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9 789813 157880
 FLUID MECHANICS

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS

FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

FM_Prelims_US.indd 1 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 About the Authors

Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the

University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from
Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering
from North Carolina State University. His research areas are renewable energy,
desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and
energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center
(IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams
of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada
and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation,
waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them.
Dr. Çengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynamics: An Engi-
neering Approach, 8th edition (2015), published by McGraw-Hill Education. He is also
the coauthor of the textbook Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications,
5th Edition (2015), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid
Sciences, 5th edition (2017), both published by McGraw-Hill Education. Some of his
textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Italian,
and Greek.
Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has
received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in
authorship in 1992 and again in 2000.
Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a
member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Ameri-
can Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).

John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsyl-

vania State University, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engi-
neering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute
of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in
1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko, to whom he will be forever
grateful. His research areas include experimental and computational fluid mechan-
ics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air
quality, and air pollution control. Professor Cimbala completed sabbatical leaves
at NASA Langley Research Center (1993–94), where he advanced his knowledge
of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and at Weir American Hydo (2010–11),
where he performed CFD analyses to assist in the design of hydroturbines.
Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of three other textbooks: Indoor Air Quality Engi-
neering: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), pub-
lished by Marcel-Dekker, Inc.; Essentials of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications (2008); and Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 5th edition
(2017), both published by McGraw-Hill Education. He has also contributed to parts
of other books, and is the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference
papers. He has also recently ventured into writing novels. More information can be
found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala.
Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and
views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member of
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for
Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS).

FM_Prelims_US.indd 2 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 FLUID MECHANICS

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS

YUNUS A.
ÇENGEL
FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS Department of
Mechanical
Engineering
University of Nevada,
Reno

JOHN M.
CIMBALA
Department of
Mechanical and
Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania
State University

Adapted by

MEHMET KANOĞLU
University of Gaziantep

FM_Prelims_US.indd 3 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

Copyright ©2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2014, 2010, and 2006. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the
publisher, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance listening.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside of the United States.

This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill.

Cover Image: tcly/Shutterstock

When ordering this title, use ISBN 978-981-4821-59-9 or MHID 981-4821-59-4

FM_Prelims_US.indd 4 5/29/2019 10:23:09 AM

 N

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 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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 Brief Contents

chapter one
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS   1
chapter two
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS   37
chapter three
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS   77
chapter four
FLUID KINEMATICS  137
chapter five
BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS   189
chapter six
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS   249
chapter seven
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING   297
chapter eight
INTERNAL FLOW  351
chapter nine
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW   443
chapter ten
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES
EQUATION  519
chapter eleven
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT   611
chapter twelve
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW  667
chapter thirteen
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW  733
chapter fourteen
TURBOMACHINERY  793
chapter fifteen
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS   885

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 THIS PAGE HAS BEEN LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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 Contents

Preface xv
chapter two
chapter one PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 37
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC 2–1 Introduction 38
CONCEPTS 1 Continuum 38

1–1 Introduction 2 2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 39

Density of Ideal Gases 40
What Is a Fluid? 2
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 2–3 V apor Pressure and Cavitation 41
1–2 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 6 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 43
1–3 The No-Slip Condition 8 2–5 Compressibility and Speed of Sound 45
1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 Coefficient of Compressibility 45
Coefficient of Volume Expansion 46
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 10
Speed of Sound and Mach Number 49
Internal versus External Flow 10
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2–6 Viscosity 51
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 56
Steady versus Unsteady Flow 12 Capillary Effect 59
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 13
Uniform versus Nonuniform Flow 14 Summary 62

1–5 System and Control Volume 15 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 63

References and Suggested Reading 64
1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 16 Problems 64
Some SI and English Units 17
Dimensional Homogeneity 19
Unity Conversion Ratios 21 chapter three
1–7 Modeling in Engineering 22 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 77
1–8 Problem-Solving Technique 24
Step 1: Problem Statement 24 3–1 Pressure 78
Step 2: Schematic 24 Pressure at a Point 79
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 24 Variation of Pressure with Depth 80
Step 4: Physical Laws 24
Step 5: Properties 25 3–2 Pressure Measurement Devices 84
Step 6: Calculations 25 The Barometer 84
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 25 The Manometer 87
Other Pressure Measurement Devices 90
1–9 Engineering Software Packages 26
Equation Solvers 27 3–3 I ntroduction to Fluid Statics 91
CFD Software 28 3–4 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged
1–10 A
 ccuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 28 Plane Surfaces 92
Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 95
Raindrops Have in Common 32 3–5 H ydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved
Summary 33 Surfaces 97
References and Suggested Reading 33
Problems 33
3–6 Buoyancy and Stability 100
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 104

