SCHOOL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

CHENNAI DISTRICT
2024-2025

Minimum Learning Study Material

HIGHER SECONDARY – SECOND YEAR

CHEMISTRY
 UNIT 1 METALLURGY
1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
S.no Minerals Ores
1 naturally occurring substance minerals that contain
contains the metal in free state or in high percentage of metal
the form of compounds.
2 all minerals are not ores all ores are minerals
3 Eg., Bauxite and china clay Eg., bauxite

2. Which types of ores can be concentrated by froth flotation process?

 Sulphide ores
 Galena (pbs ) and zinc blende (zns)
3. What are the various steps involved in the extraction of pure metals
from their ores?
 Concentration of the ore.
 Extraction of crude metal.
 Refining of the crude metal.
4. What is the role of limestone in the extraction of iron from its oxide
Fe2O3?
Limestone acts as basic flux.
CaO+ SiO2 CaSiO3.
Flux gangue slag
5. Explain the following with suitable examples? a) gangue b)slag
Gangue:
ore + rocky materials +siliceous matter + non-metallic impurities. Eg., Sio2
Slag:
Fusible chemical substance formed by the reaction of gangue with flux
Flux + Gangue  Slag
Eg., CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
6. What is auto reduction?
Ores gives crude metal in the absence of reducing agent
Eg., Cinnabar HgS + O2 Hg + SO2
7. Give the basic requirements for vapour phase refining?
Impure metal + Suitable reagent  Volatile compound
Volatile compound is decomposed to give pure metal
8. Write a note on gravity separation process (or) hydraulic washing?
 High specific gravity ore separated from low specific gravity gangue
 Crushed ore washed by running water
 Gangue particles washed away
 Ore is settled down at the bottom
 Eg., Gold,Tinstone

9. Describe a method for refining nickel?

 Mond’s process
 Ni + 4CO  [ Ni(CO)4] (at 350 k)
 [Ni(CO)4]  Ni + 4CO (at 460 k)

10. Describe a method for refining Zirconium or Titanium?

 Van Arkel process [Thermal decomposition]
 Ti + 2I2 TiI4 (at 550 k)
 TiI4 Ti +2I2 (at 1800 k)
11. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram?
 It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
 It does not give any idea about the possibility of other reaction.
 The interpretation of ΔG is not always true on the assumption of the
reactants are in equilibrium with the products.
12. Give the uses of Zinc?
 Galvanization - To protect rusting.
 Zinc sulphide - Luminous paints, X-ray screens.
 Zinc oxide - Paints, Rubber, Cosmetics.
13. What is cementation?
Gold is reduced to its elemental state by cyanide leaching process is known as
cementation.
14. Differentiate Roasting and Calcination?
Roasting Calcination
Sulphide ore is converted into its Concentrated ore is strongly heated in
oxide by heating with excess of the absence of air
oxygen
Δ Δ
Eg., 2PbS +3O2  2PbO + 2SO2 Eg., CaCO3CaO + CO2

