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Encyclopedia of Homosexuality I A L 1st Edition Wayne
R. Dynes Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Wayne R. Dynes, Warren Johansson, Stephen Donaldson, William
A. Percy
ISBN(s): 9781317368144, 1317368142
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 18.97 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Routledge Revivals
Edited by
Wayne R. Dynes
Associate Editors
Warren Johansson and William A. Percy
The right of Wayne R. Dynes to be identified as editor of this work has been asserted by him in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by
any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some
imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from
those they have been unable to contact.
Clarification
Please note that the names Evelyn Gettone and Ward Houser are pseudonyms. These entries were
written by male authors.
! || | n !| I I I II
JJ U JJJ il J U j1 J 11J J J
EDI TED 0 Y WAY NE R. D Y N E S !
ASSOCIATE WARREN J O H A N S S O N
EDITORS W I L L I A M A. P E R C Y
THE
WI T H
ASSISTANCE 0F STEPHEN DONALDSON
V 0 L U M E 1
A L
■i
HQ76.25.E53 1990
306.76'6 —dc20 89-28128
ix
Preface
XV
A Reader's Guide
xxxvii
Contributors
3
The Encyclopedia
1419
Index
v
w p*
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgments
SI
If I
he editor gratefully acknowl
edges a grant from the Ameri
can Association for Personal
Privacy, Princeton, New Jer
sey. The advice of the Asso
lia), Joao Antonio de S. Mascarenhas (Bra
zil), Alan V. Miller (Canada), Luiz Mott
(Brazil), and G. S. Simes (Australia). In the
early stages of planning Claude Courouve
of Paris gave important advice and encour
ciation's president, Dr. Arthur C. Warner, agement. The editor acknowledges with
was continuously helpful. Dr. Paul Hard gratitude the training he received as an
man (San Francisco), a director of the As encyclopedist at the Istituto per la Col-
sociation, has also been generously sup laborazione Culturale in Rome, especially
portive. The editor wishes to recognize the help of Theresa C. Brakeley and
the inspiring example and advice over the Mamie Harmon.
years of Barbara Gittings, longtime Direc To all the contributors, whose
tor of the Gay Task Force of the American names appear in a separate list, we owe a
Library Association, and of W. Dorr Legg, special debt for sharing their expertise.
Dean of the ONE Institute in Los Angeles. The following authors have been so gener
The interdisciplinary, transcul- ous, individually and collectively, that they
tural, and transhistorical scope of this en deserve the status of contributing editors:
terprise rests on a tradition of pioneering Giovanni Dall'Orto, Daniel Eisenberg,
scholarship initiated in the nineteenth Stephen O. Murray, and Kathy D. Schnap-
and early twentieth centuries by Heinrich per. The Index and Reader's Guide were
Hoessli, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Ferdi created by Stephen Donaldson, who has
nand Karsch-Haack. Many concepts util been an indefatigable researcher and whose
ized in the Encyclopedia of Homosexual eagle-eyed editing has benefited the lan
ity were developed at meetings of the guage and often the content of most of the
Scholarship Committee of the Gay Aca major entries.
demic Union, New York, during the dec A long-standing debt is owed to
ade 1976-85. The Scholarship Committee Jim Kepner, International Lesbian and Gay
also began a program of exchange with for Archives, West Hollywood, and to Don
eign scholars which has been invaluable Slater, Homosexual Information Center,
in broadening our international coverage. Los Angeles and Bossier City, Louisiana.
Among those especially helpful in this From his vantage point as Editor
regard have been Javier Aroz (Euskadi/ of the Journal of Homosexuality, Profes
Spain), Massimo Consoli (Italy), Giovanni sor John De Cecco provided a heartening
Dall'Orto (Italy), Jurgen Geisler (Germany), example. Professor Eugene Rice of Colum
Julio Gomes (Portugal), John Grube (Can bia University offered sage advice. In Bos
ada), Gert Hekma (Netherlands), Manfred ton, Richard Dey of the International
Herzer (Germany), Paul Knobel (Austra Homophilics Institute and Pedro J. Suarez
vii
XX^X,
♦ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
viii
Preface
he love that dared not speak its Wilde. There have been several encyclope
ix
❖ PREFACE
the articles accessible to all likely users, ual activity is embedded in human nature,
while germane to highly educated schol and cannot be eradicated by any amount of
ars. Thus a high-school student should be suffering inflicted upon hapless individ
able to gain valuable information from the uals.
