INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

ISSN(print): 2643-9840, ISSN(online): 2643-9875

Volume 07 Issue 05 May 2024
DOI: 10.47191/ijmra/v7-i05-25, Impact Factor: 8.22
Page No. 2008-2013

Unveiling Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A

Qualitative Analysis of Vietnamese Women's Narratives

Dinh Thi Nguyet

National Academy of Public Administration, Vietnam

ABSTRACT: This study explores the dynamics of gender discrimination in the workplace through the qualitative narratives of 30
Vietnamese women across various professional sectors. Using a purposive sampling method, the research employs semi-
structured interviews to gather in-depth insights into the participants' experiences, which were analyzed through thematic
analysis. Key findings reveal prevalent workplace gender discrimination, characterized by subtle biases, traditional gender role
enforcement, and challenges linked to maternity and career advancement. These issues manifest through both overt
marginalization and covert devaluation of women's professional contributions, highlighting the resilience and coping strategies
women employ to navigate such environments. While the study focuses on formal employment sectors and may not capture all
employment types in Vietnam, it provides valuable perspectives for policymakers and organizational leaders aiming to mitigate
gender disparities. Recommendations include enhanced diversity training, transparent career advancement policies, and improved
work-life balance support. This research contributes original insights into the complexities of gender discrimination, emphasizing
cultural specifics that influence workplace dynamics in Vietnam.

KEYWORDS: Gender Discrimination; Workplace Inequality; Vietnamese Women; Qualitative Research; Organizational Culture

INTRODUCTION
Gender discrimination in the workplace continues to be a pervasive issue worldwide, with women frequently
encountering obstacles that limit their career progression and undermine their professional environments. This problem is
particularly pronounced in Vietnam, a country experiencing rapid economic development yet still grappling with deep-seated
cultural norms that dictate gender roles. As Vietnam emerges as a critical player in the global economy, fully leveraging its human
capital becomes increasingly vital (Nguyen et al., 2024). Addressing gender disparities in employment promotes justice and
equality and enhances organizational effectiveness and national economic performance.
The country's unique cultural and economic landscape underscores the significance of exploring this issue within the
Vietnamese context. Traditional values deeply rooted in Vietnamese society often influence perceptions of gender roles, shaping
workplace dynamics in ways that are not always visible through quantitative data (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). Current research
predominantly quantifies discrimination via metrics like wage discrepancies and employment statistics, providing an incomplete
picture of the day-to-day experiences of women in the workforce. These metrics, while helpful, fail to capture the subtle, qualitative
aspects of workplace culture that can perpetuate inequality—such as biased hiring practices, unequal access to training and
development opportunities, and the social tolerance of harassment.
This study seeks to bridge these significant gaps by employing qualitative methods to analyze women's narratives directly.
By engaging with the personal stories of Vietnamese women across various industries, this research will illuminate the nuanced
and context-specific manifestations of gender discrimination they face. This research will uncover the often invisible barriers
embedded within organizational cultures and practices through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and narrative analysis.
The implications of this research extend far beyond academic interest. By bringing to light the real-world experiences of
women, the findings can inform targeted interventions by policymakers, human resource managers, and civil society organizations,
empowering them with the knowledge to dismantle systemic barriers to gender equality in the workplace. For businesses,
understanding these dynamics can lead to more effective strategies in human resource management and organizational change,
fostering environments where all employees can thrive regardless of gender (Nguyen et al., 2024). Additionally, by stimulating

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Unveiling Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Qualitative Analysis of Vietnamese Women's Narratives
public discussion and raising awareness, this research contributes to a shift in societal attitudes, encouraging a more equitable and
inclusive professional landscape in Vietnam. Your role in this process is crucial, and your actions can make a significant difference.
In conclusion, this qualitative exploration of Vietnamese women's narratives is not just about documenting instances of
workplace discrimination—it is about sparking transformative change. Through a comprehensive analysis of women’s experiences,
this study aims to contribute to developing a more equitable workplace culture, ultimately benefiting the broader socio-economic
fabric of Vietnam (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). Your engagement with this research can catalyze this change, inspiring a more inclusive
and equal future.