5 Marks:
15. Explain Zone refining process with an example?
 Principle; Fractional crystallisation
 Impure metal is taken in the form of rod
 When the metal rod is heated with a heater, the metal melts
 The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end
 The impurity dissolves in the molten zone
 When the heater moves the molten zone also moves
 This process is repeated again to get the pure metal
 This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the
oxidation of metals
 Eg., Germanium ,Silicon and Gallium which are used as semiconductor
are refined by this process.
16. Write a note about froth floatation method?
 Sulphide ores: Galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS)
 Frothing agent: Pine oil
 Collector: Sodium ethyl xanthate
 Crushed ore mixed with water and pine oil
 Froth generated by blowing air
 Ore particles rise on the surface and gangue particles settle at the bottom
17. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example (or) How
silver purified?
 Cathode: Pure silver Ag++ e Ag
 Anode: Impuresilver Ag Ag++ e--
 Electrolyte: Acidified silver nitrate solution
 When electric current is passed, pure silver is deposited at cathode
18. Write a note on magnetic separation method?
 Ferromagnetic ores. E.g., Tin stone and wolframite
 Based on the differences in the magnetic properties
 Crushed ore is poured into an electromagnetic separator
 It consisting of a belt moving over two rollers
 Magnetic part of the ore attracted towards the magnet
 Non-magnetic part falls away from it
19. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium (or) How aluminium
extracted by Hall – Heroult process?
 Cathode iron tank linked with carbon
 Anode: Carbon blocks
 Electrolyte: 20% of alumina + 10% of calcium chloride + molten cryolite
 Temperature: Above 1270K
 4Al3+ + 6O2- +3C  4Al + 3CO2
 UNIT – 4 TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
2 AND 3 MARKS
1. What is interstitial compound?
When small atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or nitrogen are trapped in the
interstitial holes in a metal lattice. E.g., TiC
2. Give the properties of interstitial compound?
 Hard
 They show electrical and thermal conductivity
 High melting point
 Chemically insert
3. What is chromyl chloride test?
 Chloride salt + Potassium dichromate + Conc . H2SO4 Red orange
vapours
 K2Cr2O7+ 4NaCl + 6H2SO4 2KHSO4+4NaHSO4+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
4. Why transition metals from alloys ?
 Similar atomic size
 One metal atom can be easily replaced by another metal atom in its
crystal lattice
 Eg., Gold copper alloy
5. Why transition metal from complexes ?
 Small size
 High positive charge density
 Having vacant (n-1)d orbitals
6. State Hume – Rothery rule for formation of alloys ?
 Same crystal structure and valency
 The difference between radii is less than 15%
 Electronegativity difference must be close to zero
7. Out of Lu (OH)3 and La (OH)3 which is more basic and why ?
 La (OH)3 is more basic
 Reason - Large size and low covalent character
8. Why Europium (II) is more stable than cerium ?
 Europium (II) -- [Xe] 4f7
 In Eu2+, 4f subshell is half filled
9. Why do zirconium and hafnium exhibit similar properties ?
Due to lanthanoid contraction
10. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the
lanthanoid contraction . Why?
Due to poor shielding effect of 5f electron compared to 4f electron.
11.Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ and Fe2+ ?
Cr2+ ( has large negative value of E0)
12. Write the electronic configuration of Ce4+ and CO2+ ?
 Ce4+ - [Xe] 4f0
 Co2+ - [Ar] 3d7
13. Which is most stable ? Fe3+ or Fe2+ - Explain ?
 Fe3+- [Ar] 3d5
 Fe2+- [Ar] 3d6
 Fe3+ is more stable
 Fe3+ is half filled d orbital
14 . What are transition metal ? Give four examples ?
 Elements in which valence electrons enters into d – sub shell
 Eg., Iron, Nickel, Copper ,Zinc
15. What are inner transition elements ?
 f – block elements are called inner transition elements
 4f block – Lanthanoids
 5f block – Actinoids
16. What are actinoids ? Give three examples ?
 The fourteen elements following actinium are called Actinoids [ Th to Lr]
 Eg., Thorium, Lawrencium, Uranium
5 Marks
17. Compare lanthanoids and Actinoids ?
Lanthanoids Actinoids
Most of the lanthanoids are Most of the actinoids are coloured.
colourless.
Binding energy of 4f orbitals are Binding energy of 4f orbitals are
higher. lower
Do not form oxocations They form oxocations
They show less tendency to form They show greater tendency to form
complexes complexes
Valence electrons enter in 4f orbitals Valence electrons enter in 5f orbitals

18. What is lanthanoids contraction ? Give its consequences ?

 Decrease in ionic radii from cerium to lutetium is called lanthanoid
contraction
Consequences of lanthanoids contraction :
 Basicity decreases
 Covalent characters increase
 Properties of second and third transition series resemble each other

UNIT 5 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

2 and 3 marks
1. What are the limitations of VB theory?
 It does not explain the colour of the complex.
 It consider spin only magnetic moments and does not considers other
components of magnetic moments
 It fails to explain why certain complexes are inner and outer orbital
complexes of same metal.
2. What is crystal field splitting energy?
 It is the energy associated with absorbed wave number of light.
 Δ =hcⱱ, where h- Planck’s constant, c- velocity of light, ⱱ-wave number
3. What is crystal field stabilization energy ?
 It is the energy difference between the electronic configuration of the
ligand field andIsotropic field or Bary centre
 CFSC (ΔE0 ) = {Elf } - {Eiso}
4. Explain optical isomerism with examples ?
Conditions for optical activity:
 compounds should possess chirality.
 enantiomers are optically active mirror image.
Types of optical isomerism:
 it rotates the plane polarised light in clockwise direction-d isomer
 it rotates the plane polarised light in anticlockwise direction- l isomer.
 Eg: [Co(en)3 ] , [ Co(en)2 cl2 ]
5. [ Ti ( H2O)6 ]3+ is coloured, while [ Sc( H2O)6]3+ is colourless explain ?
[ Ti ( H2O)6 ]3+ [ Sc( H2O)6]3+
Ti3+ = 3d1 Sc3+ = 3d0
No of unpaired electron = 1 No of unpaired electron = 0
d-d transition is possible No d-d transition
Hence it is coloured Hence It is colourless

6. [Ni (CN)4]2- is colourless, while [ Ni ( H2O)4]2+ is green coloured, Explain.