article COMING OUT even as the social
psychologist finds a rigorous critique of W hat the W ork Is A b o u t
various theoretical concepts of the "com The unifying subject of this ency
ing out" process. No advanced degree is clopedia is ostensibly "homosexuality."
needed to interpret BEACHES, SLANG But this matter is not so simple as it
W ORDS FOR HOM OSEXUALS, PI appears. First of all, it includes both male
RATES, and CATHER, WILLA; on the and female homosexuality (lesbianism),
other hand, SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION though there is a good deal more informa
and CANON LAW may prove a challenge tion about the former because the latter
for those with no previous acquaintance has been even more thoroughly censored
with related materials. from the historical record along with other
The encyclopedia should be of aspects of the history of women. Indeed,
great practical use to a wide variety of some have suggested that the two gender
professionals, from social workers to cler aspects of same-sex behavior should be
gymen, from lawyers to wardens, from completely segregated and that the pres
pediatricians to drug counselors, and from ent work should restrict itself to males.
travel agents to novelists. The editors, however, are persuaded that
In addition, these volumes will the phenomenology of lesbianism and that
aid heterosexual readers in understanding of male homosexuality have much in com
friends, co-workers, and family members mon, especially when viewed in the cul
who are involved in or afraid of homosex tural and social context, where massive
ual experiences or relationships or who homophobia has provided a shared setting,
are simply trying to clarify and commu if not necessarily an equal duress.
nicate their own outlook to others whom Second, a discussion of homo
the subject baffles. sexuality is incomplete without taking
The editors hope that the ency into account those who, for whatever rea
clopedia will furnish enlightenment for sons, have combined erotic behavior with
the debates now unfolding in books, ar their own sex and with the other, to what
ticles, the audio-visual media, religious ever degree. Hence, though the term
bodies, courts, and legislatures about gay "homosexual" is often perceived as a
and lesbian rights. We trust that the data dualistic one, standing in stark contrast to
assembled will refute misconceptions and its opposite term, "heterosexual," this
falsehoods and contribute to more accu encyclopedia encompasses bisexuality as
rate polemics and to a just resolution of well. Moreover, not every person who has
these complex issues. received a biography is gay, lesbian, or
To the individual struggling to bisexual; heterosexuals have made impor
come to terms with his or her own homo tant contributions to the subject and to
sexuality, the encyclopedia furnishes a this work.
wealth of points of comparison, of histori Third, homosexuality cannot
cal figures with whom to feel kinship, and properly be understood if it is restricted to
the knowledge that all the efforts of church genital sexuality. The terminology here is
and state over the centuries to obliterate difficult, but the passionate love of one
homosexual behavior and its expression in male for another or of one female for an
literature, tradition, and subculture have other has not always found physical ex
come to naught, if only because the capac pression, or the evidence of genital expres
ity for homoerotic response and homosex sion has not been preserved, while the
x
PREFACE ♦
passionate feelings are perpetuated in lit another male can be seen by one society as
erature and history. feminine, by another as all the more mas
Fourth, homosexuality has had culine; his act can be accounted custom
great significance for all of humanity ary for all males or a rare monstrosity; his
through the role that both it—and opposi behavior, if limited to the insertor role, is
tion to it—have played in the evolution of not even considered homosexual by many
world culture. In this aspect, the encyclo cultures. He may be considered especially
pedia must reach far beyond questions of evil or especially sacred for his conduct, or
physical sexuality to examine the effects it may not even be thought worth men
of homophilia and of homophobia on lit tioning. In some cultures his act will be ap
erature, the arts, religion, science, law, proved only if he does it with a boy, in
philosophy, society, history, and psychol others boy love will draw the fiercest wrath
ogy—indeed, on virtually every field of upon him. It is this variety of patterns and
human endeavor. It is perhaps here that conceptions, on all of which the tag
the reader new to this field will discover "homosexuality" is applied by one writer
the greatest surprises, for general litera or another, that makes the study of same-
ture has obscured most of these effects. sex eroticism both so difficult and so fasci
The encyclopedia is concerned nating. Most of all, it adds to the great
not simply with homosexual behavior as diversity the reader will find in this work.
such, but with the hopes and aspirations,
the longing and dread, with which the T he E d it o r s ' A ppro ach
subject has been invested. Homophobia In the over 770 articles included
itself cannot be omitted, because it has herein, the editors have ventured to survey
played—at least in Western society—and the entire field of homosexuality sine ira
still does play a large role in shaping pop et studio, without anger and partisanship.
