Statistics
and
Probability
05-04-2023
Key Terms and Concepts Used in Test
Hypothesis
➢The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
➢Level of Significance
➢Two-Tailed Test vs One-
Tailed Test
➢Rejection Region
➢Type I and Type II Errors
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
✓When the alternative
hypothesis is two-sided like
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-
tailed test.
✓When the given statistics
hypothesis assumes a less
than or greater than value, it
is called one-tailed test.
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
Example
The school registrar believes that
the average number of enrollees
this school year is not the same as
the previous school year.
Example
The school registrar believes that the average number of
enrollees this school year is not the same as the previous
school year.
Example
The school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this
school year is not the same as the previous school year.
Example
The school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this
school year is not the same as the previous school year.
Example
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
Key Terms and Concepts Used in Test
Hypothesis
➢The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
➢Level of Significance
➢Two-Tailed Test vs One-
Tailed Test
➢Rejection Region
➢Type I and Type II Errors
Illustration of the Rejection Region
✓The rejection region (or critical region) is the
set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
✓The non-rejection region (or acceptance
region) is the set of all values of the test
statistic that causes us to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
✓The critical value is a point (boundary) on the
test distribution that is compared to the test
statistic to determine if the null hypothesis
would be rejected.
Illustration of the Rejection Region
Illustration of the Rejection Region
Illustration of the Rejection Region
For Two-Tailed Test or Non-directional Test ( ≠ ), the critical
region is at the left and right sides of the acceptance region
Illustration of the Rejection Region
“The hypothesis that less than 20% of the population are
right-handed”
Ha: p < 0.20 and it indicates a left-tailed rejection
region. Illustrating it in the normal curve, we will come
up with the picture below:
Illustration of the Rejection Region
Illustration of the Rejection Region
There are two ways to test the
hypothesis: with a p-value approach
and with a critical value approach.
Here, we will consider the rejection
region with the critical value
approach. The critical value enables
us to reject or not the null hypothesis.
Also, it is calculated through alpha ( α )
levels and symbolized by Z or 𝒁𝑻𝑨𝑩 .
Approaches in Hypothesis Testing
Critical Value approach p-value approach
Computed vs. Critical p-value vs. α
5-step solution: 5-step solution:
1. Ho: ____________ 1. Ho: ____________
Ha: ____________ Ha: ____________
2. α = _____ ; Cri-value: _____ 2. α = _____ ; p-value: _____
3. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if |comp-value| ≥ |Cri-value| 3. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if p-value ≤ α
4. Decision: 4. Decision:
5. Conclusion: 5. Conclusion:
Critical Value, 𝒁𝑻𝑨𝑩
➢separates the rejection region
from the acceptance region
➢derived from the level of significance
and expressed as the standard z-
values
➢symbolized as 𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃
Critical Value, 𝒁𝑻𝑨𝑩
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
A sample of 100 students is
randomly selected from
Pinagpala High School and 18 of
them said they are left-handed.
Test the hypothesis that less than
20% of the students are left-
handed by using 𝛼 = 0.05 as
the level of significance.
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
A sample of 100 students is randomly selected from
Pinagpala High School and 18 of them said they are left-handed.
Test the hypothesis that less than 20% of the students are
left-handed by using 𝛼 = 0.05 as the level of significance.
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
The claim is made that 40% of tax
filers use computer software to file
their taxes. In a sample of 50 tax filers,
14 used computer software to file their
taxes. If Ha: p < 0.40 at α = 0.025 where
p is the population proportion who use
computer software to file their taxes.
Determine the critical value, 𝑍𝑡𝑎𝑏 and
illustrate the rejection region in the
normal curve.
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
The claim is made that 40% of tax filers use computer software to file
their taxes. In a sample of 50 tax filers, 14 used computer software to file
their taxes. If Ha: p < 0.40 at α = 0.025 where p is the population proportion
who use computer software to file their taxes. Determine the critical
value, 𝑍𝑡𝑎𝑏 and illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
In Kalinga Special Education
School, a sample of 144 students
was chosen and among them, 48 are
diagnosed with Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). At 𝛼 =
0.01, test the hypothesis that the
proportion of ADHD students in the
school is not 0.40
EXAMPLE: Illustrating Rejection Region
In Kalinga Special Education School, a sample of
144 students was chosen and among them, 48 are
diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD). At 𝛼 = 0.01, test the hypothesis that the
proportion of ADHD students in the school is not 0.40
Let’s Go Back
EXAMPLE
A medical trial is conducted
to test whether a certain
drug reduces cholesterol
level or not. Upon trial, the
computed z-value of 2.715
lies in the rejection area.
EXAMPLE
A medical trial is conducted to test whether a certain
drug reduces cholesterol level or not. Upon trial, the
computed z-value of 2.715 lies in the rejection area.
EXAMPLE
Sketch the rejection region
of the test hypothesis with
critical values of ±1.753
and determine if the
computed t-value of –1.52
lies in that region.
EXAMPLE
Sketch the rejection region of the test hypothesis with
critical values of ±1.753 and determine if the computed t-
value of –1.52 lies in that region.
Key Terms and Concepts Used in Test
Hypothesis
➢The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
➢Level of Significance
➢Two-Tailed Test vs One-
Tailed Test
➢Rejection Region
➢Type I and Type II Errors