[ Ni ( H2O)4]2+ [Ni (CN)4]2-

Ni2+ : [Ar]3d8 Ni2+: [Ar ]3d8
H2O is weak field ligand. So, no CN- is strong field ligand pairing of
pairing of electrons electron in d orbital occurs
No of unpaired electrons =2 No of unpaired electron =0
d-d transition is possible No d-d transition

7. Give the differences between double salts and coordination compounds ?

Double salts Coordination compounds
Ions lose their identity Does not lose its identity
Dissociate into simple ions Never dissociates into simple ion
Positive and negative ions present Simple and complex ions present
Eg., FAS, Potash alum Eg., K4[Fe (CN )6]
8. Define CMI / atom ?
 CMI occupies the central position in a coordination entity
 Binds the ligands to itself by coordinate bonds
 Eg : K4[ Fe (CN)6 ] , CMI is Fe2+
9. Why tetrahedral complexes do not exhibit geometrical isomerism ?
 All the four ligands are adjacent and at equal distance to one another
 The relative positions of the 4 ligands are same with respect to each other
10. What are ligands ?
 Ligands are donor atoms bonded to CMI / atom
 They are Lewis bases
 Eg : K4[ Fe (CN)6 ] the ligand is CN-
11. Define coordination sphere ?
 In the complexes ion, the CMI/atom and the ligands attached to it,
enclosed in square brackets withnet charge.
 Eg : K4[ Fe (CN)6 ] ,the coordination sphere is [ Fe (CN)6]4-
12. Define coordination number ?
 The number of ligand donor atoms bonded to the central metal ion in a
complex
 In K4[ Fe (CN)6 ],the coordination number is 6
13. Define oxidation number ?
 The charge it would bear if all the ligands were removed, along with the
electron pairs that are shared with Central atom.
 In K4[ Fe(CN)6 ] ,the oxidation number of Fe is +2

14. Arrange the following in order of increasing molar conductivity ?

i) Mg [ Cr (NH3) Cl5 ]
ii) [ Cr ( NH3)5 Cl]3[ CoF6]2
iii) [ Cr ( NH3 )3 Cl3 ]
Order of molar conductivity
[Cr ( NH3 )3 Cl3 ]<Mg [ Cr (NH3) Cl5 ]<[ Cr ( NH3)5 Cl]3[ CoF6]2
15. Explain the types of structural isomerism in coordination complexes ?
Structural isomerism :
Complexes having same molecular formula, but different connection between
the ligand atoms are called structural isomerism.
A) Linkage isomerism :
 When an ambidentate ligand is bonded through two different donor atom
with the central metal ion are called linkage isomerism
 Eg: [ CO (NH3)5 NO2 ] and [ CO (NH3)5 ONO ]2+
B) Coordination isomerism :
 The ligands are interchanged between the cationic and anionic complex
 Eg: [ CO ( NH3)6 ] [ Cr (CN)6 ] and [ Cr ( NH3)6 ] [ CO (CN )6 ]
C) Solvate (or) Hydrate isomers :
 When solvent molecules like H2O, NH3, OH are exchanged by the ligands
in the crystal lattice of the coordination compound
 Eg: [ Cr (H2O)6 ] Cl3 Violet colour
[ Cr ( H2O)5] Cl2 H2O Pale green colour
[ Cr ( H2O)4 Cl2 ] Cl 2H2O Dark green colour
D) Ionisation isomerism :
 Compounds having same molecular formula but they give different ions
in solution
 Eg : [CO ( H2O)4 Br2] Cl and [ CO ( H2O)4 Cl Br ] Br

16. Write the postulates of Werner’s theory ?

Metal has two types of valency
 Primary valency
 Secondary valency
Primary valency Secondary Valency
Oxidation number of the metal atom Coordination number of the metal atoms
Satisfied by negative ions Satisfied by positive ions, negative ions and
neutral molecules
Non directional Directional
Ionisable Non ionisable
There are two spheres around the metal atom
A) Inner sphere (or) Coordination sphere
B) Outer sphere (or) Ionisation sphere
Limitation of Werner’s theory:
It fails to explain colour and magnetic properties of the complex