ular attitudes. By way of compensation, In selecting contributors to the encyclope
the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality pres dia, they have sought competence and
ents a rich banquet of novels and poems, availability rather than adherence to any
paintings and sculptures, plays and films particular doctrine. They have endeavored
which have permanently recorded homo to alert the reader to such controversies as
sexual feelings and aspirations. divide even well-informed scholars. With
Perhaps the most difficult ob the growth of knowledge some topics
stacle to a simple focus on "homosexual boast four or five experts, often with con
ity" is the growing realization that what flicting theoretical perspectives and some
has been lumped together under that term times with different conclusions. In some
since its coinage in 1869 is not a simple, areas where topics overlap, such as FREU
unitary phenomenon. The more one works DIAN CONCEPTS and PSYCHOANALY
with data from times and cultures other SIS, the contributors—in this case, two of
than contemporary middle-class Ameri the editors—present clearly varying posi
can and northern European ones, the more tions. In most instances only one of the
one tends to see a multiplicity of homo several experts could be chosen for repre
sexualities. A current conception, which sentation here. In addition to this factor,
focuses on a sense of homosexual identity space limitations and other commitments
or personality, interacting with a "gay" have made it impossible to include every
subculture set apart from the general soci deserving scholar—indeed their ranks swell
ety, is only one of a number of paradigms almost daily. Nonetheless, some fields,
or models of homosexuality, and there is notably non-Western disciplines, remain
far from a consensus that it is necessarily neglected and coverage is consequently
"better" or more accurate or more univer less rich than we would wish. No conclu
sal than others. A male who has sex with sion should be drawn regarding the sexual
xi
❖ PREFACE
orientation of any author from his or her and in need of recasting. The way in
appearance in this work. which grand theories are serving as this
The encyclopedia is extraordinar theory prism, with mixed and often unex
ily interdisciplinary in nature, transhis- pected results, is one of the intriguing
torical, and insofar as could be done at this results of the emergence of homosexua
time, cross-cultural. Discarding limited lity into the light of academic scrutiny.
visions which might confine attention to
the recent past and to the Western world, How the W ork Is
the present work traces countless connec
C o n stru cted
tions across space and time. The Greeks
who institutionalized pederasty and used While the articles in this encyclo
it for educational ends take a prominent pedia have not been forced into a rigid
role, as does the Judeo-Christian tradition straitjacket of typology, the vast majority
of sexual restriction and homophobia that of them are either thematic, topical, or
prevailed under the church Fathers, Scho biographical. Thematic entries may be at a
lasticism, and the Reformers, and—in al very general level (such as SOCIOLOGY)
tered form—during the twentieth century or more differentiated (such as LABEL
under Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin and ING; ROLE; SUBCULTURE); they often
Castro. Avoiding the Eurocentrism of many cross-reference and present different intel
earlier attempts at synthesis, the encyclo lectual perspectives. Topical entries deal
pedia provides full treatment—as far as with particular times and places, such as
present knowledge allows—of Africa, Asia, ROME, ANCIENT; SPAIN; and CHI
Latin America, and the Pacific, and of pre CAGO, or phenomena like BARS and
literate as well as literate peoples. It is rare ORAL SEX, where themes mix and cross;
to encounter among these non-Western they tend to be more descriptive and less
theoretical. Representative biographies
peoples anything approaching the intense
emphasize the interface between the
homophobia found in the West.
homosexual activity or orientation and
One reason why this work is so
the creative achievement of the subject. In
multidisciplinary is that the phenomena
this way the life history treats homosexu
of homosexuality represent an outstand
ality not as something external and nega
ing theoretical problem for all those con
tive, but as an integral and meaningful part
ceptual frameworks which seek to pro
of the personality. A careful perusal of
mote a comprehensive and cohesive ac
these biographies will demonstrate to the
counting for human behavior. Whether
unbiased reader the rich personalities and
evolutionary biologist, Marxist, theolo
the importance of homoerotic tendencies
gian, anthropologist, psychoanalyst, an
and liaisons in the lives of many who
cient historian, literary critic, demogra
inspired, formed, directed, and interpreted
pher, legal scholar, folklorist, feminist, or
futurologist, one must either attempt to civilization.