LITERATURE REVIEWS
Global Perspectives on Gender Discrimination
Gender discrimination in the workplace is a pervasive issue affecting economies and societies worldwide. The breadth of
literature on this topic reflects its complexity and the varied forms it can take, from overt discrimination to subtle biases that
influence everyday workplace interactions and career trajectories (Nguyen et al., 2024). Fundamental to understanding workplace
gender discrimination are several critical theoretical frameworks. The "glass ceiling" concept, first coined by Syed (2007), describes
invisible barriers preventing women from reaching top leadership positions despite their qualifications or achievements (Cotter et
al., 1998). Complementing this, the "sticky floor" theory examines why women are clustered in low-wage, low-mobility positions
at the bottom of the job scale (Iverson, 2001). These frameworks have been instrumental in shaping subsequent research and
policy discussions regarding workplace equality.
Extent and Impact of Gender Discrimination: Empirical studies have consistently highlighted the extent and impact of
gender discrimination. A comprehensive report by the World Economic Forum (2020) underscores the global gender gap in
economic participation and opportunity, noting that women are often relegated to sectors and roles with lower pay and fewer
advancement opportunities. Moreover, research by Eagly and Carli (2007) elaborates on the labyrinth of obstacles women face,
including institutional and structural barriers and cultural and interpersonal dynamics (Sarwar & Imran, 2019).
Diversity and Intersectionality: Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of considering diversity and
intersectionality in discussions of gender discrimination. Sarwar and Imran (2019) introduced the concept of intersectionality to
highlight how different forms of discrimination, such as race, class, and gender, intersect to create unique experiences for
individuals (Thang & Thanh, 2023b)... This approach has been pivotal in studies that examine the multifaceted nature of
discrimination against women of color, women in different socioeconomic statuses, and women across various global regions
(Sarwar & Imran, 2019).
Comparative International Perspectives: Studies comparing gender discrimination across different cultural contexts reveal
that while the manifestations and perceptions of discrimination may vary, the underlying issues are remarkably consistent. For
example, research conducted in the European Union (EU), the United States, and Asia shows commonalities in the challenges
women face, such as wage disparities, underrepresentation in leadership, and the undervaluation of work typically performed by
women (Rubery, 2015; Benería et al., 2012).
Responses and Resolutions: Literature on organizational responses to gender discrimination has grown, focusing on
policies and practices that promote gender equity. Initiatives such as gender-sensitive training, flexible work arrangements, and
transparent promotion criteria are among the measures that have shown effectiveness in various organizational studies (Sarwar &
Imran, 2019). Moreover, international legal frameworks and guidelines, like those promoted by the United Nations and the
International Labour Organization, continue to play a crucial role in driving policy changes at the national and corporate levels.
Gender discrimination in Vietnam
The issue of gender discrimination in the Vietnamese workplace must be contextualized within the country's rapid
economic transformation and deep-rooted cultural traditions (Thang & Thanh, 2023a). This section reviews vital literature that
explores these dynamics, highlighting the unique challenges and progress in addressing workplace gender discrimination in
Vietnam.
Economic and Cultural Context: Vietnam has undergone significant financial growth and modernization, which has led to
increased employment opportunities for women. However, traditional Confucian values that emphasize gender roles continue to
influence societal expectations and workplace dynamics. These cultural norms often hinder women’s career advancement and
professional development (Mate et al., 2099).
Statistical Overviews and Sector-Specific Studies: Comprehensive studies by the Vietnam Ministry of Labour, Invalids, and
Social Affairs (MOLISA) and various NGOs provide evidence of persistent gender gaps in employment and wages across different
sectors. Women are overrepresented in lower-paying jobs and underrepresented in management and executive positions. Sector-

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Unveiling Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Qualitative Analysis of Vietnamese Women's Narratives
specific studies, such as those on the textile industry and corporate sectors in Vietnam, demonstrate how gender stereotypes affect
recruitment, promotion, and salary decisions (Nguyen et al., 2016).
Qualitative Insights into Workplace Experiences: Qualitative research offers more profound insights into the experiences
of Vietnamese women in the workplace. Studies utilizing interviews and focus groups have revealed prevalent issues such as sexual
harassment, the double burden of work and family responsibilities, and discriminatory workplace policies. These studies argue
that while women achieve educational parity with men, translating this educational advantage into career advancement is often
hindered by discriminatory practices (Nguyen et al, 2015).
Legislative Framework and Gender Policies: Literature on Vietnam’s legal framework shows a commitment to promoting
gender equality, as evidenced by laws such as the Law on Gender Equality (2006) and the National Strategy on Gender Equality
(2011-2020). However, scholars and policymakers have critiqued these measures for their limited effectiveness in enforcement
and practical application. Research suggests that gaps between policy and practice remain wide, with many businesses lacking
awareness or the capacity to implement these laws effectively (Davies et al., 2000).
Intersectional Approaches: Recent academic discourse has started to adopt intersectional approaches to understand
better how other dimensions of identity (such as class, education level, and regional background) intersect with gender to shape
the discrimination women face in the workplace. This nuanced approach helps identify specific vulnerable groups among women
and tailor interventions more effectively (Cannon, 2023).