17. Give the assumption of valency bond theory ?

 The ligandmetal bond is covalent bond and formed by sharing of
electrons between central metal atom and the ligand
 The ligand should contain atleast one filled orbital with a lone pair of
electron
 To accept the electron pair donated by the ligand the central atom should
contain vacant orbitals
 The vacant orbitals of the metal atom undergoes hybridisation
 The vacant metal orbitals linearly overlap with the filled ligand orbitals to
form coordinate sigma bond
 The hybridised orbitals are directional in space and gives geometry to the
complex
Eg : Coordination number 4 6
 Hybridisation sp3 d2sp3
 Geometry Tetrahedral Octahedral

In octahedral complexes
 d2sp3- Low spin complexes
 sp3d2- High spin complex

 Central metal atom with unpaired electron - Paramagnetic

 Central metal atom with paired electron -Diamagnetic
 Strong field ligand like CN- , CO
 Greater the overlapping between CMI and ligand, greater will be the bond
strength
18. In the complex K4 [Mn ( CN)6 ], Mention CMI ,Oxidation state,
coordination number, nature of ligand, magnetic property and electronic
configuration in octahedral field.
 Oxidation state of CMI : Mn2+or +2
 Coordination number : 6
 Nature of ligand : CN- , Cyanido, Strong field ligand
 Magnetic property :Paramagnetic
 Electronic configurationin octahedral complex: t2g5 , eg0
 UNIT – 6 SOLID STATE
2 & 3 Marks
1. Define unit cell.
A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a unit cell.

2. Give any three characteristics of ionic crystals.

• High melting points
• Do not conduct electricity in solid state.
• Conduct electricity in molten state

3. Explain briefly seven types of unit cell.

• Cubic
• Rhombohedral
• Hexagonal
• Tetragonal
• orthorhombic
• Monoclinic
• Triclinic

4. Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?

• Ionic crystal is hard due to strong electrostatic force of attraction between cations and
anions.

5. Classify the following solids

a. P4 Covalent solid
b. Brass Metallic solid
c. Diamond covalent solid
d. Nacl Ionic solid
e. Iodine Molecular solid

6. What is meant by the term "coordination number"? What is the coordination number of
atoms in a bcc structure?
• The neighbouring atoms surrounded by each atom is called coordination number.
Coordination number is 8.

7. What is meant by Isotropy and Anisotropy?

Isotropy Anisotropy
Identical values of physical different values of Physical
properties in all directions properties when measured
along different directions
Ex-rubber, glass Ex-Nacl, diamond

8. What are covalent solids?

• Three dimensional network entirely by covalent bonds
Example: Diamond
9. What are molecular solids?
• In molecular solids, the constituents are neutral molecules.
Example: Glucose

10. What is meant by crystal lattice?

The regular arrangement of atoms, ions are molecules throughout the crystal is called
a crystal lattice.

11. What are point defects?

 dislocation of ions from the crystal lattice
 missing of ions from the crystal lattice
 presence of more number of atoms

12. How are point defects classified?

Point defect

Stoichiometric non-stoichiometric Impurity

defects defects defect

Schottky Frenkel Metal excess Metal

defect defect defect deficiency defect

13. What is Bragg’s equation?

n = 2d sin
n = order of diffraction
 = Wavelength of x-ray used for diffraction
d = interplanar distance
 = angle of diffraction

14. Calculate the number of atoms in bcc (body centered Cubic) Unit cell

15. Calcutate the number of atoms in a fcc (Face centered Cubic) Unit cell.
 16. ZnO is colourless at room temperature, when it is heated, it becomes Yellow în colour,
why?
• In metal excess defect
• On heating loses oxygen, forms free Zn2+ ions
• excess Zn2+ ions and electrons occupy the interstitial positions.

17. Explain impurity defect?

• Due to the addition of impurity ions in Ionic solids.
• Vacancies are created in the crystal lattice of the host
Ex- addition of cdcl₂ to Agcl

18. What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close
packed layer?
Answer : 4

19. If the number of close packed sphere is 6, calculate the number of octahedral voids
and tetrahedral voids?
Number of Octahedral voids ‘n’ = 6
Number tetrahedral voids 2n = (2x6)=12

20. What is packing fraction (or) packing efficiency?

Total volume occupied by
Packing efficiency = Spheres in a unit cell X 100
Volume of the unit cell

21. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solids.