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 x
FLUID MECHANICS
CONTENTS

3–7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 106 The Linear Momentum Equation 190
Conservation of Energy 190
Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 108
Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 108 5–2 Conservation of Mass 191
Acceleration on a Straight Path 108
Mass and Volume Flow Rates 191
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 110
Conservation of Mass Principle 193
Summary 114 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 195
References and Suggested Reading 115 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 195
Problems 115 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 196

5–3 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 198

chapter four 5–4 The Bernoulli Equation 203
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 204
FLUID KINEMATICS 137 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 204
Force Balance across Streamlines 206
Unsteady, Compressible Flow 207
4–1 Lagrangian and Eulerian D
­ escriptions 138 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 207
Acceleration Field 140 Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 208
Material Derivative 143 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy
Grade Line (EGL) 210
4–2 Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 145 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 212
Streamlines and Streamtubes 145
Pathlines 146 5–5 General Energy Equation 219
Streaklines 148 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 220
Timelines 150 Energy Transfer by Work, W 220
Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 151
Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 152 5–6 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 223
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical
4–3 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 152 Work Devices and Negligible Friction 226
Profile Plots 153 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, 𝛼 226
Vector Plots 153
Contour Plots 154 Summary 233
References and Suggested Reading 234
4–4 Other Kinematic Descriptions 155 Problems 235
Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid ­Elements 155

4–5 Vorticity and Rotationality 160

Comparison of Two Circular Flows 163
chapter six
4–6 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 164 MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW
Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport SYSTEMS 249
Theorem 169
Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT 172
6–1 Newton’s Laws 250
Summary 172
6–2 Choosing a Control Volume 251
Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators 173
6–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 252
Application Spotlight: Smelling Food; the
­Human Airway 174 6–4 The Linear Momentum Equation 255
Special Cases 257
References and Suggested Reading 175
Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, β 257
Problems 175
Steady Flow 259
Flow with No External Forces 260

chapter five 6–5 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular

Momentum 269
BERNOULLI AND ENERGY E
­ QUATIONS 189
6–6 The Angular Momentum Equation 272
Special Cases 274
5–1 Introduction 190 Flow with No External Moments 275
N Conservation of Mass 190 Radial-Flow Devices 275
L

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 xi
CONTENTS

Application Spotlight: Manta Ray 8–5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 365

Swimming 280 Turbulent Shear Stress 366
Summary 282 Turbulent Velocity Profile 368
References and Suggested Reading 282 The Moody Chart and Its Associated
Problems 283 Equations 370
Types of Fluid Flow Problems 372

8–6 Minor Losses 379

chapter seven 8–7 Piping Networks and Pump S
­ election 386
Series and Parallel Pipes 386
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines 388
MODELING 297 8–8 Flow Rate and Velocity M
­ easurement 396
Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes 396
7–1 Dimensions and Units 298 Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi,
and Nozzle Meters 398
7–2 Dimensional Homogeneity 299 Positive Displacement Flowmeters 401
Nondimensionalization of Equations 300 Turbine Flowmeters 402
Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) 403
7–3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 305 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 404
7–4 The Method of Repeating Variables and the Electromagnetic Flowmeters 406
Vortex Flowmeters 407
Buckingham Pi Theorem 309
Thermal (Hot-Wire and Hot-Film)
Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Anemometers 408
Nondimensional Parameters 317 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 410
Particle Image Velocimetry 411
7–5 E
 xperimental Testing, Modeling, and Incomplete Introduction to Biofluid Mechanics 414
Similarity 325
Application Spotlight: PIV Applied to Cardiac
Setup of an Experiment and Correlation
Flow 420
of Experimental Data 325
Incomplete Similarity 326 Application Spotlight: Multicolor Particle
Wind Tunnel Testing 326 Shadow Velocimetry/Accelerometry 421
Flows with Free Surfaces 329
Summary 423
Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies 332 References and Suggested Reading 424
Summary 333 Problems 425
References and Suggested Reading 333
Problems 333
chapter nine
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID
chapter eight FLOW 443
INTERNAL FLOW 351
9–1 Introduction 444
8–1 Introduction 352 9–2 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity
8–2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 353 Equation 444
Reynolds Number 354 Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 445
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control ­Volume 446
8–3 The Entrance Region 355 Alternative Form of the Continuity Equation 449
Entry Lengths 356 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 450
Special Cases of the Continuity Equation 450
8–4 Laminar Flow in Pipes 357
Pressure Drop and Head Loss 359 9–3 The Stream Function 456
Effect of Gravity on Velocity and Flow Rate The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates 456
in Laminar Flow 361 The Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates 463
Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes 362 The Compressible Stream Function 464 N
x