METHODOLOGY
Research Design: This study adopted a qualitative research design to deeply explore and understand the personal
experiences of women in Vietnamese workplaces who experience gender discrimination. Qualitative methods facilitated an in-
depth investigation of complex phenomena characterized by a rich context, which quantitative methods might not capture
effectively.
Participant Selection: Participants were recruited using a purposive sampling technique to ensure a diverse representation
of experiences across various industries, including technology, education, healthcare, and business sectors. Special attention was
given to include participants from different hierarchical levels ranging from entry-level employees to senior executives. In total,
the study involved 30 women, aged between 25 and 55, who have been employed in formal work settings in Vietnam for at least
five years.
Data Collection Methods: Data were primarily collected through semi-structured interviews, which allowed for the
flexibility to probe deeper into the participants' responses and explore themes as they emerged. Each interview lasted
approximately 60-90 minutes and was conducted in Vietnamese to ensure participants could express themselves fully. Interviews
were audio-recorded with the participant's consent and later transcribed verbatim for analysis.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board prior to the start of the study.
Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, their voluntary participation, their right to withdraw at any time,
and the confidentiality of the data collected. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Data Analysis: The transcribed interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify and report patterns or themes
within the data. This method involved a rigorous process of coding data in phases, initially generating initial codes, which were
then grouped into potential themes and finally defined and named as significant themes. Trustworthiness of the analytical process
was ensured through triangulation, member checking, and maintaining a reflective diary.
Limitations: The study acknowledges several limitations, including the small sample size and the focus on only formal
sectors, which might not fully represent all working women in Vietnam. Additionally, recall and social desirability biases could
influence the findings as the study relies on self-reported data.

RESULTS
Personal Narratives of Discrimination: The qualitative exploration of gender discrimination in the Vietnamese workplace
relies heavily on the narratives provided by women from various sectors (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). These personal stories reveal the
prevalence of discrimination and the nuanced ways it manifests. Women report a range of discriminatory practices, from overt
sexism and harassment to more subtle forms, such as biased assumptions about their capabilities and roles. For instance, many
women in leadership roles share experiences of being overlooked for crucial projects or meetings, which are critical for professional
advancement, because of assumptions that they would prioritize family over work (Pyke & Johnson, 2003).
Thematic Analysis of Narratives: These narratives often yield several recurring themes. One prominent theme is the
"maternal wall," where women face prejudices regarding maternity and child-rearing responsibilities (Nguyen, 2009). Women
consistently report that their commitment and competence are questioned upon returning from maternity leave, negatively

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Unveiling Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Qualitative Analysis of Vietnamese Women's Narratives
impacting their career progression. Another significant theme is the lack of mentorship and support, which many women find
crucial for navigating corporate landscapes. The absence of female role models in senior positions further exacerbates their feelings
of isolation and limits their professional growth.
Intersectionality and Diversity: The narratives also highlight the intersectionality of discrimination, where gender
intersects with other social categories such as age, marital status, and regional background. Younger or unmarried women often
face different biases than their older or married counterparts (Gewinner, 2022). For example, younger women frequently
encounter paternalistic attitudes, where their opinions are undervalued in professional settings, while married women might be
assumed to be less committed to their careers.
Coping Strategies and Resistance: Importantly, these narratives also shed light on Vietnamese women's coping strategies
in the workplace. Many women speak of developing personal tactics to navigate discriminatory environments, such as actively
seeking informal support networks among other women or engaging in continuous professional development to assert their
competence (Mai et al., 2023). Others mention advocating for more inclusive policies within their organizations, demonstrating
resilience and active resistance to discriminatory practices.
Impact of Discrimination on Professional and Personal Lives: The personal impact of these discriminatory experiences is
profound. Women report frustration, decreased job satisfaction, and, in some cases, reevaluating their career paths (Hennein et
al., 2023). The cumulative effect of facing daily microaggressions and systemic barriers can lead to significant psychological stress
and diminished professional confidence.