Crystalline solids Amorphous solids

 Definite shape Irregular shape
 Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
 True solids Pseudo solids
 They have sharp melting points They do not have sharp melting points
 Example Nacl, diamond Example Rubber, glass

22. Write a note on schottky defect (or) stiochiometric defects in ionic solids (or)
write a note on intrinsic (or) thermodynamic defect.

Schottky defect Frenkel defect

 Vacancies are created due to missing of equal dislocation of ions from the crystal lattice
number of cations and anions from the crystal
lattice
 cations and anions are almost of similar size cations and anion differ is size

 lowers density does not affect the density

 *e-g: NaCl *e.g.: AgBr

Na+missing Cl-missing Ag+is in interstitial position

23. Explain metal excess defect with an example defect and metal deficiency
Metal excess defect Metal deficiency defect
 more number of metal ions as less number of cations than the
compared to anions anions
 Example: Nacl, Kcl Example: FeO
 Anionic vacancies which are cations have variable oxidation
occupied by unpaired electrons are states
called F centers
 general formula Na1+x Cl general formula FexO
X ranges from 0.93 to 0.98
*e-g: NaCl *e.g.: FeO

UNIT – 7 CHEMICALS KINETICS

2 & 3 Marks
1. Write Arrhenius Equation and explain the terms involved :
K=Ae - Ea/RT
Where
K→ Rate constant
A→ Frequency factor
T→ Temperature in kelvin
R→ Gas Constant
Ea → Activation Energy

2. What is Zero Order reaction? (Give an Example)

* A reaction in which the rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant
* Eg. photochemical reaction between H₂ and Cl₂
3. Give Examples for Zero order reaction?
* photochemical reaction between H₂ and I₂
* Decomposition of N₂O on hot platinum Surface
* Iodination of acetone in acid medium.

4. Give Examples for first order reaction.

* Decomposition of N₂O5
* Decomposition of SO₂Cl2
* Decomposition of H₂O2

5. The rate constant of a first order reaction is 1.54 x 10-3 S-1?

Calculate its half life period time?

6. Define Average rate and Instantaneous rate?

 AVERAGE RATE: The Change in Concentration of reactants at a given Interval
of time in a chemical reaction
 INSTANTANEOUS RATE: The rate of the reaction at a Particular instant during
the reaction.

7. Explain Pseudo first order reaction with an Example

* A second order reaction Can be altered to a first order reaction by taking one of the
reactant in large Excess is called Pseudo first order reaction.

Eg.: Acid hydrolysis of ester.

CH3COOCH3 + H2O H+ CH3COOH + CH3OH

8. Define rate law and rate Constant?

 RATE LAW is the expression which relates the rate, rate constant and the
Concentration of the reactants.
 RATE CONSTANT is equal to rate if the reaction, when the Concentration of the
reactant is Unity.
Rate = Rate Constant

9. Define Elementary reaction

Each and every single step in a reaction mechanism is called elementary reaction

10. Define Activation Energy?

The minimum energy required by the molecules to react is called activation energy

11. How do Concentrations of the reactant influence the rate of the reaction?
* Rate Concentration of the reactant
* Higher the Concentration, greater is the possibility of for collision and hence rate of a
reaction increases
12. Give the differences between rate and rate Constant
RATE RATE CONSTANT
* It represents the speed at which * It is a Proportionality Constant
reactants are converted ante products at
any instant
* It is * It is measured as decrease In the * It is equal to rate of the reaction, when
Concentration of the reactants or Increase the Concentration of each of the reactant
in concentration of Products is Unity
* * If depends on the initial concentration of *It does not depend on the Initial
the reactants. concentration of the reactants..

13. Shat are the factors affecting reaction rate?

* Nature and State of the reactant
* Concentration of the reactant
* Surface area of the reactant
* Temperature of the reaction
* Presence of a catalyst

14. Give the differences between Order and Molecularity of a reaction

ORDER MOLECULARITY
 It is the sum of the Powers of the  It is the total number of reactant
Concentration terms involved in the species that are involved in an
experimental determined rate law elementary step.
 Zero (or) fractional (or) Integer  Whole Number
 Assigned for overall reaction  Assigned for each elementary step of
mechanism

15. Derive an expression for half life period of a zero order reaction?

16. Define half life of a reaction? Show that for a fast order reaction half life period is
independent of Initial Concentration?
HALF LIFE PERIOD : The half life period
of a reaction is defined as the time required
for the reactant Concentration to reach one
half its initial
value.