The number of biographical en
account for these phenomena and their
tries could be multiplied several times. A
influence on human life, or admit to an
embarrassing gap in one's theory. Here complete roster of even historically no
table gay men and lesbians is probably
homosexuality enters a sort of "theory
unattainable. The editors' concern, how
prism," to take a term from Stephen
Donaldson: the general phenomenon is ever, is to present figures from all walks of
life. For reasons of space, the editors de
passed through the refracting lens of grand
cided not to include biographies of living
theory like a beam of light, and either it
people. They are often discussed in the
emerges in coherent fashion, if in a spec
matic or topical articles, e.g., Leonard
trum of variegated facets, after such pas
Bernstein in MUSICIANS, Adrienne Rich
sage, or the prism is revealed to be opaque
xii
PREFACE ❖
in POETRY, Harry Hay in MOVEMENT, not knowing where to start. With a few
HOMOSEXUAL, and Michel Tremblay in exceptions, original works by the subjects
QUEBEC. Usually when disagreement of biographies are not listed, only works
persists about the homosexuality or bi about them; complete books have been
sexuality of such figures as Catalina Erauso, favored over scattered articles. The reader
Langston Hughes, and Sarah Orne Jewett, seeking a more comprehensive bibliogra
the Encyclopedia provides no separate phy is advised to consult Wayne R. Dynes'
biographical entry, though these individu Homosexuality: A Research Guide, also
als may be discussed in other contexts. from Garland Publishing. In most cases
References to other articles in this unsigned articles were written by the edi
encyclopedia are indicated by bold type in tor.
the text, or are listed at the end of the
article under "See also__ " For syntactical C o n c l u s io n
reasons, the grammatical form of the bolded
Firmly convinced that homo
word may differ slightly from that of the
erotic feeling and behavior—and the
article, so that psychiatric refers to PSY
homophile movement and gay and lesbian
CHIATRY and Japanese to JAPAN. Some literature of modern times—are here to
times only the first word of the full title stay, the editors offer this encyclopedia to
appears in bold type; thus prisons refers to the public in the hope that it will find
PRISONS, JAILS, AND REFORMATO readers broad-minded enough to accept its
RIES. The absence of such a cross-refer unconventional choice of subject, impar
ence does not mean there is no article on tial enough to assess its strengths as well
the subject, just that it is not supplemen as its weaknesses, and informed enough to
tary to the present piece. It has also been correct its omissions and errors. They hope
felt unnecessary and distracting to high for a second, expanded edition sometime
light some of the most general entries, in the future drawing on the assessments
such as HOMOSEXUALITY itself. The of readers and reviewers and also on the
Index has been constructed so as to pro ever broader and deeper stream of new
vide a maximum of correlation. scholarship. Their profoundest wish is that
At the end of most articles will be future generations of scholars will revise,
found a list of readings under the heading correct, and enlarge the volumes from
"BIBLIOGRAPHY." This is not intended decade to decade, so that it may serve as a
to be a complete list of sources, but a trusted reference for all who seek enlight
general guide for the reader wishing to enment on the topic of homosexuality.
delve further into the subject at hand, and
xiii
This page intentionally left blank
A Reader's Guide
eaders who wish to use the with ORIENTATIONS AND MODES. (For
XV
O verview of G roupings
xvi
mem
E ntries G rouped by M ajor T opic
and D iscipline
xviii
READER'S GUIDE ❖
x ix
READER’S GUIDE
XX
READER'S GUIDE
Judaism * Usury
Judeo-Christian Tradition * Working Class, Eroticization of
Law (Major Traditions)
EDUCATION AND
Law, Feudal and Royal
SCHOLARSHIP
Law, Germanic
Anthologies *
Law, United States
Apologetic, Homosexual *
Lewdness, Open
Bibliography *
Liberation, Gay
Biography and Autobiography *
Loitering
Cambridge and Oxford *
McCarthyism *
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias *
Military
Education * * *
Minority, Homosexuals as a *
Ellis, H. Havelock
Movement, Homosexual * *
Gay Studies * *
Myths and Fabrications
Gymnasia
Old Testament
Hellenism
Oppression * *
Hirschfeld, Magnus
Paragraph 175
History **
Parents, Lesbian and Gay
Hoessli, Heinrich
Patristic Writers
Homosociality*
Pink Triangle
Jahrbuch fur sexuelle
Police *
Zwischenstufen
Prejudice **
Kantorowicz, Ernst
Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories
Kinsey, Alfred C.