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 xii
CONTENTS

9–4 The Differential Linear Momentum Equation— 10–6 The Boundary Layer ­Approximation 558
Cauchy’s Equation 465 The Boundary Layer Equations 563
Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 465 The Boundary Layer Procedure 568
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control ­Volume 466 Displacement Thickness 572
Alternative Form of Cauchy’s Equation 469 Momentum Thickness 575
Derivation Using Newton’s Second Law 469 Turbulent Flat Plate Boundary Layer 576
Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradients 582
9–5 The Navier–Stokes Equation 470 The Momentum Integral Technique for Boundary Layers 587
Introduction 470 Summary 595
Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian Fluids 471 References and Suggested Reading 596
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes Equation
for Incompressible, Isothermal Flow 472 Application Spotlight: Droplet Formation 597
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations Problems 598
in Cartesian Coordinates 474
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations
in Cylindrical Coordinates 475 chapter eleven
9–6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT 611
Problems 476
Calculation of the Pressure Field
for a Known Velocity Field 476 11–1 Introduction 612
Exact Solutions of the Continuity
and Navier–Stokes Equations 481
11–2 Drag and Lift 614
Differential Analysis of Biofluid Mechanics Flows 499 11–3 Friction and Pressure Drag 618
Summary 502 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 619
References and Suggested Reading 502 Flow Separation 620
Application Spotlight: The No-Slip Boundary 11–4 Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries 621
Condition 503 Biological Systems and Drag 622
Problems 504 Drag Coefficients of Vehicles 625
Superposition 627

11–5 Parallel Flow over Flat Plates 629

chapter ten Friction Coefficient 631

11–6 Flow over Cylinders and Spheres 633

APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE
Effect of Surface Roughness 636
NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION 519
11–7 Lift 638
Finite-Span Wings and Induced Drag 642
10–1 Introduction 520 Lift Generated by Spinning 643
10–2 Nondimensionalized Equations of Motion 521 Flying in Nature! 647
Summary 650
10–3 The Creeping Flow Approximation 524
Drag on a Sphere in Creeping Flow 527 Application Spotlight: Drag Reduction 652
10–4 Approximation for Inviscid Regions of Flow 529 References and Suggested Reading 653
Problems 653
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Inviscid Regions
of Flow 530

10–5 The Irrotational Flow ­Approximation 533 chapter t welve

Continuity Equation 533 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 667
Momentum Equation 535
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational
Regions of Flow 535 12–1 Stagnation Properties 668
Two-Dimensional Irrotational Regions of Flow 538
Superposition in Irrotational Regions of Flow 542 12–2 One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 671
Elementary Planar Irrotational Flows 542 Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area 673
N Irrotational Flows Formed by Superposition 549 Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases 675
L
ii

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 xiii
CONTENTS

12–3 Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 677 13–9 Flow Control and Measurement 769
Converging Nozzles 678 Underflow Gates 770
Converging–Diverging Nozzles 682 Overflow Gates 772

12–4 Shock Waves and Expansion Application Spotlight: Bridge Scour 779
Waves 685 Summary 780
Normal Shocks 686 References and Suggested Reading 781
Oblique Shocks 691 Problems 781
Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves 696

12–5 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible chapter fourteen
Friction (Rayleigh Flow) 701
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow 706
TURBOMACHINERY 793
Choked Rayleigh Flow 708