No Concentration terms involved. So half

life is Independent of initial concentration of
reactant.
 17. Identify the order of the following reaction
i) Rusting of Iron. Ans: First order reaction

ii) Radio active disintegration of 92 U 238

Ans: First order reaction
iii) 2A+3B -> Products rate = [A] 1/2 [B] 3
Ans Order : 2.5

18. How do nature of the reactant influence rate of reaction?

* Gas phase reactants are faster as compared to solid or liquid reactants.
* Eg. Iodine Vapours reacts faster than Solid Iodine with SodIum metal.
* (The redox reaction between KMnO4 and FAS is faster than the reaction between
Oxalic acid and KMnO4)

19. Explain the effect of catalyst on reaction rate with an Example?

* In the Presence of a catalyst, the energy of activation is lowered
* Manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process, Fe (Iron) is used as catalyst.

20. Show that in case of first order reaction, the time required for 99.9% completion is
nearly ten times the required for half completion of the reaction?
II. 5 Marks
21. Derive integrated rate law for a first order reaction A Product?

22. Derive integrated rate law for a Zero order reaction?

 UNIT - 8. Ionic Equilibrium.
2 & 3 Marks.
1. What are Arrhenius acids and bases? GIve examples.
Acid : To give H+ in water Eg. HCl, H2 SO4
Base : To give OH- in water. NaOH, KOH
2. Write the limitations of Arrhenius concept.
• It does not explain the behaviour of acids and bases in non-aqueous solvents like
acetone, THF...
• It does not account for the basic nature of the Substances like ammonia (NH3)
which do not possess OH- ion,

3. Classify the following as acids (or) base using Arrhenius Concept.

HNO3 - Acid
Ba (OH) 2 - Base
H3PO4 - Acid
CH3COOH. - Acid

4. What are for each Lewis ands and bases? Give two examples for each.
Lewis acid : Accepts an election pair Eg. BF3 , AlCl3
Lewis base : Donates an election pair Eg. OH- , NH3
5. Discuss the Lowry-Bronsted concept of acids and bases?
Acid: proton donor Eg. HCl
Base: proton acceptor Eg NH3.
6. Write the Limitations of Lowry - Bronsted theory?,
BF3, AlCl3 that do not donate protons are known to behave as acids
7. What is conjugate Acid-Base pairs? Give an example :
Chemical species that differs only by a Proton are called conjugate Acid-Base pair
conjugate Acid-Base pair

Hcl + H2O H₃O+ + cl-

Conjugate Acid-Base pair.

8. Define Ionic product of water. Give its value at icon temperature.
Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
Kw = 1x 10-14
9. Identify, the conjugate acid-base pair for the following reaction in aqueous solution.
10. Define pH
pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of base 10 of the molar
concentration of the hydronium ions present in the solution.
P H = - log [H3O+]

11. Derive the relationship between pH and pOH

P H = - log [H3O+] - - - - - - - (1)
P OH = - log [OH- ] - - - - - - - (2)

PH + POH = -log [H3O+] – log [OH- ]

= -log [H3O+] [OH- ]
= -log kw
= -log 10-14
= 14 log1010
= 14
PH + POH =14

12. Calculate the p H of 0.04M HNO3?

pH = -log [H3O+]
= -log [0.04]
H
p = 1.40

13. What is buffer capacity and buffer index?

Buffer index () is a quantitative measure of the buffer capacity.
14. Explain common ion effect with an example?.
The dissociation of a weak acid is suppressed in the presence of a salt containing an
ion common to the weak electrolyte.
CH3COOH CH3COO - + H+
CH3COONa CH3COO - + Na+

15. What is Buffer Solution (or) Buffer action? Give an example?

Weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffer
solution resists drastic changes in its pH upon addition of a small quantities of acids
(or) bases.
1. Acidic buffer solution: CH3COOH + CH3COONa
2. Basic buffer solution: NH4OH + NH4Cl

16. Define solubility product?

The solubility product of a compound is defined as the product of the molar
Concentration of constituent ions each raised to the power of its stoichiometric-
co-efficient in a balanced equilibrium equation.

17. Write its relationship between solubility product and ionic product?
 Ionic product > Ksp, precipitation will occur and the solution is super saturated.
 Ionic product < Ksp, no precipitation and the solution is unsaturated.
 Ionic product = Ksp, equilibrium exist and the solution is Saturated.

