW pendent on the type of bearing used.
W aG = = W tW (B.3)
D mW
B.4 Worm bending stress
where Once the worm shaft bearing reactions have been
determined, the globoidal worm bending stress can
WaG is the gear axial thrust force component, lb;
be calculated by considering the worm as having a
TW is the worm torque, lb--in; diameter equal to the worm root diameter at the line
T of centers. Refer to figure B.3 showing an equivalent
T W = m Gη beam for the worm shaft.
G
The worm shaft bending moment is calculated as:
WtW is the worm tangential force component, lb;
M = RA L A
(B.6)
η is the efficiency.
M = RB L B
B.3 Worm shaft bearing reactions NOTE: Select the magnitude of M which is the greater
of the 2 values above.
Referring to figure B.2, the previously calculated 32M
Sb = 3 (B.7)
mesh force reactions can be used to determine the
πD RW
worm shaft bearing load reactions. Bearing reac-
tions, RA and RB, are calculated as shown in where
equations B.4 and B.5.
Sb is the worm bending stress, lb/in2;

 M is the worm shaft bending moment, lb in;

 
2
W aW D mW W sW L B
RA =
DRW is the worm root diameter, in.
+
2 L A + L B L A + L B
 B.4.1 Allowable worm bending stress


0.5 The worm bending stress must be less than 17% of


2
the ultimate tensile strength of the core material of
W tW L B
+ the worm for the normal running torque of the
L A + L B gearset. In addition, it must be less than 75% of the
(B.4)
yield strength of the core material of the worm for
maximum momentary overload torque which the

33
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

gearset must withstand. These allowable stress If calculated worm bending stresses exceed the
levels are conservative values that reflect the usual allowable worm bending stress, the worm design
stress concentration factors and torsional stresses must be revised. Design changes include, but are
present in the worm threaded portion of the worm not limited to: higher strength worm material,
shaft. For the definition of “momentary overload”, increased root diameter, reduced pressure angle,
refer to 8.1.2. and reduced bearing span.

Effective
bearing
load center

Bearing Bearing
A B

LA LB

L
RA RB

Figure B.2 -- Wormshaft bearing reactions

34
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Line of
centers

DRW

RA L RB

DRW

F
Figure B.3 -- Equivalent beam for the wormshaft

B.5 Worm deflection E is the modulus of elasticity of the worm core

material, lb/in2 (for steel E = 30,000,000
A conservative and approximate value of worm lb/in2);
deflection can be calculated by using the equivalent
beam method previously mentioned and shown in I is the moment of inertia of the circular cross
figure B.3 above. The procedure basically involves section of the worm at the root diameter, in4;
the calculation of the equivalent force, F, shown in k is the location factor of the equivalent load,
figure B.3, and based on this value, finding the worm with k = the greater of RA or RB.
deflection, y. See equations B.8 and B.9. F F
4
F = RA + RB (B.8) π D RW
I= (B.10)
where 64
B.5.1 Allowable worm deflection
F is the equivalent force, lb;
For normal operating load conditions, the maximum
3
3

y = FL (1 − k) 2 − 12
3EI 3k 3k
 2
(B.9)
allowable deflection of the worm shaft must follow
the relationship shown below in order to limit the
amount of worm and gear contact shift to acceptable
where values.
y is the worm deflection in the central plane, y ≤ 0.005 p ...(B.11)
in;
where
L is the bearing span of the worm shaft
bearings, in; p is the circular pitch of the worm threads, in.

35
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

If calculated worm deflection exceeds the allowable

worm deflection based on the circular pitch shown
above, a more detailed analysis is required or the
worm design must be revised. Design changes
include, but are not limited to: increased root
diameter, reduced pressure angle, and reduced
bearing span.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex C
(informative)
Backlash measurement
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