12–6 A
 diabatic Duct Flow with Friction 14–1 Classifications and Terminology 794
(Fanno Flow) 710 14–2 Pumps 796
Property Relations for Fanno Flow 713 Pump Performance Curves and Matching
Choked Fanno Flow 716 a Pump to a Piping System 797
Pump Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 803
Application Spotlight: Shock-Wave/
Pumps in Series and Parallel 806
Boundary-Layer Interactions 720 Positive-Displacement Pumps 809
Summary 721 Dynamic Pumps 812
References and Suggested Reading 722 Centrifugal Pumps 812
Problems 722 Axial Pumps 822

14–3 Pump Scaling Laws 830

Dimensional Analysis 830
chapter thirteen Pump Specific Speed 833
Affinity Laws 835
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 733
14–4 Turbines 839
Positive-Displacement Turbines 841
13–1 Classification of Open-Channel Flows 734 Dynamic Turbines 841
Uniform and Varied Flows 734 Impulse Turbines 842
Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Channels 735 Reaction Turbines 843
Gas and Steam Turbines 853
13–2 Froude Number and Wave Speed 737 Wind Turbines 853
Speed of Surface Waves 739
14–5 Turbine Scaling Laws 861
13–3 Specific Energy 741 Dimensionless Turbine Parameters 861
Turbine Specific Speed 864
13–4 Conservation of Mass and Energy
Equations 744 Application Spotlight: Rotary Fuel Atomizers 867
13–5 Uniform Flow in Channels 745 Summary 868
References and Suggested Reading 869
Critical Uniform Flow 747
Problems 869
Superposition Method for Nonuniform
Perimeters 748

13–6 Best Hydraulic Cross Sections 751 chapter fifteen

Rectangular Channels 753 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL
Trapezoidal Channels 753
FLUID DYNAMICS 885
13–7 Gradually Varied Flow 755
Liquid Surface Profiles in Open Channels, y(x) 757
Some Representative Surface Profiles 760
15–1 Introduction and Fundamentals 886
Numerical Solution of Surface Profile 762 Motivation 886
Equations of Motion 886
13–8 Rapidly Varied Flow and the Hydraulic Solution Procedure 887 N
Jump 765 Additional Equations of Motion 889

xi

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 xiv
CONTENTS

Grid Generation and Grid Independence 889 TABLE A–2 Boiling and Freezing Point
Boundary Conditions 894 Properties  949
Practice Makes Perfect 899
TABLE A–3 Properties of Saturated Water   950
15–2 Laminar CFD Calculations 899
Pipe Flow Entrance Region at Re = 500 899
TABLE A–4 Properties of Saturated
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 150 903 Refrigerant-134a  951
15–3 Turbulent CFD Calculations 908 TABLE A–5 Properties of Saturated Ammonia   952
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 10,000 911 TABLE A–6 Properties of Saturated Propane   953
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 107 913 TABLE A–7 Properties of Liquids   954
Design of the Stator for a Vane-Axial Flow Fan 913
TABLE A–8 Properties of Liquid Metals   955
15–4 CFD with Heat Transfer 921
TABLE A–9 Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure   956
Temperature Rise through a Cross-Flow Heat
Exchanger 921 TABLE A–10 Properties of Gases at 1 atm
Cooling of an Array of Integrated Circuit Chips 923 Pressure  957
15–5 Compressible Flow CFD Calculations 928 TABLE A–11 Properties of the Atmosphere at High
Compressible Flow through a Converging–Diverging Altitude  959
Nozzle 929 FIGURE A–12 The Moody Chart for the Friction
Oblique Shocks over a Wedge 933
CFD Methods for Two-Phase Flows 934
Factor for Fully Developed Flow in
Circular Pipes  960
15–6 Open-Channel Flow CFD Calculations 936
TABLE A–13 One-Dimensional Isentropic
Flow over a Bump on the Bottom of a Channel 936
Flow through a Sluice Gate (Hydraulic Jump) 937
Compressible Flow Functions for an
Ideal Gas with k = 1.4   961
Summary 938
TABLE A–14 One-Dimensional Normal Shock
Application Spotlight: A Virtual Stomach 939 Functions for an Ideal Gas with
References and Suggested Reading 940 k = 1.4   962
Problems 940
TABLE A–15 Rayleigh Flow Functions for an Ideal
Gas with k = 1.4   963
appendix TABLE A–16 Fanno Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas
with k = 1.4   964
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS   947
Glossary 965
TABLE A–1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Index 979
Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Some Conversion Factors 995
Substances  948 Nomenclature 997

N
L
iv

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