18. Write the expression for the solubility product of a. b.

a) b)

19. Write the expression for the solubility product of Hg2 Cl2
20. Write the expression for the solubility product of Ca3 (PO4)2

5 Marks:

21. Differences between Lewis ands and Lewis bases.

Lewis acids Lewis bases

* Electron deficient molecules.Eg. BF3 Electron rich molecules Ex. NH3
2+ 2+ -
* All metal ions. Eg. Fe , Zn All anions Ex. F
* Molecules that contain a polar double Molecules that contain C-C multiple
bond Eg. CO2 bond. CH  CH
+ -
* Carbonium ions Eg. (CH3)3 C Carbonion ions Eg. CH3

22. Derive an expression for Oswald's Dilution law?

Oswalld's dilution law relates the dissociation constant of the weak and (ka) with its
degree of dissociation ( and the concentration (C)
23. Derive an expression for Henderson - Hasselback equation.
An acidic buffer solution.

UNIT -14. BIOMOLECULES

2 & 3 marks
1. What are different types of RNA which are found in cell?
a) Ribosomal RNA (r RNA)
b) Transfer RNA (t RNA).
c) Messenger RNA (m RNA)

2) Write the Zwitter ions structure of alanine?

3) What are zwitter ions?
Aqueous solution of amino acids, carboxyl and amino group carries opposite
charges. Hence it shows neutral and amphoteric behaviour.
4) Write short note on peptide bond.
Carboxyl group of first amino acid reacts with amino group of second amino acid to
form peptide bond.

5) Is the following sugar D-Sugar or L-Sugar.

CHO
HO_________H
HO_________H
HO_________H
CH2 OH Answer: L-sugar.

6) Classify the following into Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

i) Starch - polysaccharides
ii) Fructose - Monosaccharide
iii) Sucrose - Oligosaccharide
iv) Lactose - Oligosaccharide
v) Maltose - Oligosaccharide.

7) What is meant by iso electric point?

At a specific pH the net charge of amino acid is neutral and this pH is called iso
electric point.

8) What are epimers?

* Sugar differing in configuration at an asymmetric centre,
Eg.D-Galactose and D-Glucose
The process by which one epimer is converted into other is called epimerisation

9) Write a note on denaturation of proteins?

The process by which the proteins lose their higher order structure without losing the
primary structure
Eg: Coagulation of egg white by the action of heat.

10) Define enzymes.

Enzymes are complex protein molecules with three dimensional structure
* They act, as catalyst in living Organism.
Eg. invertase,
Sucrose Glucose + fructose
11) Write the names of vitamins? Which cause following deficiency disease.
Night blindness - A
Beri-Beri - B1
Pernicious - B12
Anemia
Scury - C
Rickets - D
Increased blood - K
Clotting time

12. Explain the types of proteins. How are proteins classified according to their structure.

 Fibrous proteins Globular proteins

 Straight chain structure Spherical Structure
 Do not dissolve is water soluble is water
 Disulphide bridge H-bonds Involved in catalysis
 Ex: keratin, collagen Myoglobin

13 How are vitamins classified?

Fat soluble vitamin
 Taken with fatty food
 Insoluble in water
 Stored in liver.
 Ex: vitamin A, D, E, K
Water soluble vitamins
 cannot be stored
 soluble in water
 Ex: vitamin B, C

14) What are the difference between hormones and vitamins?

Hormones Vitamins
 Secreted by tissue obtained through diet
 Intercellular signalling molecule acts as co-lazymes
 Ex: Insulin, Androgen Ex: vitamin A, B, C, D, E,

5 Marks :

1. Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA RNA
De-oxy ribose sugar Ribose sugar
Double stranded Single stranded
Base pair A=T, GC Base pair A=U CG
Replicate itself Don't replicate itself
More stable Less stable
2. Explain the structure of glucose?
Molecular formala C6 H12 O6
CHO
H _________OH
HO_________H
H _________OH
H _________ OH
CH2 OH
 As it gives n-hexane with red P and HI, Six carbon are attached linearly.
 Gives neutral solution is water, indicating the absence of - COOH group.
 Gives pentaacetate with acetic anhydride in presence of pyridine indicates the
presence of five -OH groups.
 As it react with NH2OH and HCN, it has carbonyl group.
 As glucose reduces Tollens reagent and Fehlings solution, it contains
aldehydic group.
 Glucose gives gluconic acid when oxidised with Br₂ /H₂O. Hence -CHO group
is present occupies one end of the carbon chain.
 When oxidised with conc. HNO3, gives gluconic acid suggesting the other end
is occupied by primary alcoholic group.