Protestantism
Libraries and Archives * *
Psychiatry
Movement, Homosexual *
Sexism *
ONE, Inc.
Sodomy
Pederasty *
Solicitation
Public Schools *
Stereotype Romer, L.S.A.M. von
Suicide
Students, Gay * *
Victimless Crime
Symonds, John Addington
Violence *
Typology * *
ECONOMICS Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich
Bars * Wyneken, Gustav
Bathhouses Youth *
Brothels
(Film, see PERFORMING ARTS)
Class * *
Clothing
G EN D ER
Discrimination *
Androgyny * *
Economics * * *
Berdache * *
Keynes, John Maynard
Bisexuality *
Phone and Computer Sex
Butch-Fern Relationships *
Pornography *
Castrati
Press, Gay
Constitutional Homosexuality
Private Presses
Dysphoria, Gender **
Prostitution *
Effeminacy * * *
Resorts
Effeminacy, Historical Semantics of*
Subculture, Gay
Eunuchs **
Travel
Folklore, Gay Male
Folklore, Lesbian
xxi
♦ READER'S GUIDE
xx ii
READER'S GUIDE ❖
xxiii
❖ READER'S GUIDE
xxiv
mem
READER'S GUIDE ❖
Typology ** Inquisition *
Whitman, Walt Kertbeny, Karoly Maria
Youth * Law (Major Traditions) * * *
Law, Feudal and Royal * *
LANGUAGE (see also CONCEPTS,
Law, Germanic *
TERMS, AND THEORIES)
Law, Municipal *
Barthes, Roland
Law, United States * *
Buggery *
Legal Procedure *
Censorship and Obscenity**
Lewdness, Open
Color Symbolism
Loitering
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias *
Lombroso, Cesare
Dyke *
Movement, Homosexual *
Etymology * *
Murderers *
Faggot *
Mystery and Detective Fiction
Flower Symbolism
Paragraph 175 *
Folklore, Gay Male *
Pedophilia *
Folklore, Lesbian *
Penitentials
Gesture and Body Language *
Pirates
Graffiti *
Police ***
Homosexuality, Term*
Pornography
Humor *
Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories * * *
Hypocrisy
Privacy*
Kaliarda *
Prostitution *
Labeling
Rape of Males *
Language and Linguistics * *
Sexual Liberty and the Law *
Semiotics, Gay *
Sixteenth-Century Legislation *
Slang Words for Homosexuals * *
Sodomy * *
Women's Names for Male
Solicitation *
Homosexuals
Solon
LAW AND ITS ENFORCEMENT Victimless Crime *
Anarchism Violence * *
Beccaria, Cesare, Count Wolfenden Report *
Bentham, Jeremy *
Blackmail *
LEISURE AND SPORTS
Athletics * *
Brothels
Bars ***
Buggery *
Bathhouses **
Cambaceres, Jean-Jacques-Regis
Beaches *
Canon Law * *
Beauty Contests
Capital Crime,
Drugs *
Homosexuality as * *
Games, Gay*
Censorship and Obscenity*
Guides, Gay
Common Law * *
Gymnasia *
Consent **
Lifestyle *
Criminal Law Amendment Act
Mardi Gras and Masked Balls *
Decriminalization * *
Olympic Games
Discrimination * *
Resorts *
Espionage
Symposia
Government *
Television *
Gross Indecency
Tilden, William
Incest
Transvestism in Entertainment
XXV
❖ READER'S GUIDE
XXVI
READER’S GUIDE ♦
xxv ii
READER’S GUIDE
XXV 111
READER’S GUIDE ❖
XXIX
❖ READER’S GUIDE
Clift, Montgomery
ORIENTATIONS AND MODES
Cocteau, Jean
Active-Passive Contrast * *
Coward, Noel
Ageism
Diaghilev, Sergei
Anal Sex
Fassbinder, Rainer
Androphilia * *
Film **
Berdache * *
Hudson, Rock
Bisexuality * * *
Liberace
Butch-Fem Relationships *
Pasolini, Pier Paolo
Celibacy
Raucourt, Franfoise la
Effeminacy *
Shawn, Ted
Ephebophilia **
Television *
Fantasies
Theatre and Drama * *
Fetishes *
Transvestism, Theatrical *
Friendship, Male
Video *
Friendship, Women's Romantic
Visconti, Luchino
Heterosexuality ***
Warhol, Andy
Homosexuality * * *
Homosexuality, Concept of * * * PHILOSOPHY (see also POLITICAL
Homosexuality, Term ** THEORY)
Homosociality * * Aquinas, St. Thomas
Impersonal Sex * * Aristotle
Incest * Augustine
Incidence, Frequency, and the Bluher, Hans