Backlash allows for worm and gear runout and Backlash is commonly measured by holding the
thermal expansion of the material. This is particular- worm stationary and rotating the gear in both
ly important in globoidal gearsets because of their directions. The rotational movement of the gear is
unique double enveloping fit, their high load carrying measured by a dial indicator having its pointer in the
capacity, and sliding action. plane of rotation at or near the gear pitch circle, and
Backlash will slightly increase from the initial value parallel to a tangent to the pitch circle of the gear.
achieved during assembly to the final amount after The measured value is generally converted to arc
the gear profile has developed to match the worm minutes or degrees based on the radius of arc
thread during the initial run--in period. movement (see table C.1).
Table C.1 -- Measured backlash conversion
Measurement at reference radius, inch
Arc minutes Degrees 3 6 12 24
1 0.0167 0.0009 0.0017 0.0035 0.0070
2 0.0333 0.0017 0.0035 0.0070 0.0140
3 0.0500 0.0026 0.0052 0.0105 0.0209
4 0.0667 0.0035 0.0070 0.0140 0.0279
5 0.0833 0.0044 0.0087 0.0175 0.0349
6 0.1000 0.0052 0.0105 0.0209 0.0419
7 0.1167 0.0061 0.0122 0.0244 0.0489
8 0.1333 0.0070 0.0140 0.0279 0.0559
9 0.1500 0.0079 0.0157 0.0314 0.0628
10 0.1667 0.0087 0.0175 0.0349 0.0698
11 0.1833 0.0096 0.0192 0.0384 0.0768
12 0.2000 0.0105 0.0209 0.0419 0.0838
13 0.2167 0.0113 0.0227 0.0454 0.0908
14 0.2333 0.0122 0.0244 0.0489 0.0977
15 0.2500 0.0131 0.0262 0.0524 0.1047
16 0.2667 0.0140 0.0279 0.0559 0.1117
17 0.2833 0.0148 0.0297 0.0593 0.1187
18 0.3000 0.0157 0.0314 0.0628 0.1257
19 0.3167 0.0166 0.0332 0.0663 0.1326
20 0.3333 0.0175 0.0349 0.0698 0.1396
21 0.3500 0.0183 0.0367 0.0733 0.1466
22 0.3667 0.0192 0.0384 0.0768 0.1536
23 0.3833 0.0201 0.0401 0.0803 0.1606
24 0.4000 0.0209 0.0419 0.0838 0.1676
25 0.4167 0.0218 0.0436 0.0873 0.1745
26 0.4333 0.0227 0.0454 0.0908 0.1815
27 0.4500 0.0236 0.0471 0.0942 0.1885
28 0.4667 0.0244 0.0489 0.0977 0.1955
29 0.4833 0.0253 0.0506 0.1012 0.2025
30 0.5000 0.0262 0.0524 0.1047 0.2094

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ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

If the housing does not allow for direct measurement manufacturing and assembly variations. Variations
by the dial indicator on the pitch circle diameter (DG) in tooth profiles will cause a change in backlash at
of the teeth, a fixture can be made with an indicator different phases of tooth engagement. Worm and
located at some reference radius. This can be gear position variations that will affect backlash
mounted on the free end of the output shaft with the include vertical, lateral and worm shaft angle varia-
measurement taken there. tions. Runout of the worm and gear assemblies may
cause substantial differences between the minimum
Backlash may vary from gearset to gearset due to and maximum backlash at different positions.

38
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex D
(informative)
Service factors
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

D.1 Purpose recommended that service factors for special ap-

The listed table of service factors has been devel- plications be agreed upon by the user and the gear
oped from the experience of manufacturers and manufacturer when variations of the table may be
users of gear drives for use in common applications required. See 8.6 for some of the operational
and has been found to be generally satisfactory characteristics that affect selection of proper service
when gears are rated using AGMA standards. It is factors.

Table D.1 -- Service factors

Hours/Day Uniform Moderate shock Heavy shock Extreme shock

1/2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2
2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3
10 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5
24 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.75
NOTE:
Thermal capacity must always be considered. See 8.5.

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ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex E
(informative)
Overhung load factors
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

E.1 Purpose Table E.1 -- Overhung load factors

Drive type1) Koh

This annex is included to provide appropriate factors
Single or multiple chain 1.00
for estimating purposes for speed reducers config-
Cut pinion run with cut gear 1.25
ured with overhung load.
Synchronous belt2) 1.30
Single or multiple V--belt 1.50
E.2 Overhung load factor
V--ribbed belt 1.70
Flat belt 2.50
When a chain, gear, or belt drive is mounted on the
NOTES:
input or output shaft, the applied overhung load is 1) For other drive types not listed, consult the gear drive
calculated as a force, acting tangent to the pitch manufacturer.
circle of the mounted member, multiplied by the 2) Synchronous belts are toothed timing belts that may

applicable factor from table E.1. have various trade names and tooth profiles.