3. Explain the structure of fractose?

Molecular formula C6H12O6
CH2OH
C=O
HO_________H
H _________OH
H _________ OH
CH2 OH
 As it gives n-hexane with red P/HI Six carbon atom are attached linearly.
 As it gives neutral solution with water Here is -COOH group.
 Fractose gives penta acetate with acetic anhydride to presence of pyridine, indicating the
presence of groups five-OH groups.
 As it react with NH2 OH and HCN it has carbonyl group.
 Doesn't reduce Tollen’s reagent and in, hence Fehlings Solution, hence there is no -CHO
group.
 On partial reduction with Na/Hg/H2O, gives two epimers, sorbital and mannitol indicates
the presence of keto group.
 On oxidation with Nitric and gives glycollic acid and tartaric and. Hence before group
present in C-2.
 Primary alcoholic group is present at C-1 & C-6.

4. What are the importance of carbohydrates?

o Glucose - instant energy source
o Ribose sugar - important component of nuclic acid.
o Cellulose paper, furniture and clothes.
o Stored in body as glycogen and is plant as starch.
o Structural polymers
5. What are the function of lipids in living organism?
 Energy reserves in living organism.
 Protective coating in aquatic Organism
 Lipids of connectives tissue give protection to internal organs
 Integral Component of cell membrane.
 Emulsifier in fat metabolism.

UNIT -15. CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE

2 &3 Marks:
1. What are Antibiotics (or) Antimicrobials?
• The medicines that have the ability to kill the pathogenic bacteria.
• Eg. penicillins
2. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and antiphyretic?
(Anti inflamatory)
-Aspirin, paracetamol

3. What are food preservatives?.

• It inhibits the decomposition of food by growth of microorganisms.
Acetic acid, Sodium metabisulphite
4. Write the structural formula of aspirin.

(Aspirin)
5. What are biodegradable polymers? Give an example.
• The materials that are readily decomposed by microorganisms.
Eg.: PHB, PHBV

6. What are antifertility drugs? Give examples.

•These are synthetic harmones that suppresses ovulation.
Eg. : synthetic oestrogen, synthetic Progesterone.

7. What are norcotic and non-narcotic drugs. Give examples.

Narcotic drugs:
• Relive pain and produce sleep
eg Morphine
Non-narcotic drugs:
• Reduce the pain without affecting
Conciousness:
• Eg.: paracetamol.

8. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?

Antiseptics Disinfectants
Stop the growth of microorganisms Stop the growth of microorganisms.

It is applied to living tissues It is used on inanimate Objects.

Eg. H2O2 Eg. Chlorine compounds
9. What are Antacids? Give examples.
• Drugs that provide relief from burning sensation of stomach.
• Magnesium hydroxide.

10. What are Antioxidants? Give examples.

• Substances which retard the oxidative deteriorations of food.
Eg. BHA, BHT

11. What are Artificial sweetening agents? Give examples.

• Synthetic compounds which gives sweet sensation without nutritional value
Saccharin, Dulsin

12. What are food additives? Give examples.

• Substances that are added to improve the quality of food.
Eg. vitamins, flavouring agents.

13. Which sweetening agent are used to prepare sweets for a diabetic patient?
• Saccharin, Sucralose, Alitame

14. Write a note on Vulcanization of rubber.

• Natural rubber mixed with 3-5%. of Sulphur and heated at 100-1500 C
• Rubber with 1-3% Sulphur is soft and Stretchy.
• Rubber with 3-10% Sulphur are harder but flexible.

15. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked polymers

a) Bakelite b) Nylon c) LDPE d) HDPE
Linear Gross linked Copolymers
Polymer Polymers
LDPE Nylon 6,6 Buna-N
HDPE Terylene Buna-S
Teflon Bakelite Neoprene
Orlon (PAN) Melamine

16. Write note on Nylon 6,6?

Hexa methylene diamine + Adipic acid Nylon 6,6
Uses: Textiles, Manufacture of Cards

17. Write note on Terylene (Dacron)

Ethylene glycol + terepäthalic acid Terylene
Uses: Blending with cotton, Glass reinforcing material is helmets.

18. Write note on Buna-N?

1,3 butadiene + Vinyl Cyanide Buna-N
Uses: Hoses Tanklinings

19. Write note on Buna-S?

1,3 butadiene + Styrene Buna-S
Uses: Tyres & Tubes Preparation
20. Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting

Thermoplastic Thermosetting
They become soft on heating They do not become soft on heating
They can be remoulded They cannot be remoulded
Linear polymers Cross linked polymers
Ex. pvc, polyethene Ex. Bakelite