Kinsey 0-6 Scale * * * Enlightenment *
Latent Homosexuality * Epicureanism *
Lesbianism *** Ethics * *
L ove** Ficino, Marsilio
Macho * Foucault, Michel
Mediterranean Homosexuality * * Fourier, Charles
Objectification, Sexual * Liberation, Gay
Oral Sex Libertinism
Orientation, Sexual * * * Love *
Pederasty * * Neoplatonism *
Pedophilia * * Philosophy * *
Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories * Plato
Prostitution * Santayana, George
Rape of Males * Sartre, Jean-Paul
Role ** Schopenhauer, Arthur
Sadomasochism ** Socrates
Situational Homosexuality * * Stoicism *
Trade ** Utopianism
Transvestism * Voltaire
Typology *** Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Youth Zeno of Citium
(Pederasty, see INTERGENERA- POLITICAL THEORY
TIONAL) Anarchism *
Aristotle
PERFORMING ARTS Azana, Manuel
(see also MUSIC) Bentham, Jeremy
Camp **
XXX
READER'S GUIDE ❖
Cicero Homosociality
Conservatism * Identity *
Fascism * Immaturity Theory
Fourier, Charles Incidence, Frequency, and the
Goodman, Paul Kinsey 0-6 Scale * *
Government * Jung, Carl Gustav
Hiller, Kurt Labeling *
Left, Gay * Latent Homosexuality *
Liberalism * Lesbianism **
Libertarian Perspectives * Macho
Mackay, John Henry Medical Theories *
Marxism * Objectification, Sexual *
Minority, Homosexuals as a Orientation, Sexual * *
Nationalism * Panic, Homosexual
Nazism * Paranoia
Oppression * Polymorphous Perverse
Plato Psychiatry **
Political Theory * * Psychoanalysis * *
Privacy Psychology * *
Sexual Liberty and the Law * Psychotherapy **
Social Democracy * Rape of Males *
Solon Reich, Wilhelm
Role *
PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIA
Rorschach Test
TRY (see also COUNSELING; ORI
Sadomasochism
ENTATIONS AND MODES)
Satiation
Adler, Alfred
Alcoholism * Self-esteem
Situational Homosexuality *
Artemidorus of Daldis
Suicide *
Authoritarian Personality
Aversion Therapy Sullivan, Harry Stack
Twins
Bergler, Edmund
Typology *
Bisexuality *
Coming Out * RELATIONSHIPS
Consciousness Raising Advertisements
Counseling * * Ageism
Disgust Boston Marriage
Dreaming Butch-Fern Relationships *
Drugs Celibacy
Dysphoria, Gender Couples ***
Ego-dystonic Homosexuality Cruising
Etiology * Ephebophilia
Fantasies Friendship, Female Romantic *
Ferenczi, Sandor Friendship, Male *
Freudian Concepts * Homosociality
Freud, Sigmund * Impersonal Sex
Functioning * Incest
Gender * Love **
Gesture and Body Language * Lover *
Homophobia * Marriage *
Homosexuality, Concept of * Parents, Lesbian and Gay
XXXI
♦ READER’S GUIDE
XXX11
READER'S GUIDE ❖
XXX111
♦ READER'S GUIDE
XXXIV
READER’S GUIDE ❖
Military Role
Music, Popular Oral Sex
Olympic Games Anal Sex
Pederasty * * * Subculture, Gay
Pedophilia * * * Community, Gay
Pornography * Movement, Homosexual
Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories * Lifestyle
Prostitution * * Bars
Public Schools * Androphilia
Punk Couples
Punk Rock Homophobia
Rape of Males * * Judeo-Christian Tradition
Seafaring Mediterranean Homosexuality
Situational Homosexuality * * Youth
Students, Gay * * Ephebophilia
Typology * * Pederasty
Wyneken, Gustav Pedophilia
Youth *** Censorship and Obscenity
Anthropology
Sociology
Sociobiology
Homosociality
SU G G E ST E D REA D IN G O RD ER
Government
FO R * * * A R TIC LES T H R O U G H
Economics
O U T T H E EN CYC LO PED IA :
Education
Orientation, Sexual
Law (Major Traditions)
Homosexuality
Police
Homosexuality, Concept of
Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories
Heterosexuality
AIDS
Bisexuality
Greece, Ancient
Typology