41
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex F
(informative)
Reducer efficiency
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

F.1 Purpose specific applications, and for calculating the input

horsepower ratings of multiple reduction speed
The efficiency--ratio--rpm curves shown below may
reducers.
be used when selecting reducers and motors for

Figure F.1 -- Typical efficiencies of globoidal single reduction wormgear speed reducers

NOTE: The values shown in the above curves are ambient temperatures, and excessively high or low
approximate overall reducer efficiencies which have loading will effect the efficiency of the reducer.
been determined and substantiated by extensive dy-
namometer testing. They are for a complete reducer The above curves illustrate typical efficiencies for 4 inch
and include all losses within the unit from oil churning, through 8 inch center distance reducers. Smaller sizes
oil seals, and bearing drag. The efficiencies shown are have efficiencies slightly less than above and larger
based on 1.0 service factor loading with the unit at nor- sizes have efficiencies slightly greater than above. If
mal operating temperature and with an approved lubri- precise efficiency information is needed, consult the
cant. Varying conditions such as extremely cold or hot manufacturer.

43
ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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44
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02

Annex G
(informative)
Formulas for rating factors
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02, Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.]

G.1 Purpose For a ratio, mG, greater than 6 and and less than or
equal to 8:
The purpose of this annex is to provide formulas for
the rating factors given in tables 3, 4 and 5, which can 1
Cm = (G.10)
be used if the rating formula is programmed for 2.111389 − 0.075855 m G
computer solution. The use of these formulas will
result in values of factors Cs, Cm and Ca approxi- For a ratio, mG, greater than 8 and less than or equal
mately equal to those obtained from the appropriate to 11:
tables.
C m = e −0.5540175 e 0.0180814 m G (G.11)
G.2 Table 3 -- Basic pressure factor, Cs, formulas
For a ratio, mG, greater than 11 and less than or equal
For center distance, C, greater than or equal to 2 to 15:
inches and less than or equal to 3 inches:
Cm = 1 (G.12)
C s = e −4.338672 C 2.7067619 (G.1)
1.246154 + 2.039188
m
For center distance, C, greater than 3 inches and G
less than or equal to 4 inches: For a ratio, mG, greater than 15 and less than or
equal to 20:
C s = 1.714961 − 4.377876 (G.2)
C
For center distance, C, greater than 4 inches and C m = e −0.4985559 m 0.0646027
G
(G.13)
less than 6 inches: For a ratio, mG, greater than 20 and less than or
C s = 0.5215 C − 1.463167 (G.3) equal to 73:
For center distance, C, greater than or equal to 6
inches and less than or equal to 12 inches:
C m = e −0.2770134 e
−0.5298417
m
G
 (G.14)
Cs = e −4.347207 C 2.7106719 (G.4)
For a ratio, mG, greater than 73:
For center distance, C, greater than 12 inches and
less than 21.837 inches: C m = 0.753 (G.15)

C s = e −4.380836 C 2.72856 (G.5) G.4 Table 5 -- Face width and material factor, Ca,
formulas
For center distance, C, greater than or equal to
21.837 inches and less than or equal to 34 inches: For a center distance, C, greater than or equal to 2
Cs = e −4.36964 C 2.72078 (G.6) inches and less than or equal to 6 inches:

For center distance, C, greater than 34 inches and C a = e −0.7882931 C 0.4478914 (G.16)
less than or equal to 40 inches: For a center distance, C, greater than 6 inches and
Cs = e −4.571009 C 2.773764 (G.7) less than or equal to 12 inches:
G.3 Table 4 -- Ratio correction factor, Cm, C a = e −0.5025085 C 0.29122965 (G.17)
formulas
For a center distance, C, greater than 12 inches and
For a ratio, mG, greater than or equal to 2 and less less than or equal to 21.837 inches:
than 4:
Ca = 1 (G.18)
C m = 0.067691 + 0.105 m G (G.8) 0.894949 − 0.007803 C
For a ratio, mG, greater than or equal to 4 and less For a center distance, C, greater than 21.837 inches
than or equal to 6: and less than or equal to 40 inches:

C m = e −1.431246 m 0.51719644
G
(G.9) C a = e 0.0042213 C 0.1046893 (G.19)

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