DISCUSSION
The qualitative approach used in this study, centered around personal narratives, offers profound insights into the
nuanced ways Vietnamese women experience gender discrimination. These narratives highlight the presence of discrimination
and its texture and impact on individuals' professional and personal lives. This approach aligns with the qualitative research
paradigm that values depth over breadth, emphasizing the importance of understanding participants' perspectives and
experiences in their own words (Chien & Thanh, 2022).
The themes identified through these narratives—such as the "maternal wall" and the absence of mentorship—provide
nuanced examples that enrich theoretical frameworks like the "glass ceiling" and "sticky floor." By contextualizing these themes
within the socio-cultural fabric of Vietnam, the study offers a localized interpretation of these global concepts, thus contributing
to a more culturally sensitive understanding of gender discrimination theories.
The qualitative nature of this study allows for a detailed comparison with international research, drawing attention to
both universal and culturally specific patterns of discrimination (Hoa & Thanh, 2023). While the overarching issues may be similar
globally, how discrimination manifests and is addressed can vary significantly. For instance, the influence of Confucian values on
workplace dynamics in Vietnam provides a distinct cultural lens through which to view these global issues, thereby enhancing the
international discourse on gender discrimination with specific regional insights (Tuoi & Thanh, 2023).
The detailed qualitative data from this study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions sensitive to the
workplace's cultural and individual realities. For organizational leaders and policymakers, the narratives offer direct evidence of
the changes needed to create more inclusive environments (Thanh et al., 2021). This includes not only policies that address visible
inequalities but also those that tackle the subtler, everyday forms of discrimination that women face.
The study highlights the effectiveness of qualitative research in uncovering the layered reality of workplace experiences
and suggests further areas for exploration. Future research could extend these findings by incorporating more diverse voices from
other regions and industries within Vietnam. Additionally, longitudinal qualitative studies could offer insights into how these
experiences and the landscape of gender discrimination evolve.
Acknowledging the limitations inherent in qualitative research, such as the limited generalizability of the findings and
potential researcher bias in narrative interpretation, is crucial. However, these limitations do not diminish the value of the insights
gained but rather highlight the need for rigorous methodological approaches and reflexivity in qualitative research.

CONCLUSION
This study has provided a detailed exploration of gender discrimination in the Vietnamese workplace through the
powerful lens of women's narratives. By employing qualitative methods, we have uncovered the complex and multifaceted ways
in which discrimination manifests itself, ranging from overt barriers to subtle biases that cumulatively hinder women's career
progress and well-being. The narratives reveal the prevalence of such discrimination and the resilience and strategies women
employ to navigate and challenge these obstacles.

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Unveiling Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Qualitative Analysis of Vietnamese Women's Narratives
Our findings resonate with global themes such as the "glass ceiling" and "sticky floor," yet they underscore unique cultural
influences shaping these experiences in Vietnam. For instance, the impact of Confucian cultural values illustrates how traditional
norms can intertwine with modern workplace practices to reinforce gender disparities. These insights are crucial for crafting
effective interventions that are culturally appropriate and responsive to Vietnamese women's specific needs and challenges.
The implications of this research extend beyond academic discourse. They have significant practical applications for
policymakers, organizational leaders, and advocacy groups striving to create equitable workplaces. Based on the evidence provided
by these narratives, it is clear that addressing gender discrimination requires comprehensive strategies that include enforcing and
expanding existing gender equality laws, promoting inclusive culture through training and awareness programs, and ensuring that
organizational policies reflect a commitment to diversity and equality.
Furthermore, this study highlights the need for ongoing research in this area. Future research should include a broader
range of voices and experiences, potentially integrating quantitative methods with qualitative insights to provide a more
comprehensive view of the issues at hand. Such research would not only enrich our understanding of gender discrimination but
also enhance our ability to address it effectively.
In conclusion, the power of women's narratives in uncovering the nuanced reality of gender discrimination cannot be
overstated. As we continue to advocate for and implement changes based on these findings, it is essential to recognize and amplify
the voices of those who experience these challenges firsthand. Through such efforts, we can hope to move closer to a world where
gender equality is not just an ideal but a reality.

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