Rome, Ancient
Incidence, Frequency, and the Kinsey
Islam
0-6 Scale
Africa, North
Lesbianism
China
Homosexuality, Term
Japan
Gay
Africa, Sub-Saharan
Active-Passive Contrast
Latin America
Gender
United States
Effeminacy
Violence
XXXVI
Contributors
Barry D. Adam, University of Windsor J. S. Hamilton, Old Dominion
(Canada) University, Norfolk, VA
Rudi Bleys, Catholic University, Leuven Gert Hekma, University of Amsterdam
(Belgium) (Netherlands)
Alan Bray, London (England) Gregory Herek, Graduate Center, City
Vem Bullough, State University of New University of New York
York, Buffalo Manfred Herzer, Berlin (German Federal
David Cameron, ONE Institute, Los Republic)
Angeles Bret Hinsch, Harvard University,
Peter Christensen, State University of Cambridge, MA
New York, Binghamton Tom Homer, New Bern, NC
Daniel Christiaens, Antwerp (Belgium) Robert Howes, University of Cambridge
Siong-huat Chua, Boston (England)
Randy Conner, San Francisco Ward Houser, New York City
Louis Crompton, University of Warren Johansson, Gay Academic
Nebraska, Lincoln Union, New York City
Giovanni Dall'Orto, Milan (Italy) Jim Jones, Central Michigan University,
Richard Dey, International Homophilics Mount Pleasant
Institute, Boston Simon Karlinsky, University of
Stephen Donaldson, New York City California, Berkeley
Wayne R. Dynes, Hunter College Marita Keilson-Lauritz, Amsterdam
(CUNY), New York City (Netherlands)
Daniel Eisenberg, Florida State Hubert Kennedy, San Francisco
University, Tallahassee George Klawitter, Viterbo College,
Lillian Faderman, California State LaCrosse, WI
University, Fresno Paul Knobel, Sydney (Australia)
Lucy J. Fair, New Orleans Jan Laude, Bloomington, IN
Stephen Wayne Foster, Miami John Lauritsen, New York City
Peter Gach, San Francisco John Alan Lee, University of Toronto
Bruce-Michael Gelbert, New York City (Canada)
Joseph Geraci, Amsterdam (Netherlands) Jim Levin, City College (CUNY), New
Evelyn Gettone, New York City York City
Antonio A. Giarraputo, Boston Steven L. Lewis, Fort Wayne, IN
Julio Gomes, Lisbon (Portugal) Lingananda, New York City
Joseph P. Goodwin, Ball State Phoebe Lloyd, Philadelphia
University, Muncie, IN Donald Mader, Amsterdam
Edward F. Grier, University of Kansas, (Netherlands)
Lawrence
XXXV 11
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
karsaalla silmällä suomalaisia, jotka uutis-asukkaina eli
»kolonisteina», niinkuin niitä nimitetään, perustawat kyliä kylien
perästä Murmannilaiselle rannikolle; tekewät kaikenkaltaista kiusaa
suomalaisille estääkseen heitä waurastumasta; leikkelewät weneen
köydet poikki, jos joku suomalainen tulee heidän satamaansa kaloja
myömään; nakkelemat kiwiä saitaparwiin, jos näkewät suomalaisten
sitä nuottansa päälle odottawan, mainitsemattakaan pieniä
löylytyksiä ja selkäsaunoja, jotka siellä niinkuin muuallakin
maksetaan, jos jaksetaan, samassa rahassa. Kuuluu joku
suomalainen näistä tehneen suullisen walituksen kuwernöörillekin ja
siihen saaneen tuon wiisaan wastauksen: »antakaa takaisin»; se on
tietty: kuka aawalla merellä pystyy polisinwirkaa toimittamaan, ja se
wenäläinen wahti-jahti, joka sitä warten on rakennettu, oleilee
Wuoreijassa, eikä näy kuin ihmeeksi kalastus-wesillä. Maat, meret
owat keisarin; ja kun suomalaiset pitäwät itseään yhtä hywinä
keisarin alamaisina kuin wenäläisetkin, eiwätkä luowu oikeuksistaan,
niin siitä syntyy riita. Mutta olisiwat suomalaiset jo aikaa näiltä
rannoilta muuttaneet pois, ellei Korkea Esiwalta olisi ruwennut heitä
semmoisella huolenpidolla auttamaan, jota ei kyllin saata kiittää.
Korkeilta wirkamiehiltä on sangen usein tullut kowia kieltoja alhaisille
wirkamiehille ja wenäläisille kalastajille, ettei harwalukuisia
suomalaisia saa polkea. Hallitus on myös luwannut 200 ruplaa sille,
jota hankkii itselleen oman kalaweneen, waikka tätä rakennusapua
ei ole saaneet ulos räntteriasta useammat, kuin pari kolme
suomalaista, jotka owat olleet wähä (niinkuin sanotaan)
herrasmiehiä. Stanowoi panee kaikenlaisia esteitä awunsaamiseen,
ja hänen puoltosanattansa ei rahaa anneta. Saa aluksi panna 50
ruplaa likoon, eikä sittekään tiedä, tokko raha-apu lähtee, waikka
wene jo olisi puoleksi walmis; ei ole kumma, jos harwat ryhtyiwät
rahan pyyntiin. Kyläjärjeslys ja weronkanto on samanlainen kuin
Wenäjällä; joku isäntä walitaan joka kylässä 3:ksi wuodeksi
päätösten toimeenpanijaksi; hän on staarosta, meidän nimityksen
mukaan lautakunnan esimies, jos semmoista olisi joka kylässä. Hän
kokoo kylän miehiltä werorahat ja wie räntteriaan. Koko kylälle
pannaan joku rahasumma weroa, ja warojaan ja kalastusonneaan
myöten maksaa itsekukin osan siitä kylän miesten suostumuksen
tahi weroituksen mukaan. Suomalaisissa kylissä ei ole 25 wuoteen
ollut henkikirjoitusta, waan wuosittain maksetaan sen henkiluwun
mukaan, mikä oli olemassa neljännes-wuosisata takaperin; kaikki
siitä nuoremmat owat wapaat ja moni maksaa weroa, joka aikaa
sitten on wirunut »alla selwien wesien, päällä mustien mutien»,
mutta »maassa maan tawalla», Wenäjällähän »kuolleet sielut» owat
kirjoissa eläwitten keskellä. Wero, joka kyläkunnille suuruuden
mukaan on määrätty, on sangen pieni; mutta sotapalweluksessa
pitää suomalaistenkin nuorukaisten käydä, jotka owat
asewelwollisuus-iässä. Erään lesken poika Puumangista oli ollut
Turkin sodassa ja saatuansa luwan palata kotia oli päässyt
Arkangeliin asti, mutta kuollut tautiin siellä. Wenäjän mallin mukaan
on suomalaisilla kylilläkin »prawlenia» eli kylän esiwalta. Uurasta,
Laatsiwuonosta ja Kakkarista walitaan yksi mies (staarosta), toinen
kylistä, jotka owat Tsipnawolokasta Puumankiin asti, ja kolmas mies
Petsamosta. Tästä näiden miesten oikeudesta saa wedota
stanowoihin (wallesmanniin), sitte isprawnikaan (kaupungin
pormestariin), ja yhä ylemmä kuwernööriin, mutta se tosiaankaan ei
kannata, sillä asia wiipyy wirastoissa wuosikausia ja wiimein hukkuu
kokonaan. Se minkä kylän miehet päättäwät, se on laki,
ensimäisessä ja wiimeisessä kädessä, ja sen walwojina owat sen
tekijät. Kuinka suuri puute on oikeuden walwojista osoittaa seuraawa
surkia tapaus: kaksi wenekunta kalasaarennon kohdalla rupesi
huonona saaliin aikana alkukesästä wierailemaan toisissaan;
juowuttuaan löi eräs Sellberg toista miestä, Juntusta, joka muistutti
muutaman kymmenen kruunun saamistaan edelliseltä, puukolla
rintaan kuoleman haawan. Toiset pakoittiwat Sellbergin wiemään
toweriaan paatilla Potshein lasarettiin: mutta irti pääsi Sellberg
kumminkin ja oleili wielä 2 wiikkoa samoilla seuduin, siksi kuin
asiasta ruwettiin tarkemmin kysymään; silloin lähti Sellberg Ruijan
puolelle ja heti Wenäjän wirkamiesten kirjeet perässä pyynnöllä:
ottakaa kiinni; mutta sitäkö Sellberg odottamaan, oikaisi Amerikaan.
Kakkarin
Laatsiwuonon
Tsipna Wolokan
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